Sustainable Transport Strategies Research Articles

Sustainable Transportation in The Brazilian Agroindustrial Supply Chain: A Literature Review

Objective: This article aims to discuss the importance of incorporating sustainable transportation practices into the supply chains of the Brazilian agro-industry, highlighting their potential to reduce costs, increase operational efficiency, and enhance companies' reputation in an increasingly sustainability-focused global context. Theoretical framework: Agribusiness plays a vital role in the Brazilian economy, converting agricultural raw materials into higher value-added products and driving economic gains and job creation. However, transportation in this chain has a significant environmental impact, with Brazil heavily reliant on road transport, contributing to carbon emissions. Companies from various sectors are adopting sustainable transportation practices to address these challenges, recognizing the growing importance of sustainability as a business strategy to ensure competitive advantage in the global market. Method: The literature review was conducted in five detailed stages: formulation of the research question, identification and careful selection of relevant studies, analysis and synthesis of data, and description and dissemination of results. Scientific articles, book chapters, and technical reports published between 2015 and 2023 were considered, ensuring a solid and updated basis for analysis. Results and conclusion: The analysis of 102 studies highlighted the relevance of implementing sustainable transportation practices, such as the use of electric vehicles and bioenergy, in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and optimizing logistics costs. Intermodality also emerged as an effective strategy adopted to mitigate environmental impacts and strengthen competitiveness. However, there is a continuous need for future research to understand the nuances of sustainable transportation strategies in different segments and regions of the Brazilian agro-industrial supply chain. Research implications: This study emphasizes the urgency and importance of transitioning to sustainable transportation practices in the Brazilian agro-industry, highlighting the need for government intervention and investment in research to develop approaches tailored to the specific challenges of each sector and region. Additionally, it underscores the importance of public policies that incentivize and promote sustainability in supply chains. Originality/value: It significantly contributes to understanding the complexities of sustainable transportation in the Brazilian agro-industry, providing insights for companies and policymakers interested in promoting sustainability in supply chains. By filling knowledge gaps and presenting innovative perspectives, this study stands out for its original contribution and practical value.

Evaluation of Pedestrians’ Level of Service (LOS) at Some Selected Sidewalks of Dhaka

As the population of Dhaka is growing very rapidly, the sustainable transport strategy of Dhaka should try to preserve and expand the modal share of pedestrians, which accounts for the majority of all short trips made however unfortunately pedestrian zones are probably the most neglected and underutilized in Dhaka transportation system. This study focuses on assessing pedestrian behaviour at crosswalks. The basic relationship between flow – energy – densities was analyzed and analyzed in Dhaka. A video recording technique was used at the four study sites to observe pedestrian characteristics such as flow and movement. These data were used to simulate mathematical models yielding the aforementioned relationships. A decision coefficient, R2, was calculated to obtain the best fit for each relationship. The results of this study were compared with those of other studies. Finally, Level of Service (LOS) restrictions for pedestrians on the sidewalks were defined. Our Study area was Notun Bazar, Badda, and Gulshan-1 & Gulshan-2. At each location, we collected data from 150 meters and divided it into 3 portions. In the Notun Bazar sidewalk, the width is 6 feet, and the total number of passing people in 60 minutes is 1870 nos. total obstacle is 5nos. On the Notun Bazar sidewalk, the width is 10 feet, total number of passing people in 60 minutes is 4570nos. In the Gulshan-2 sidewalk, the width is 19.5 feet, total number of passing people in 60min is 1112 nos. We obtained the Notun Bazar and Badda Link Road for the Pedestrian Level of Service categories. E. Gulshan- 2 the Pedestrian Level of Service D. Gulshan 1 the pedestrian level of service C. Badda & Notun Bazar has the worst scenario among our four selected locations. There are temporary shops and electric poles in the middle of the sidewalk. It reduces the speed of the pedestrians. So, Sidewalk should be free to increase LOS. Traffic management is one of the best things we can do to improve the LOS. Gulshan 01 is an example for us as it has an automated traffic management system. Gulshan 02 sidewalks have temporary bus counters which also reduce the speed of pedestrians.

