Sustainable Waste Management Strategy Research Articles

Evaluation of energy potential of MSW in the tamale metropolis, Ghana: An assessment of solid waste characteristics and energy content

ABSTRACT In the present investigation, a thorough examination of waste composition was undertaken in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. The methodology employed was carefully designed, incorporating both commercial and residential sectors as well as various socio-economic classes. Source-based sampling of waste materials covered a range of locations, including households, markets, hotels, and restaurants, while socio-economic-based categorization followed the zoning of the metropolis. Waste audit sampling involved collecting a total of 90 batches of solid waste over the three-month period from August to October 2023. The primary objectives were to physically characterize the waste and evaluate its chemical properties through proximate and ultimate analysis of waste fractions, aiming to determine the waste-to-energy potential and compatibility with waste-to-energy technologies. The study revealed that the Tamale Metropolis generates 176.1 tons/day of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) at a rate of 0.47 kg/capita/day. Organic matter constituted the majority (44.9%), followed by inert, miscellaneous, and plastic waste at 20% each. The remaining 14.3% comprised paper, metal, glass, leather, and textile components. Notably, the hospitality sector exhibited the highest organic matter content at 62.3%, contrasting with average households and markets at 44.9% and 13.1%, respectively. Moisture content ranged from 5.4% to 12.6%, volatile solids from 21.8% to 77.2%, and gross calorific values from 7.9 MJ/kg to 28.9 MJ/kg. Household waste demonstrated the highest energy content at 6693.8 kcal/kg, followed by hotels/restaurants (2003.94 kcal/kg) and markets (1883.62 kcal/kg). This study’s findings offer valuable insights that can inform the development of effective policies by regulatory bodies such as the Public Utility Regulatory Commission (PURC) and the Ghana Ministry of Energy, as well as city authorities like the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly and the Environmental Protection Agency. These insights can be used to address waste and energy challenges in the metropolis. Implication Statement:The findings from this comprehensive investigation on waste composition in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana, hold significant implications for various stakeholders and regulatory bodies. Firstly, the waste-to-energy potential identified in the study underscores the importance of considering diverse waste fractions in the development of sustainable municipal waste management strategies. The significant proportion of organic matter, especially in the hospitality sector, highlights opportunities for energy recovery. For regulatory bodies such as the Public Utility Regulatory Commission (PURC) and the Ghana Ministry of Energy, these results provide critical insights into the composition and energy content of municipal waste. The data on gross calorific values for different waste sources can inform the formulation of policies and regulations pertaining to the development of waste-to-energy technologies. Additionally, city authorities, including the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly and the Environmental Protection Agency, can leverage these findings to enhance waste management practices within the metropolis. Tailoring interventions based on the observed variations in waste composition across sectors can lead to more effective and targeted waste reduction initiatives. Moreover, the study’s timeframe of data collection to contribute to the reliability of the results, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and adaptation of waste management strategies over time. In conclusion, this research serves as a valuable resource for shaping policies and practices related to waste-to-energy technologies and sustainable municipal waste management. It provides a foundation for evidence-based decision-making by key stakeholders, fostering a more resilient and environmentally conscious approach to waste management in the Tamale Metropolis.

An Overview on Bioeconomy in Agricultural Sector, Biomass Production, Recycling Methods, and Circular Economy Considerations

This review examines the essential components of a circular economy (CE) in relation to the agricultural sector. The bioeconomy and circular economy are crucial for sustainable global industrial growth, focusing on closed-loop systems. The sustainability debate centers on intergenerational equity and natural capital. The CE requires new environmental technologies and global coordination in order to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. In addition, efficient food production and waste reduction are essential due to population growth. However, biomass is vital for a bio-based economy, impacting food waste and climate change. Grasslands support sustainable dairy production and carbon sequestration. Thus, effective waste and wastewater management are critical, with biomass energy providing renewable alternatives. Nonetheless, biofuels remain key for sustainability, focusing on pollution control and Green Chemistry. It is well known that sustainable transportation relies on bioenergy, with ongoing research improving processes and discovering new fuels. One notable challenge is managing heavy metals in biofuel production, and this underscores the need for eco-friendly energy solutions. The main purpose for this review paper is to create a connection between circular economy aspects and the agricultural system, with focus on the following: bioeconomy research, biomass utilities, and biofuel production. Extensive research was performed on the specialized literature by putting in common the main problems. Key subjects in this paper include the use of biomass in agriculture, the problems of plastic recycling, and the function of the CE in mitigating climate change and biodiversity loss. Efficient food production and waste minimization are highlighted due to their relevance in a growing population. The study’s detailed research and discussion aim to give important insights into how these practices might promote economic development and sustainability. Furthermore, the study covers important waste management issues such as food waste, plant composting, and chemical waste neutralization. These topics are critical to understanding the circular economy’s broader implications for minimizing environmental damage and implementing sustainable waste management strategies.

