Future Sustainable Tourism Research Articles

Socialising tourism after COVID-19: reclaiming tourism as a social force?

PurposeThis article considers the possibilities of and barriers to socialising tourism after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Such an approach allows us to transform tourism and thereby evolve it to be of wider benefit and less damaging to societies and ecologies than has been the case under the corporatised model of tourism.Design/methodology/approachThis conceptual analysis draws on the theorisation of “tourism as a social force” and the new concept of “socialising tourism”. Using critical tourism approaches, it seeks to identify the dynamics that are evident in order to assess the possibilities for socialising tourism for social and ecological justice. It employs an Indigenous perspective that the past, present and future are interconnected in its consideration of tourism futures.FindingsCOVID-19 has fundamentally disrupted tourism, travel and affiliated industries. In dealing with the crisis, borders have been shut, lockdowns imposed and international tourism curtailed. The pandemic foregrounded the renewal of social bonds and social capacities as governments acted to prevent economic and social devastation. This disruption of normality has inspired some to envision radical transformations in tourism to address the injustices and unsustainability of tourism. Others remain sceptical of the likelihood of transformation. Indeed, phenomena such as vaccine privilege and vaccine tourism are indicators that transformations must be enabled. The authors look to New Zealand examples as hopeful indications of the ways in which tourism might be transformed for social and ecological justice.Practical implicationsThis conceptualisation could guide the industry to better stakeholder relations and sustainability.Social implicationsSocialising tourism offers a fruitful pathway to rethinking tourism through a reorientation of the social relations it fosters and thereby transforming its social impacts for the better.Originality/valueThis work engages with the novel concept of “socialising tourism”. In connecting this new theory to the older theory of “tourism as a social force”, this paper considers how COVID-19 has offered a possible transformative moment to enable more just and sustainable tourism futures.

Promoting sustainable tourism futures in Timor-Leste by creating synergies between food, place and people

Following 400 years of Portuguese colonial administration and 24 years of Indonesian occupation, post-conflict Timor-Leste’s government has been underpinned by its commitment to reconciliation and democracy. Sustainable development approaches have catalysed the country’s transition from civil unrest to state-stability, but much work remains if lasting economic benefits are to be felt by the country’s majority rural population. While rhetoric indicates that Timor-Leste is committed to the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals and achieving economic diversification, the continued dependence on oil presents an imminent economic and societal challenge. Tourism in Timor-Leste is acknowledged as being one of the nation’s most important non-oil sectors, and its growth requires the availability of quality tourism products and experiences. A key activity that can create synergies between culture, history and nature is an exploration of food, place and people towards eliciting the “story” of the food of Timor-Leste. This qualitative research utilised interviews and focus groups to explore how food stories and experiential culinary tourism can allow for the development of a positive narrative of resilience in contemporary Timor-Leste. The empirical findings suggest that food providers and restaurants owners share a responsibility in decisions about what food and food stories become tourism offerings in Timor-Leste.

Revitalization and Adaptive Re-use in Cappadocia: A Taxonomy of Creative Design Solutions for Uchisar Boutique Hotels

The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing the restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand, Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of the tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, the achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use are substantial since their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in a local and global context.

An Aquapelagic Evolution? Developing sustainable tourism futures in Galápagos, Ecuador

An Aquapelagic Evolution? Developing sustainable tourism futures in Galápagos, Ecuador

Co-designing emergent opportunities for sustainable development on the verges of inertia, sustaining tourism and re-imagining tourism