The feasibility and analysis of electric taxi vehicles in Singapore: A review

Taxi is one of the essential ways of transportation, which contributes to the depletion of non-renewable resources, congestion, emissions of harmful gases, energy consumption, and noise pollution. One way to reduce the environmental pollution caused by the road transportation system is to replace conventional and hybrid vehicles with pure electric-driven powertrains. In fact, EVs were announced as the key element in the sustainable transport strategy in urban areas, but the company operating transport services using vehicle fleets should increase the demand for electric vehicles to spread awareness. This paper reviews the feasibility of EV taxis in Singapore by analyzing the available infrastructure and energy prices. To introduce the electric vehicle in Singapore as an electric taxi, the construction along with the location of charging infrastructure need to be properly planned. Initiatives taken by different countries and the large-scale transition have also been reviewed. Despite the drawbacks of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), such as charging inconvenience and limited range, promising potential for EV taxis has been presented by the technological progress This paper also compared different aspects of the currently used taxis with EV taxis in Singapore. For the augmentation of this transition, improvement of the business model, dissemination of charging infrastructure, and policy support can play a vital role.

Natural resources, remittances and carbon emissions: A Dutch Disease perspective with remittances for South Asia

Several academic studies and policy discussions have been prompted by the intricate relationship between natural resources, remittances, and carbon emissions. It has been shown that the exploitation of natural resources (including mineral, forest, natural gas and coal rents) and the influx of remittances significantly contribute to the expansion of economic output. Yet, these variables affect production growth in various ways, and their interactions with carbon emissions have significant environmental effects. This study fills the knowledge gap by studying the connections between natural resources, remittances, and CBCE for the panel of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka from 1988 to 2021. This study examines the links between natural resource rents, remittances, GDP, trade openness, and CBCE in a few South Asian countries using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) technique. The findings indicate that while forest resources, remittances, GDP, and imports increase CE, overall natural resources and exports decrease. To put it another way, while preserving all natural resources is crucial, the quality of the ecosystem is significantly impacted by the use of remittances. The study also shows that imports harm the environment while exports have a positive one. The fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), which verify the significant influence of identified factors on CBCE in the chosen panel, provide evidence of the robustness of the findings. Furthermore, the Granger panel causality test developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) shows that GDP and CBCE, exports and CBCE, forest resources and CBCE, and remittances and CBCE are all causally linked in both directions. These conclusions have significant policy ramifications for South Asian countries and address that the combination of education and awareness, sustainable product choices, sustainable transportation strategies, promoting sustainable economic growth, addressing the impact of imports, focusing on forest conservation, encouraging sustainable personal remittances, fostering low-carbon exports, and managing overall resource rents can lead to significant progress in achieving a sustainable and low-carbon future and mitigating the detrimental effects of consumption on the environment.

Getting freight trains back on track–How railway undertakings, infrastructure owners and regulators can navigate the main dilemmas in freight business to drive sustainable growth

Rail freight reportedly makes for an environmentally friendly means of transport. It also has significant potential for making a lucrative business, a stark contrast to rail passenger transport. Yet in Europe rail freight has long been displaced over its road equivalent and grown at rates inferior to overall land goods freight. Sustainable, profitable rail freight operations depend not only on goods volume, travel distance and pricing, but further on other key aspects permeating goods transportation by rail. Our research demonstrates that the choice for railway undertakings, infrastructure owners, and regulators alike, is in practice a complex one as depending on many, often competing factors. In fact, the key questions usually raised v.a.v. rail freight operations may be summed up to the following: (a) Mixed passenger and freight train operation or dedicated train corridors? (b) Conventional or heavy axle loads for freight trains? (c) Unitized wagonload or integrated trainload services? (d) Dangerous goods land shipping by rail or road? (e) Autonomous or manned freight train operation? Despite many individual contributions in the field, there is currently no single framework addressing the problem holistically. This paper breaks down what is seemingly a hard-to-balance decision-making process for rail freight players. It records and analyzes the forces and dynamics behind the dilemmas above and allows to: provide those partaking in the decision-making process with a robust framework identifying the key drivers behind sustainable rail freight growth; help them individually and collectively make more sound decisions regarding rail operations as a whole–including, in particular, strategic decisions regarding policy and/or investment; and, eventually, to enable them to craft and pursue viable, sustainable transport and business strategies. The research is underpinned by literature data review.