Utilization of graphene oxide for enhancing the heavy metal immobilization of limestone calcined clay cement containing ferronickel slag

This study investigates the use of graphene oxide (GO) into limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) to enhance the immobilization of heavy metal ions from ferronickel slag. Various macro- and micro-characterization techniques, including compressive strength, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, heat of hydration, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were employed to evaluate the effectiveness of GO on the solidification/stabilization technique. The results reveal that incorporating GO increased the compressive strength of LC3 mortars at both 7 d and 28 d. Additionally, the use of GO improved the immobilization of heavy metal ions, reducing leaching concentrations of Cr and Mn by 20% and 30% at 28 d, respectively. Isothermal calorimetry, TGA/DTG, XRD, and SEM analyses further elucidated the accelerated hydration, mineral crystal phase changes, denser microstructure, and improved interfacial transition zone of GO-modified LC3 mixtures. The study provides the potential of integrating nanotechnology into LC3 cement for environmentally sustainable waste management strategies.

Forecasting End-of-Life Vehicle Generation in the EU-27: A Hybrid LSTM-Based Forecasting and Grey Systems Theory-Based Backcasting Approach

End-of-life vehicle (ELV) forecasting constitutes a crucial aspect of sustainable waste management and resource allocation strategies. While the existing literature predominantly employs time-series forecasting and machine learning methodologies, a dearth of studies leveraging deep learning techniques, particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, is evident. Moreover, the focus on localized contexts within national or municipal boundaries overlooks the imperative of addressing ELV generation dynamics at an international scale, particularly within entities such as the EU-27. Furthermore, the absence of methodologies to reconcile missing historical data presents a significant limitation in forecasting accuracy. In response to these critical gaps, this study proposes a pioneering framework that integrates grey systems theory (GST)-based backcasting with LSTM-based deep learning methodologies for forecasting ELV generation within the EU until 2040. By introducing this innovative approach, this study not only extends the methodological repertoire within the field but also enhances the applicability of findings to supranational regulatory frameworks. Moreover, the incorporation of backcasting techniques addresses data limitations, ensuring more robust and accurate forecasting outcomes. The results indicate an anticipated decline in the recovery and recycling of ELVs, underscoring the urgent need for intervention by policymakers and stakeholders in the waste management sector. Through these contributions, this study enriches our understanding of ELV generation dynamics and facilitates informed decision-making processes in environmental sustainability and resource management domains.

Phosphorus mass flows and economic benefits of food waste management: the case study of selected retail and wholesale fresh markets in Thailand

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the mass flow and the phosphorus flow of food waste in order to propose a viable technique for its recovery from food waste in retail and wholesale fresh markets. These markets are significant food waste sources, including valuable elements such as organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This research provides critical data that can inform and guide the development of sustainable and cost-effective waste management strategies. The results indicate that retail markets generate 13.47 tons/d of food waste, while wholesale markets produce a staggering 192.62 tons/d. For phosphorus flow analysis, the data show that retail markets produce 12.80 kg P/d, while wholesale markets produce 40.79 kg P/d. Uncooked food waste is a major cause of phosphorus loss in retail and wholesale markets. An estimated 3.65 kg P/d is lost from retail and 20.72 kg P/d from wholesale. Separating food waste from general waste and recovering the phosphorus content is essential to reduce P loss. According to this study, separating food waste and selling it as animal feed (Scenario 1) or using it to create organic fertilizer (Scenario 2) are more profitable than the current waste management practice. These options can generate around 180,000 and 960,000 USD/year, respectively. Currently, it is not cost-effective to produce concentrated P fertilizer (scenario 3) due to the high energy and technology required. The study’s results can guide policymakers toward comprehensive food waste management in fresh markets and sustainable phosphorus recovery for food and agricultural production. Graphical abstract