ABSTRACT Extant literature point to difficulties related to enabling transitions to sustainable tourism development. Supplementing hereto, this study explored how we may collaboratively design (co-design) opportunities for sustainable tourism futures. Based on fieldwork involving co-designing tourism with a diverse range of practitioners centred on Lake Mjøsa in Norway, it unfolds how an understanding and construction of ‘Our Mjøsa’ surfaced. By analysing the contingent processes and ensuing outcomes, the study introduces a framework for understanding how opportunities may – and may not – emerge and enable sustainable development. The framework comprises four dynamic zones including two of inertia, one of sustaining tourism and one of re-imagining tourism. The study argues that traditional tourism approaches often are located within zones of inertia and sustaining tourism and consequently overlook or fail to engage series of opportunities for sustainability transitions. Within the latter zone of re-imagining tourism, it shows how opportunities can emerge as ‘yours and mine’, together as our sustainable tourism futures. Altogether, the findings suggest that the ongoing tempo-spatial shifts and flows on the verges of inertia, sustaining tourism and re-imagining tourism allow for simultaneously revealing and making more transparent the implicit and explicit assumptions underpinning current tourism practice, while re-imagining our sustainable tourism futures.

Out of the city – but how and where? A mode-destination choice model for urban–rural tourism trips in Austria

ABSTRACT Rural tourism is dominated by car travel. To attract tourists and facilitate a modal shift, a greater understanding is needed on the factors driving tourist decisions. This paper examines destination and transport mode choices as a combined choice in the context of urban–rural tourism in Austria. To do this, this article explores two different model structures, ultimately using a multinomial logit model, which is rooted in the random utility theory. The analysed data are based on a large tourism survey, with additional trip and destination characteristics annotated later on to allow for the anticipated focus on supply-side factors. The results show that (1) destination and transport mode choices are intertwined decisions, (2) car and public transport (PT) travellers perceive travel time and distance differently, (3) a high-quality web presence is the strongest destination attractor, (4) walkability facilitates both destination and public transport attractiveness, and (5) daily and tourist mobility are connected through underlying mobility cultures. These results have various policy and planning implications, especially for destination attempting to transition towards more sustainable tourism futures by means of new transport or tourism offers or social marketing measures targeting both tourists with their personal values and practices as well as tourism-related institutions.

Residents’ Attitude Toward Tourism Development in Bestansur Village

Tourism is perceived as an important development opportunity for the rural communities by Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Kurdistan region of Iraq. This study was conducted aiming to determine the resident’s attitude and perception toward increasing holiday-makers’ visit and tourism development opportunities in Bestansur village, Kurdistan region of Iraq. In this study structured designed questionnaires were filled in face to face with 70 residents of Bestansur village. The results of this study have shown that the residents of Bestansur perceive the impact of tourism less negatively and more highly support sustainable development in their village. Furthermore, tourism was seen as a source of income generator and opportunity of improving well-being of the local community by the residents of Bestansur village. These prospects will create a big support of the local community in building future sustainable tourism strategies and development in the region.

Road block(chain): bit(coin)s for tourism sustainable development goals?

路线区块链：为旅游可持续发展目标而生的比特币？研究目的本论文旨在讨论区块链和加密货币的使用和影响, 并且建议其对于可持续旅游发展目标的积极作用。研究方法/途径/手段区块链和加密货币的文献得到批判式的综述, 作者对有些文献进行辩论, 有些学说进行延伸, 以确立和探究其对可持续旅游发展未来的作用深意。研究结果区块链作为分布式电子账本技术, 有潜力创造一个更加融合的旅游未来, 以解决旅游作为媒介打造可持续发展的争论问题。区块链和加密货币（作为一种财务交易能力）通过以价值共创为前提, 影响数据（数字经济货币和旅游生命力）收集、储存、交换、所有、以及交易, 快速全面地提高了信任和关系能力, 使得经济系统参与更加民主化, 并且重新分配了各种角色中的权力和经济关系。研究理论限制/意义本论文是概念性文章, 主要通过指出区块链和加密货币如何支持可持续旅游发展目标的方式来进行讨论。未来研究可以深入探讨并且收集数据来验证是否这些科技的应用可以影响所谓的可持续发展。研究原创性/价值本论文对这个前沿又充满争议的文献进行梳理和讨论, 指出了科技与可持续性之间的多种联系, 批判地综述了区块链如何通过加密货币经济能够帮助可持续旅游的未来。关键词加密货币, 电子付款, 破坏性创新, 分布式账本, 旅游业, 可持续发展文章类型概念性论文