Designing Sustainable Transportation Strategy in Covid-19: Jabodetabek Commuter Community Movement in Indonesia

Sustainable transportation systems, especially environmentally friendly transportation systems, play an important role in improving quality of life in urban areas. Urban communities in many developing countries experienced air pollution that has exceeded the national ambient air quality standard threshold. This is due to the increase of motorized vehicles. In Indonesia, the high movement of the Jabodetabek urban community poses a high risk to the increased air pollution in urban areas. This research aims are to analyse and respond to the phenomenon of climate change in the transport sector, in particular by developing strategies for sustainable urban transportation systems. Using qualitative research, data is collected from in-depth interviews with transport experts and practitioners and NGOs activities in the transport sector. The findings of this research highlight the key elements for developing an environmentally friendly transportation system and its strategies in the Jabodetabek urban area that is appropriate and following the needs of the regional commuting community. urban Jabodetabek. By using the CA analysis method and SWOT analysis, the development of an environmentally friendly transportation system for the Jabodetabek urban area is the current urgency at least for all stakeholders and all elements of society to build commitment, and a common vision and mission in building a fully integrated and perfect national transportation system, and monitoring and evaluating the order of the transportation system and public services to date.

Decision Support in Selecting a Reliable Strategy for Sustainable Urban Transport Based on Laplacian Energy of T-Spherical Fuzzy Graphs

Sustainable transportation has a significant impact on factors related to urban development and economic development. Therefore, much research is being undertaken to select the best strategies to manage sustainable transportation. Transportation requires a carefully designed method to manage the development of mobility modes in terms of the pollution they produce or the use of renewable energy sources. However, due to numerous preferences of decision-makers and data uncertainty problems, it is challenging to select the optimal strategy. In this paper, we focus on creating a framework for determining the best strategy for sustainable transportation management. For this purpose, T-spherical fuzzy graphs will be used, which, together with the combination of Laplacian Energy, can accurately represent decision-makers’ preferences in an uncertain environment. Due to the lack of limitations of T-spherical fuzzy graphs and its numerous membership functions, decision-makers can decide which factor seems most important for selecting the optimal sustainable transportation strategy. Additionally, due to the applicability, the SFS TOPSIS approach has been used in this approach. The obtained results demonstrate the high performance of the proposed approach and the applicability of the approach in management and sustainable transport problems.

POTENTIAL FOR CO2 EMISSIONS IN TRANSPORTATION SECTOR AND REDUCTION STRATEGIES ANALYSIS RELATED TO GREENHOUSE GAS IN SEMARANG