Mechanical investigation for enhancing jute fibre vinyl ester composite performance through garnet waste utilization

This study explores the potential utilization of garnet waste, a byproduct of the Abrasive Water Jet Machining process, as a promising filler material in composite manufacturing. The disposal of garnet waste presents significant environmental and economic challenges, underscoring the need for sustainable waste management strategies. To tackle these challenges, this research investigates the incorporation of garnet waste into composites to create value-added materials. Consequently, the study focused on developing garnet-filled jute fibre-reinforced vinyl ester composites using the hand layup method. Various mechanical properties including flexural strength, tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength were assessed. The findings demonstrate that the inclusion of garnet filler enhances the mechanical strength of the composites. Particularly, composites containing 10 wt% garnet exhibit notable improvements in tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness strengths, with increases of 40%, 124%, 26%, and 15%, respectively. This research has the potential to advance the development of advanced materials across diverse industries, marking a significant stride towards sustainable and value-driven composite manufacturing practices.

Supporting zero-waste building: A novel spatial explicit material flow analysis model for construction waste

The accurate quantification of construction waste (CW) is prerequisite for achieving zero-waste in the building sector. This study employs a Spatial Material Flow Analysis model considering building life cycle to estimate the spatio-temporal dynamics of CW in Nanjing, China, over two decades. Additionally, it employs an ARIMA model for forecasting CW generation over the forthcoming decade. During 2000 to 2020, Nanjing's CW witnessed a CW increase from 0.8 to 59.0 Tg, predominantly comprising non-metallic materials. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of CW has widened, accompanied by the emergence of numerous CW hotspots, in parallel with economic and population growth. Future projections suggest a continuous yet decelerating increase in CW generation, highlighting a significant opportunity for resource recovery. The application of this hybrid approach not only enhances CW management accuracy but also supports the broader goal of fostering sustainable building practices. This research expects to enlighten the stakeholders committed to advancing sustainable construction and waste management strategies in the context of zero-waste buildings.

Boolean and Spatial Analysis Using GIS to Determine Landfill Waste on Bunaken Island with an Environmental Health Approach

Introduction: Bunaken Island still lacks proper waste management infrastructure, resulting in the accumulation of garbage around residences and along the coastline. This prevalent issue significantly impacts public health and the overall quality of life on the island. The research seeks to evaluate the waste management situation on Bunaken Island and identify suitable locations for waste disposal. Methods: The study employed random sampling techniques to select households within the study area for primary data collection. The research utilized Boolean and spatial analysis methods to pinpoint appropriate waste disposal zones and propose sustainable waste management strategies for Bunaken Island. Results and Discussion: Findings revealed that Bunaken Island spans a land area of 794.12 hectares and is inhabited by a population of 3,843. The analysis identified two recommended locations for final disposal zones, totaling 3.40 and 0.45 hectares, respectively. Moreover, the estimated waste generation over the next decade is approximately 4,277,893 kilograms, necessitating 0.0241 hectares of land for waste accommodation through terracing methods. Conclusion: Addressing this issue requires the identification of two viable disposal zones in distinct locations. Additionally, implementing recycling practices to utilize both organic and inorganic waste from local and marine sources and promoting reuse before landfill disposal are crucial strategies for effective waste management on Bunaken Island.

Development of a decision support tool for choosing the optimal medical waste management scenario using waste flow analysis and life cycle cost

Every year, healthcare centers such as hospitals produce millions of metric tons of medical waste. The effective management of medical waste is crucial due to its environmental consequence, so decision-making tools are necessary for this purpose in various aspects, including cost-benefit balance. In this study official data on the quantity and composition of medical waste in five hospitals in Tehran were analyzed. An economic model based on the cost of hospital waste management steps from storage to disposal was used to interpret the situation. Different scenarios of waste management were defined by the variables of segregation ratio and disinfection types. The results showed that in the studied hospitals, on average 3600 kg/day of solid waste was generated, of which 52.53 % was infectious waste and 1.58 % was chemical and pharmaceutical waste. The ratio of collection, disinfection, and transportation in the total costs of hospital waste management was 12.3, 67.3, and 16.5 %, respectively. The effect of change in segregation ratio and change in the location of disinfection in the cost of hospital waste management was 16 % and 37 %, respectively. Also, reducing the emission of pollutants such as PAHs into the indoor air was one of the consequences of changing the studied approach in the scenarios. Hospitals and health policymakers could use these results to implement more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable hospital waste management strategies.