Measurement of Satisfaction in Sustainable Tourism: A Cultural Heritage Site in Spain

Sustainable tourism, in the cultural context, is a fundamental element for the economic development of some local communities. There are many factors that can influence the success of this type of tourism, but any action or strategy adopted should be closely related to the satisfaction of the tourist. This research focuses on a heritage destination of an archaeological nature, and is aimed at analyzing the profile of the cultural tourist and his/her level of satisfaction after visiting the site. Information was collected using a closed questionnaire given to tourists. An ANOVA analysis has been used to determine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and satisfaction, with significant results found in relation to gender and income level. This study has helped to highlight what underlies the differences in tourists’ post-visit satisfaction. These analyses have provided information that can be used in the planning of future sustainable tourism marketing strategies; thus, this study provides some recommendations on how to improve the provision of services and the management of these types of heritage elements.

Il geologo a scuola: una matematica differente, un viaggio geoturistico verso la luna, la lista dei sinonimi di Homo sapiens e la poetica di Giacomo Leopardi

Geosciences at school do not mean only to teach concepts of Geology. A geologist at school should indicate some alternative or uncommon approaches to common objects. A.D.C. projected and realized a different way to approach mathematics and geometry in Secondary Italian school. Usually students feel scared about mathematics: formulas, calculus and geometry. In extreme cases this feeling can become a real psychological condition known as Math Anxiety. It literally blocks students in front of numbers. Usually students do not “see” mathematic, and at last it remains only theoretical. Otherwise mathematic aim is to explain natural phenomena, so mathematic itself has to be real. Following the experience on the field of a geologist teacher, A.D.C. realized a virtual field trip where concepts of mathematics crop out. The virtual field trip can start with a simple mud crack, with its polygonal boundary. It continues with students observing the columnar basalts and go on with debating about geometrical rules and mathematic. Finally, students “see” how mathematic and geometry do work in the reality, by watching crystals, fossils, landscapes. In accord with the effectiveness of the geological approach, three examples of student research are presented and described in this paper. h.B. scientifically confuted racism. Together with Homo sapiens, Linnaeus (1758) instituted four official varieties, one for each human race recognized in XVIII Century. The goal of the project was to put in synonymy the racist names of human species. S.P. based her research on the citation by the Italian poet and philosophers Giacomo Leopardi regarding the Icelandic volcano Mount Hekla. She studied what eruption was so important to become a news of interest for the entire Europe, Central Italy included. A.V. hypothesized a geotouristic journey forward Moon. Even if only a dream, the idea of a future sustainable tourism on our satellite seems to be interesting. She projected thus a travel by using a selenological map added to motivation, physical preparation and geological attractions.

Science Mapping the Knowledge Base on Sustainable Tourism Development, 1990–2018

Robust literature on sustainable tourism development has emerged globally both in economically developed and emerging economies. Over the past several decades, policymakers and business practitioners increasingly acknowledge that the long-term development and sustainability of tourism destinations require clear guidelines and direction. The impetus for sustainable tourism development has become ever more urgent as a result of dual trends of climate change and massification of the global tourism industry. The current research review used science mapping techniques to examine 1596 Scopus-indexed documents published on sustainable tourism development. The objectives of the review were to document the size, growth, and global distribution of this literature, identify its key journals, authors, and documents, highlight emerging topics, and illuminate the underlying intellectual structure of this literature. The review also provides guidelines for scholars to develop research that can aid in future sustainable tourism development.