Semarang is the capital of Central Java Province and also one of the metropolitan city in Indonesia with population of 1,559,198 (Semarang in Number 2012). The high number of population and economic growth has an attraction for the community activities in Semarang and surrounding. Moreover, with the spatial planning concept which provide residential areas and commercial activities and services spread all over Semarang, it increase the distance and activities needs. One of the most influenced sectors with the increasing activities is the transportation sector. It can be seen by the increasing number of private vehicles and congestion in almost all main roads. In the Climate Change issue, one of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contributor is the transport sector. Based on Semarang in Number 2012, with the year 2010 as a base line for emission count, it showed that the number of private car as many as 33,523 vehicles, oplet/microbus 859 vehicles, motor bikes 119,019 vehicles, buses 443 vehicles, trucks 913 vehicles and taxi as many as 1,265 vehicles. These numbers of vehicles was served by 2,786.28 kilometers of road which consists of national, provincial and municipal road, and also by the local road for about 2,691 kilometers. The total fuel consumption for the activities of those vehicles is 302,928.00 litre of Premium and 154,925,500 litre of solar. From the data presented,we calculated that the CO2 Emissions is 111,020,367 ton CO2e. From the data above, private cars and motorcycles reached 97% of the total transportation used in Semarang. With a considerable amount of transportation emission of 1,110,204 ton CO2e, the effect on climate change through greenhouse gas (GHG) are quite high. Therefore,Semarang city needs a sustainable transportation strategy to reduce emission form the transport sector, such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) operation, use of fuel gas, and integrated public transportation systems that will make people interested in using public transportation. From the operations of BRT system in Semarang, with three corridors from 2010- 2014, as many as 9,169,925 people are served by BRT (Dishubkominfo, 2014). Seeing from this condition, the need to increase integrated transportation system to decrease people from using private vehicles which in turn reduce CO2 emissions in Semarang become increasingly important.

Vehicle Routing Optimization for Pandemic Containment: A Systematic Review on Applications and Solution Approaches

The global spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has accounted for many deaths. The effective containment of the current COVID-19 epidemic calls for a fast and sustainable delivery strategy to minimize the impact of this crisis. As such, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review of research on the vehicle routing problem (VRP) from a sustainable viewpoint during the pandemic and explore viable delivery solutions that may aid in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a systematic review of the selected articles, four broad themes of pandemic containment measures from the delivery aspect were identified: efficient pharmaceutical delivery strategy, contactless distribution, sustainable waste transportation strategy, and isolated and quarantine vehicle scheduling. Following that, the methodology utilized to execute the containment measures were analyzed, research gaps were hightlighted, and possibilities for future studies were suggested. In summary, the goal of this research is to provide an overview of the literature on the application of VRPs in pandemic control and to assist academics and practitioners in learning more about the performance metrics, models, and solution techniques utilized in pandemic control delivery operations.

Fatality risk analysis of vulnerable road users from an Indian city

Introduction: Road traffic fatalities are externalities associated with urbanization, motorization, and road infrastructure development. Globally, low and middle-income countries contribute to more than 90% share of total accidents. Bengaluru is India's fourth-largest populous city and has exponential vehicle growth, similar to other cities in a developing economy. Lack of safe road infrastructure to support this growth leads to an increased risk for road users resulting in more road accidents. Method: It is crucial to identify the vulnerable road users (VRUs) and assess the fatality risk that would help policymakers adopt adequate measures to reduce their risk. Bengaluru city accident data from First Information Reports (FIRs) for seven years is collected and analyzed for the current study. The Who-hit-whom matrices are developed for identifying VRUs. Further, a risk-based model is developed to estimate fatality risk, followed by sensitivity analysis for different transport scenarios. Results: The main results from the study are: 1) Increase in fatalities are observed with increase in motorization 2) Pedestrians and two-wheelers are the most vulnerable road user with highest risk 3) Fatality risk scenario analysis showed a maximum reduction in traffic fatalities with increased public transportation mode share as motorization level increase 4) Increasing the proportion of distance traveled by cycle helped in further decreasing the number of fatalities in high bus scenario. Conclusion: All the results favor sustainable transport policies for the city in reducing the number of road user fatalities. Practical applications: In light of accident investigation, the paper provides insight into sustainable transport strategies for transport decision-makers to enhance the safety of VRUs.