Zeolite prepared from high-calcium ladle furnace slag and fly ash for Pb2+ removal

The stockpiling of industrial solid waste and lead (Pb) pollution have become a worldwide problem, which can be potentially solved by using solid waste such as ladle furnace slag (LFS) and fly ash (FA) to prepare Pb adsorbents. In this paper, zeolites prepared from untreated high-calcium LFS and FA were used to remove Pb2+ by adsorption. The optimal adsorption conditions were an adsorbent dose of 1 g/L, pH 5, a contact time of 180 min, and an initial Pb2+ concentration of 300 mg/L. The zeolites prepared from high-calcium solid waste had a Pb2+ adsorption capacity of 292.8 mg/g and an adsorption efficiency of 97.6 %. Adsorption mainly occurred via the ion exchange of Pb2+ with Ca2+ and Na+, as well as the complexation of Pb2+. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model were used to analyze adsorption kinetics and isotherm data, supporting the occurrence of chemisorption and monolayer adsorption. Regeneration experiments demonstrated that the zeolite synthesized in this study exhibited good repeatability and cost-effectiveness. The zeolites derived from LFS and FA-based geopolymers removed Pb2+ from wastewater, offering new perspectives on utilizing high-calcium industrial waste and advancing geopolymer-based adsorbents for sustainable industrial solid waste management and water pollution treatment strategies.

Upcycling Waste Biomass–Production of Porous Carbonaceous Supports from Paper Mill Sludge and Application to CO2 Conversion

AbstractThe urgent need for sustainable waste management strategies has led to the exploration of innovative approaches for the valorization of waste. In this study, a method is proposed for carbonizing waste biomass materials, particularly paper mill waste sludges (primary and biological) and knots, to produce porous carbonaceous supports. Through an initial hydrothermal carbonization followed by carbonization with nitrogen flow, porous carbon materials are successfully generated. The findings of this investigation validate the successful generation of effective carbonaceous supports utilizing waste biomass materials. These materials are then evaluated for their effectiveness as porous supports in the ionic liquid‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to styrene oxide, achieving a remarkable conversion rate of up to 98% and an impressive selectivity exceeding 99%. Additionally, the results underscore the significant impact of the selected IL on the overall conversion process. Overall, this study presents a promising pathway for the valorization of paper mill waste sludge through the production of porous carbon materials with potential applications in catalysis and beyond.

Adsorptive removal of recalcitrant organic compounds of compost leachate by epichlorohydrin cross‐linked cyclodextrin copolymer

AbstractHazardous materials in compost leachate pose a threat to the environment, and its treatment has become a concern in recent years. The adsorption process is a highly effective method that is used for treating these contaminants. This research pioneered the application of cyclodextrin‐epichlorohydrin (ECP) copolymer for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in compost leachate treatment. It offers a practical and effective approach to addressing environmental concerns associated with COD, with an extremely high adsorption capacity of 11,246 mg/g. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) analyses were performed to identify the synthesized ECP. The effects of different parameters on the adsorption process were systematically investigated. Organic compounds removal was also evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM) in relation to process parameters. The maximum removal of COD was achieved in acidic solutions with an agitation speed of 160 rpm and adsorbent dosage of 3 g/L at 60 min. The corresponding maximum removal percentage achieved under the optimum conditions was about 70%. The adsorption process followed pseudo−second order kinetics and Freundlich isotherms models. The adsorption behaviour of ECP was investigated in ionic environment and it was efficiently regenerated for three adsorption–desorption cycles. The ECP showed high adsorption capacity and was found to be cost‐effective for COD removal. It was found to be a sustainable waste management strategy.