Sustaining precarity: critically examining tourism and employment

There is consensus that both the social, or people, dimension of sustainability and the workforce are neglected in the tourism literature and policy. Premised on the understanding that sustainability is inherently set in neo-liberal discourses of progress, development and growth we set about to investigate tourism’s performance principally relative to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), no. 8 (UN, 2015), which calls for ‘decent work’. Adopting critical approaches, and presenting a review of 14 industry reports from global, regional and national levels, we demonstrate that tourism sustains precarity vis-à-vis its employment practices. Precarity, an emerging sociological concept applied in the workforce context, speaks to the insecurities of work in capitalist economies. Our findings suggest that, contrary to academic and practitioner narratives championing humanist and sustainable tourism futures, tourism (employment) sustains precarious employment but also contributes to deep social cleavages and economic inequalities. Our paper concludes by mapping precarity into other SDGs which mark out precarious lives and propose a recalibration of the three sustainability pillars.

Establishing academic leadership praxis in sustainable tourism: lessons from the past and bridges to the future

This paper examines the potential contribution of academics working in the sustainable tourism arena from a relational, practice-based leadership perspective. It argues that these leadership perspectives require a shift in thinking from narrowly defined, instrumental measures of academic impact imposed by performance management and the somewhat heroic ideals of leadership. Instead it outlines how everyday practice that directly influences collaborative agency among multiple tourism stakeholders is able to provide a more useful direction. To illustrate this perspective, it engages in retrospective reflection, drawing on a number of pioneers in tourism scholarship. It specifically examines their praxis of dialogue, stewardship, and critical reflexivity and the ways in which these may serve to inspire future sustainable tourism education and scholarship.

The Future of Sustainable Tourism in Developing Countries

AbstractThe term ‘green tourism’ is often used in conjunction with the desire for a balanced approach to tourism planning. ‘Green tourism’ is defined as tourism that enhances the local cultural elements, operating under the control of local communities, providing employment and maintaining the economic benefits within the local communities. In fact, the above definition is often poorly attested, since there are times when the economic benefits escape from local communities. For its part the tourist industry uses the term ‘green tourism’ as a message to tourists on energy saving, avoiding coastal pollution etc. Sometimes the same tourist businesses are accused of using the label ‘green’ primarily for marketing purposes. This paper shows that governments have a crucial role regarding encouragement to use cleaner technologies in the tourism sector and presenting different approaches for sustainability to be achieved in developing countries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

Sustainable Tourism: An issue of Territorial Rebalancing in the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales

Bordered by Spain to the south, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenees mountains, the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales, also known as Northern Catalonia or French Catalonia, has long seemed to be an outlying rural area, isolated, with very little industry. The advent in the 1960s of the Mission Interministérielle d’Aménagement touristique du littoral du Languedoc-Roussillon (also known as the Racine Mission, after its director, Pierre Racine), would quickly turn the département into a major southern France tourist destination. The dynamic of developing the coastal plain contrasted with the decline of agriculture and the rural exodus taking place in the backcountry. Aware that a preserved rural and natural setting nonetheless had tourism potential, various neo-rural populations moved to the backcountry starting in the 1970s. They developed nature tourism in this area at the beginning of the 1980s. Although it was marginal compared to the activity generated by mass tourism on the coast and at ski resorts, backcountry nature tourism was the starting point for future sustainable tourism development in the Pyrénées-Orientales. By referring to stakeholder networking initiatives, as well as public transportation policies, this article offers a description of the innovative processes set up and/or maintained by the Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales in the area of sustainable tourism. The outcome of discussions in a professional capacity with various actors in local tourism, this article stresses the importance of the engagement of local authorities, in this case the Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Orientales, to carry through with sustainable development of tourism in a Mediterranean destination that is still largely given over to mass tourism.