Scenario simulation of CO2 emissions from light-duty passenger vehicles under land use-transport planning: A case of Shenzhen International Low Carbon City

• CO 2 emissions from light-duty passenger vehicles were simulated. • Light-duty passenger vehicle emissions were calculated based on travel demand. • Travel demand were simulated under different planning policy scenarios. • A case study was conducted in a project of international cooperation in China. • This study can offer a framework for evaluating land use-transport planning. Mitigating transport emissions acts a significant role in coping with global climate change and building sustainable cities. Since light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) significantly contribute to transport CO 2 emissions, it is essential to evaluate their emissions for the policy-making of sustainable transport strategies. However, related studies concerning integrated land use-transport planning are limited. Therefore, this study simulated and evaluated CO 2 emissions from LDPVs at the community level using an integrated model, where the mixed-use development (MXD) model was adopted to estimate travel demand based on mixed land-use and transport accessibility. A vehicle emission calculation model was then employed to calculate CO 2 emissions with the estimated travel demand. With this model, the policy impacts on CO 2 emissions from LDPVs were simulated under different planning policy scenarios of land use-transport planning. As a leading development project of international cooperation on sustainable urbanization in China, Shenzhen International Low Carbon City was chosen as the study case. The results indicated the significance of the spatial equalized patterns of both mixed land-use and transport facilities. This new framework can be used to evaluate and promote low-carbon transport policy options for integrated spatial planning in the sustainable urbanization of developing countries.

A Systematic Review of the Role of Road Network Pricing in Shaping Sustainable Cities: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for a Post-Pandemic World

The growing number of studies on road network pricing requires adoption of systematic methodologies to assess research outcomes and provide an unbiased summary of research findings and lessons learned. This paper aims to identify and analyse primary studies related to a set of research questions on road network pricing that primarily address the effectiveness of road network pricing as a travel demand management strategy. The paper achieves this by consolidating the fragmented evidence on the topic and identifying the role of transport pricing in steering our post-pandemic cities on a path of sustainable urban mobility. The paper uses a reliable and auditable systematic approach to examine past and current research trends, resulting in a rational assessment of the role and impacts of road network pricing as a travel demand management strategy. The paper achieves this by performing a bibliometric citation analysis that identifies 105 articles of valuable research contributions that represent fundamental knowledge in the development of research covering the period between 2007 and 2020. Importantly, the review identifies four main research themes in the literature, namely implementation impacts, innovations in technology, acceptability, and modelling methodologies for determining impacts, that are core elements of the research effort on the travel demand management and sustainability aspects of road pricing. Inductive reasoning is then used to address emerging issues, applications, and the effects of road network pricing in reducing congestion and enhancing urban centre environmental quality. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy directions for overcoming barriers to the implementation of road network pricing as an effective strategy for addressing modern-day urban mobility challenges such as rising urban populations, emissions, and pollution particularly amid and post COVID-19. Finally, the paper provides a roadmap of future research opportunities that can heighten the role of road network pricing in shaping the directions of sustainable urban transport policies and strategies.

Implementation of an Integrated Traffic System in Metropolitan Areas: A Case Study of Tehran, Iran

Each natural and human element plays an essential role in the formation the morphological structure of cities, through which transportation systems are the most important factor among human factors. An integrated transportation strategy is a sustainable transportation strategy aiming to reduce inconsistencies and divisions in the transportation service management system. As the largest metropolis in the country and the Middle East, Tehran is facing serious problems with its transportation system. However, sufficient studies have not been conducted to comprehensively identify structural barriers in the urban management system of the Tehran metropolis to implement an integrated transportation management system. The paper aims to identify structural barriers in the urban management system of Tehran and provide an overview of measures that can be taken to implement this approach in this metropolis. The used research method is the survey-analytical method and a questionnaire was employed to collect data. The identified factors have been classified through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methods and research hypotheses have been tested by a regression method. The results show that there are no codified executive rules for the realization of urban transportation integrated management system in Tehran. Additionally, findings indicate that the necessary financial credits are not available to the municipality and there is no coordination between decision makers on the issue of handing over the management of the transportation system to the municipality. Based on results, Tehran municipality has the necessary potential to accept the responsibility of managing this system.