Current Status and Future Prospects of Small-Scale Household Biodigesters in Sub-Saharan Africa

Despite the age of the technology, sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have numerous challenges that hinder biogas from being widely adopted. This review investigates the current gap between holistic use and the need for small-scale household biodigester adoption and effectiveness in rural and semiurban households of SSA. It reviews the present situation and potential of small-scale household digesters for sustainable future energy and biofertilizer use, with a focus on SSA. A literature survey was performed on small-scale household biogas digesters, and issues relating to the distribution, use, and implementation status with their implications on the future of small-scale household digesters in SSA were briefly reviewed. In recent years, the overall number of domestic biogas digesters installed across SSA countries has shown a significant increase due to the efforts of the National Domestic Biogas Programs such as the African Biogas Partnership Program with the Netherlands Development Organization and the Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation. However, based on an extensive literature review on small-scale household biodigesters in SSA, the study highlights that the success of biogas technology as a clean domestic cooking fuel has been relatively low. The findings of this review show that SSA countries still face a number of hurdles, the most significant of which can be boiled down to the need for technological advancement according to local context, social acceptance, and large initial investment costs. In order to overcome these obstacles and advance technological capability, social acceptance, financial benefits, and environmental impacts in order to improve its use and widespread dissemination as a renewable energy source, a highly effective organic fertilizer, and economic benefits for the betterment of SSA communities, more well-organized work and adequate research activities should be initiated and supported. The findings may be useful to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who support/promote sustainable energy and waste management strategies in low-resource settings.

SELECTION OF SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE FOR WASTE DISPOSAL IN ILORIN METROPOLIS USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Rapid urbanization globally has aggravated and worsen the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cities, especially the developing countries. This article underscores the pressing need for effective waste management solutions from the unruly contamination of soil and groundwater, or improper waste disposal and focuses on the selection of suitable landfill sites using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. With a global increase in MSW generation, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental and health consequences of open dumping is hazardous. The study employs Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) within the GIS environment, considering criteria such as elevation, slope, aspect, soil properties, proximity to roads, water bodies, and settlements. The analysis integrates diverse data sources, including remote sensing and soil databases, offering a comprehensive evaluation of topographical factors, soil characteristics, and accessibility. Results indicated that approximately 29.73%, falls under the category of “Restricted Area,” totaling 18,887.18 hectares. High Suitable areas cover 15.85% of the region, comprising 10,070.28 hectares, while “Very High Suitable” areas, though minimal in coverage at 0.02%, represent nearly perfect sites totaling approximately 12.35 hectares. The results offer valuable insights into landfill suitability, providing a foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable waste management strategies.

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH ORGANIK UNTUK PEMBUATAN PUPUK KOMPOS DI DESA KERSIK KECAMATAN MARANGKAYU

This training activity is part of a series of efforts to manage organic waste with the aim of producing compost fertilizer in the Kersik Village area, Marangkayu District. Using participatory research methods, this training documents the main processes in managing organic waste from local sources. The focus includes the natural fermentation techniques used as well as assessing the quality and yield of the compost produced. In addition, this activity considers the active involvement of local communities in implementing environmentally friendly waste management practices. The analysis carried out includes technical aspects of the waste composting process as well as exploration of the social, economic and environmental impacts this initiative has on the welfare of local communities as well as efforts to reduce negative impacts on the environment. By holding this training activity, it is hoped that it can provide useful insights in strengthening sustainable organic waste management strategies in Kersik Village, while also contributing to efforts to maintain the sustainability and welfare of the local community.

Efisiensi dan Efektivitas Pengelolaan Sampah Organik dengan Komposting Skala Rumah Tangga di Kabupaten Buleleng

This study focuses on the analysis of domestic waste management in Buleleng Regency based on data from the National Waste Management Information System (SIPSN) managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The background of this study is grounded on the necessity to comprehend the basic characteristics of waste in Buleleng and its challenges and solutions. Employing descriptive analysis and literature study methods, this research successfully maps the composition, quantity, and waste management methods in the regency. Results indicate that the composition of domestic waste is dominated by specific types and, compared to other urban areas in Indonesia, there are distinct characteristics in waste management in Buleleng. A brief conclusion from this study emphasizes the need for a more integrated and sustainable waste management strategy in Buleleng Regency.

Precision co-composting of multi-source organic solid wastes provide a sustainable waste management strategy with high eco-efficiency: a life cycle assessment.