Outlining triple bottom line contexts in urban tourism regeneration

This viewpoint offers perspective on pressing issues concerning urban tourism planning, policy and development. This paper outlines how different approaches and contexts of urban tourism regeneration, planning and development are considered in relation to the triple bottom line. Triple bottom line approaches are widely recognized by scholars, teachers, planners and businesses in the area of tourism when planning for sustainable tourism futures. While notions of people, profit and planet are important to conceptually outline, it is important to reflect on the recent literature and examples that emphasise contexts of sustainability. It must be noted that sustainability is often regarded as a term that looks at the environment and financial growth. Increasingly, researchers are focusing on social impacts seeking to address opportunities such as new enterprises, volunteering, education and training, in addition to restored place and community pride. This viewpoint attempts to present perspectives and encourage directions to further consider in urban tourism research, with an emphasis on sustainability and regeneration.

Tourism sustainability in Tibet – Forward planning using a systems approach

The purpose of this study is to employ a nonlinear dynamic evaluation method to assess the tourism sustainability of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China, a new emerging tourism destination. The methodology draws on system dynamics and Back Propagation (BP) neural network. According to 7 setting principles, this study identifies 13 tourism sustainability indicators including conventional tourism income, tourism resources stock, pollution stock, etc., as well as specific residents’ tourism cognition, seasonal difference, accessibility, etc. Then a system dynamics model including the 13 indicators (variables) and other relevant auxiliary variables is established. Based on the numerical simulation, using a three layers BP neural network optimized by genetic algorithm and particle swarm algorithm, this study evaluates the future sustainability dynamically and compares the sustainability evolution from 2014 to 2050 under different development strategies. The research results not only provide information useful for the dynamic control and scientific management of the future sustainable tourism development, but also provide a systems approach to evaluate regional tourism sustainability.

2050: New Zealand's sustainable future

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to portray the future of tourism in New Zealand based upon a philosophy of sustainability and cultural identity as a response to the present 2025 Tourism Strategy. Design/methodology/approach The research deployed a scenario planning methodology resulting in four portraits of the future. Findings Environmental issues and global migration are the key issues that will shape the future of New Zealand tourism. In order to address these issues four scenarios were constructed. New Zealand Wonderland portrays a future based upon a grounded international reputation for environmentalism driven by good governance, climate change targets and ecotourism. Indiana Jones and the Search for Cultural Identity position a future driven by rapid growth and unregulated air travel resulting in environmental degradation. A Peaceful Mixture is a balance of socio‐cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainability at the centre of a tourism product shaped upon Maori culture and economic prosperity. The final scenario, New Zealand in Depression, is the worst possible outcome for New Zealand's tourism industry as the three dimensions of economy, community, and environment are not at equilibrium. New Zealand would be over‐polluted with an uncontrolled number of migrants. Research limitations/implications The research was a social construction of ten experts’ views on the future of sustainable tourism. Originality/value New Zealand's present approach to the future of tourism is shaped by the 2025 Tourism Framework (http://tourism2025.org.nz/). This is derived from a business perspective and a neoliberal political philosophy and it is void of the words ecotourism and sustainability. This paper argues that the present strategy will fail because of community disengagement that proposes a range of alternative directions based upon a political discourse of sustainability and shaped by environmental credentials and cultural identity.

Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations edited by Stefan Gössling, C. Michael Hall, and David B. Weaver

Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations edited by Stefan Gössling, C. Michael Hall, and David B. Weaver

Envisioning Sustainable Tourism Futures: An Evaluation of the Futures Wheel Method

Methods for researching the future have grown both in variety and rigour, offering new opportunities for understanding sustainable tourism. This paper discusses the value of futures research as a tool for envisioning and planning sustainable tourism futures but observes that there is greater potential for the use of futures methods in tourism. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the usefulness of a particular method known as the futures wheel as a sustainable planning tool for tourism decision makers and researchers. The futures wheel method is combined with a grounded theory approach to capture and distil the tacit knowledge of three ‘expert’ think tanks. The evaluation suggests that the futures wheel is a useful tool for researching sustainable tourism futures but that its potential may be enhanced if it can be combined with other futures research methods.