A review of road infrastructure development and contemporary degradation on K’gari-Fraser Island

ABSTRACT Unpaved roads are often of poor quality in parks globally, particularly where funding and resources are limited. We review the history of road infrastructure development and provide contemporary evidence of road degradation on World Heritage listed K’gari-Fraser Island to demonstrate a need for a more sustainable transport system. Historical industry from mining and timber exploitation has established but also deeply impacted many sections of the island’s roads. Contemporary observations reveal high volumes of vehicular traffic contributing to erosion and deep-cuttings on many sections of this international tourist destination that attracts approximately 450,000 visitors per annum. Current observations of road degradation show that a more sustainable transport system should be implemented to mitigate further erosion from vehicular and weather impacts. The article provides justification for the need for sustainable transport solutions and strategies based on a history of inland sand road degradation and erosion leading to environmental impacts on K’gari-Fraser Island. Photographic evidence of varying degrees of degradation and erosion currently occurring and from past industry on K’gari’s roads is provided in this article to strengthen the argument for a more sustainable transport network.

Análisis de la viabilidad para la implementación de vehículo eléctrico que preste servicio de taxi en la ciudad de Cuenca

El transporte es un elemento esencial para el crecimiento socioeconómico, sin embargo, su desarrollo genera una serie de efectos tales como la congestión, el ruido, la emisión de sustancias nocivas al medio ambiente, el agotamiento de los recursos no renovables. Uno de los factores que inciden en la reducción de la contaminación al medioambiente es la sustitución de los vehículos de combustible convencional por otros tipos de sistemas de propulsión, incluidos los motores eléctricos. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos puede convertirse en el elemento clave en el desarrollo de la estrategia de transporte sostenible en las zonas urbanas, la demanda de estos vehículos debe ser impulsada por los propietarios de la flota de vehículos, especialmente por las empresas. Los propietarios de taxis convencionales en la ciudad de Cuenca que deben renovar sus unidades, según la AFUT- Asociación Frente Unido de Taxistas-, son escépticos sobre la renovación con unidades eléctricas que proponen las autoridades locales, debido principalmente a la incertidumbre sobre la fiabilidad y rentabilidad que ofrece este tipo de vehículo, las cuales deben ser por lo menos igual a las de un vehículo con motor de combustión interna. En esta investigación se aplicó una metodología de investigación experimental mediante el uso de un software de computadora EMOLAB y un vehículo eléctrico Kia Soul EV para obtener una base de datos con información que describe el comportamiento del vehículo eléctrico. Aplicando diseños de experimentos factorial (DOE) se utilizó las variables que tienen más influencia sobre la autonomía y consumo energético del vehículo eléctrico para su evaluación.

A Study on Impact of Sustainable Transportation Systems Indian Cities Using For EDAS Methods

India is undergoing economic change. Cities now have better quality of life, and they are now crucial hubs for human existence. The increase in urbanization of Indian cities was facilitated by this influx of people. Prosperity and changing lifestyles brought about by a booming economy made reliance on private vehicles essential. The total demand for travel has accelerated along with population expansion and increased car ownership, but the supply side has lagged behind demand and there are numerous external variables associated to transportation, such as accidents, congestion, pollution, inequality, etc. Promoting and promoting sustainability is important in the contemporary urban transportation environment, sustainable transportation policies. These policies' principal goal is to change people's travel habits, or, in other words, to alter the travel environment. However, many of these rules' ramifications are unclear or complicated. As a result, it is critical that decision-makers are informed of the effects of such policies before adopting and putting them into practice. Models of travel demand can be used in this situation to forecast future travel demand under various policy scenarios. In order to analyze sustainable transportation strategies, this study analyses the possibilities of travel demand models already in use in India. The study discovered that the trip-based, four-step aggregate method used in India as the standard model system was nsufficient for studying sustainable transportation policy. An analysis of an alternative strategy known as activity-based travel demand modeling revealed that it could manage such policies better than traditional models and was useful in selecting the best combination of policies for particular circumstances. Since India has not yet created an operational activity-based travel demand modeling system, the study concludes by proposing a conceptual framework for an integrated activity-based demand model based on the needs identified within the review's framework. In accordance with people's current activity-travel behavior, it can be utilized to create modified and verified applications for existing travel demand models. The final result is done by using the EDAS method. Delhi is highest Value and Agra is lowest value.