With the increase of organic solid wastes (OSWs), current waste management practices, such as landfill, incineration, and windrow composting, have shown weaknesses in both resource recycling and environmental protection. Co-composting has been used to achieve nutrient and carbon recycling but is accused of high ammonia emission and low degradation efficiency. Therefore, this study developed a precision co-composting strategy (S3, which adds functional bacteria generated from food processing waste to a co-composting system) and compared it with the current OSW treatment strategy (S1) and traditional co-composting strategy (S2) from a life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The results showed that compared with S1, the eco-efficiency increased by 31.3% due to the higher economic profit of S2 but did not directly reduce the environmental cost. The addition of bacterial agents reduced ammonia emissions and shortened composting time, so compared with S1 and S2, the environmental cost of S3 was reduced by 37.9 and 43.6%, while the economic profit increased by 79.8 and 24.4%, respectively. The changes in environmental costs and economic benefits resulted in a huge improvement of S3's eco-efficiency, which was 189.6 and 121.7% higher than S1 and S2. Meanwhile, the adoption of S3 at a national scale in China could reduce the emission of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by 99.9% compared with S1 and increase profits by 6.58 billion USD per year. This study proposes a novel approach that exhibits high eco-efficiency in the treatment of OSWs.

FOOD WASTE PREVENTION SOLUTIONS IN THE NONFINANCIAL REPORTS OF ROMANIAN FOOD RETAILERS

The research delves into the non-financial reports of Romanian food retailers, shedding light on the solutions adopted to prevent food waste. The research is focused on six of the biggest food retailers in Romania and their last two public sustainability reports from 2020 and 2021. By analyzing the reports, the research uncovers the most important strategies, measures and innovations implemented to help reduce wastage in the food retail sector in Romania. The findings of the study point towards a growing awareness and commitment among Romanian food retailers towards sustainable business strategies and food waste management strategies.

Towards Zero Waste Recovery of Li-Ion Battery

The proliferation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has prompted a critical exploration of sustainable waste management strategies within the battery life cycle. This abstract focuses on waste materials generated during LIB recycling, specifically emphasizing waste water, including the presence of lithium ions, which is most generated at delamination and leaching process, and waste graphite.Waste water, a significant outcome of LIB recycling, often contains valuable lithium ions. Efficient extraction and purification of lithium ions from waste water not only recovers a precious resource but also mitigates the ecological consequences of improper disposal. Advanced methodologies such as solvent extraction, hydrometallurgy and membrane filtration demonstrate promising avenues for selectively recovering lithium ions from waste water streams.Furthermore, addressing the disposal of waste graphite electrodes presents an imperative challenge. Graphite, a cornerstone of LIBs, holds substantial potential for reclamation. Innovations encompassing thermal and chemical processes have been explored for graphite extraction from discarded electrodes. In this study, the recycled graphite after heat treatment direct reuse in batteries is performed. This approach aligns with the principles of a circular economy, promoting resource efficiency and reducing the dependence on primary graphite sources.In conclusion, the recycling of lithium-ion batteries generates waste materials, with a particular focus on waste water enriched with lithium ions and waste graphite electrodes. Confronting these challenges mandates the implementation of advanced recycling techniques. By harnessing valuable materials and alleviating environmental pressures, the LIB recycling sector can lead the transition toward sustainable practices, significantly contributing to a greener and more resource-conscious energy landscape.

Sustainable plastic packaging waste management strategy based on a circular economy

Indonesia’s waste volume produced 71 thousand tons in 2022 and reached 26 million tonnes/year. Waste plastic is in second position at 18.37%. With a growth rate of 5%, the worldwide packaged food market is valued at 1.9 trillion in 2020 and is expected to reach 3.4 trillion by 2030. The growth of the packaging industry is predicted to grow by 6% - 8% annually, with the most considerable contribution from flexible plastic packaging, paperboard packaging and rigid plastic packaging. The potential of this packaging makes manufacturers confident in producing because of the rapid growth of the digital market, which makes product mobility even higher. From an economic and durability point of view, this type of packaging makes it a better choice. Flexible plastic packaging was the most produced of the total packaging products (46.73%). The goal of this study is based on a review of literature, analysis of data, and demonstration research, and it is necessary to collect and analyse a large amount of data to develop further accuracy in managing waste plastic in a circular economy to minimise waste generation and improve the environment with an interpretative structural modelling (ISM).