Delivering the goods: executing sustainable transport policy through urban planning in Merseyside (2001–2010)

ABSTRACT Integrating transport and land use policies is a key objective in pursuing sustainable transport strategies seeking to reduce car usage. Such integration is taxing as the two developed into separate disciplines with differing cultures. These issues come to the fore during planning execution: the implementation of sustainable transport policies through the planning system. Such implementation processes prove complex and concern fit between policy intervention and practice context. In this paper, we explore these implementation issues using an integration framework employed on a longitudinal case study of Merseyside during the twenty-first century’s first decade.

Life cycle environmental and energy impact assessment of sustainable urban municipal solid waste collection and transportation strategies

Collection and transportation of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are essential parts of the sustainable urban municipal solid waste management (MWSM) strategy for municipalities. However, collection and transportation of the MSWs have always been challenging subjects for modelling of integrated MSWM systems by considering environmental and energy parameters. Thus, this study aims to investigate the environmental and energy impacts of urban MSW collection and transportation management systems from the life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The LCA approach was applied to the eleven district municipalities of Kayseri province by modelling three alternative MSW collection and transportation scenarios and modelling the current situation of five-metropolitan municipalities. Results showed that construction of transfer stations instead of landfills provide decreased environmental impacts for all impact categories and cumulative energy demand (CED) rates (reduced 44.9 % of the GWP impacts and 51.7 % of the CED scores). Also, it was observed that Scenario 1 consumed lower energy (4.14E + 3 MJ/ton) than other scenarios in terms of the CED results. Hereby, the findings of this work provide a low emission and energy consumption MSWM system modelling guideline and can be applied in municipalities with undeveloped MSWM strategy.

Effect of environmental awareness on electric bicycle users’ mode choices

Travellers’ environmental awareness can affect their mode choices. The primary objective of this study is to identify the effect of electric bicycle (e-bike) users’ environmental awareness on their mode choice when the use of e-bikes is prohibited in urban areas in China. The data were collected via a questionnaire survey administered at ten locations in Nanjing, China. Using mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) models, we examined the relationship between the e-bike users’ mode choice and their environmental awareness, combined with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and trip attributes. The results show that the level of environmental awareness, gender, age, education, income, the ownership of car and conventional bike, and trip distance affect e-bike users’ choices significantly. Those with a high level of environmental awareness are more likely to choose zero-emission transport modes. A stratified analysis reveals that the effect of environmental awareness is associated with their original transport mode choice prior to their use of the e-bike. With a high level of environmental awareness, original car users tend to opt for moderate- or zero-emission modes; original bus and metro users incline to choose a zero-emission mode or their original mode; and few original cyclists and walkers favour moderate- or high-emission modes. The results of the current study provide transport authorities with insights to establish sustainable urban transportation management policies and strategies to increase the share of zero- and low-emission transport modes.

Sustainable Transportation Strategies in Baghdad City: Shaab – Selekh Intersection

Traffic congestion is the main traffic problem in major cities, which increases the psychological and health pressures on road users and society, as well as increasing the associated economic costs such as increasing fuel consumption and increasing the loss of cars, as well as increasing polluting emissions to the environment. The intersection of Shaab - Selekh in Baghdad city is one of the most important intersections for linking the center of Baghdad in the northern provinces. It is characterized by high traffic density, especially in the peak hours of morning and evening caused by congested traffic congestion, delay in the time of the trip, causing waste of a lot of time, cost, inconvenience and reduce the level of service. The research aims to know the level of service in the intersection and propose solutions that adopt sustainable transport strategies to improve the level of service and reduce congestion traffic at the intersection