Sustainable Management Of Coastal Resources Research Articles

Pendekatan Kebijakan Lokal (Local Wisdom): Awig-Awig Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Pesisir Di Provinsi NTB

Coastal resource management in the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province has faced various challenges, ranging from environmental degradation to resource use conflicts. The approach of local policies or local wisdom emerges as a potential solution to address these issues. This study aims to examine how local wisdom can be integrated into coastal resource management policies in NTB. The method used involves observation and literature review. The findings indicate that local wisdom, such as awig-awig in the West Nusa Tenggara Province and interactive communicative strategies in Sumbawa, holds great potential in enhancing ecological intelligence and sustainable coastal resource management.

Analysis of coastline extraction indices using Sentinel-2 and Google Earth Engine, case study in Bali, Indonesia

Coastal zone is the most dynamic environment and requires regular monitoring to maintain sustainable coastal resource management. Employing remote sensing technology to monitor changes involves an essential process referred to as coastline extraction. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of five commonly employed techniques for coastline extraction: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Water Ratio Index (WRI), and Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI). These methods are evaluated by automatically delineating sandy beaches and coastlines using highresolution imagery from the Sentinel-2 satellite for Bali, Indonesia. The Otsu algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal threshold value. Compared to the other indices, the results indicate that MNDWI proved to be the most effective in highlighting water bodies, with the average distance from the validated point of MNDWI being 12.9 m and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 7.11, whereas NDVI demonstrated a high level of proficiency in detecting coastal vegetation. This study highlights the potential of utilizing both Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for efficient coastline monitoring. This study also provides scientific evidence supporting the reliability and accuracy of coastline extraction through spectral water indices.

DEEP LEARNING OBJECT DETECTION APPLICATION TO SURFING WAVE QUALITY

Quantitative monitoring is imperative to the sustainable management of coastal resources. Surfing resources have been both created and degenerated or destroyed by activities in the coastal zone. Effective surfing wave quality monitoring requires identification and tracking of the breaking part of the wave and the unbroken wave crest. Remote Camera Systems (RCS) have proven their utility in being able to monitor the coastal zone and provide almost continuous, high frequency data collection. RCSs lend themselves very well to the monitoring of surf breaks which are highly dynamic. The images captured from an RCS monitoring a surf break on the west coast of Aotearoa New Zealand are used to train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect the break points (BP), associated crest orientation and relative Still Water Level (SWL) of each instance of breaking waves in each image. Model settings and image annotations were modified over a suite of training cases to improve model efficacy, which was evaluated each epoch of training with mean Average-Precision (mAP; max 1). A mAP of 0.794 was achieved for the BP and Crest Point (CP) CNN, and 8.634 for the SWL. The model was used to detect ~1.6 M objects across ~1 million images, with a mean confidence value of all BP-CP detections of 0.63 and more than 70percent of detections being greater than 0.5. This model enables the first automation of meaningful surfing wave quality monitoring.

Risk-based analysis of recreational ecosystem services supply and demand in beach areas of the Adriatic Sea

Beaches are important suppliers of recreational services to human beings, through bathing water resources, marine biodiversity and scenic values of coastal seascapes. This study presents a conceptual model for risk-based analysis of multiple anthropogenic stressors (e.g. nutrient load, marine litter, pollutants or pathogens) on recreational ecosystem services supply-demand patterns in beaches for seven regions of the Italian Adriatic Sea. Results of the supply-demand analysis show that the beaches in Puglia region have highest recreational supply, while demand for coastal recreation is highest in the beaches of Emilia-Romagna region, which is a region prone to mass recreational activities. Based on the supply-demand analysis we performed a risk assessment on recreational ecosystem services provision by analysing the exposure of beaches ecosystems to multiple stressors generated by different maritime (e.g. shipping, aquaculture) and land-based activities (e.g. agriculture). Beaches of the Northern Adriatic region suffer from high exposure to pollutants due to port activities, aquaculture industry, shipping, and riverine discharge. The presented study advances knowledge on the integration of ecosystem-services-based recreational supply-demand analysis in coastal areas and discusses its application potentials for sustainable management of coastal resources and the investigation of tourism flow to coastal recreational areas for large geospatial settings.

Intense scuba diving does not alter activity patterns of predatory reef fish: Evidence from a protected tourism hotspot

The rise of nature-based tourism has provided a new avenue for disturbing animal behaviour, especially in protected areas. One of the most important tourism sectors in aquatic environments is scuba diving, an activity considered sustainable given its non-extractive nature and capability of bringing relevant socio-economic benefits to local communities. However, knowledge about its impact on the activity patterns of aquatic animals is still scarce. Here, we used biotelemetry techniques to assess the importance of scuba diving in modulating the activity patterns of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus, Lowe, 1834), a marine predatory fish of high interest for fishing and tourism. We implemented Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) on high-resolution acceleration data using a temporal and spatial control while controlling for a set of environmental variables (i.e. photoperiod, time-of-day, moon phase, temperature, wave height, and intensity and direction of marine currents) within a multiple-use marine protected area, and diving tourism hot-spot, of the western Mediterranean Sea. Our results underlined the more decisive influence of environmental-related stressors on the activity patterns of the dusky grouper compared to the impact of scuba diving. A high heterogeneity existed in the response against most of the stressors, including the presence of scuba divers. Overall, the activity of dusky grouper was higher at night than at day, showing a positive relationship with wave height, water temperature, and current intensity and a negative one with the moon phase. Remarkably, our findings, based on novel biotelemetry tools, differed substantially from the common wisdom accepted for this species. In conclusion, there is no clear evidence of scuba divers influence on the general activity patterns of the dusky grouper. Beyond their relevance from an ecological perspective, these results provide useful insights for the sustainable management of coastal resources, suggesting that scuba diving, when properly carried out, can represent an important sector to foster for the blue growth of coastal communities.

Capacity-building for Coastal Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience in the Pacific Islands

Abstract Capacity-building for coastal climate change adaptation in the Pacific Island countries (PICs) is paramount in ensuring resilience building and sustaina-ble management of coastal resources. The Pacific-European Union Marine Partnership (PEUMP) program, through its capacity-building component, works at achieving this by supporting delivery of technical and vocation education and training (TVET) and continuing professional development programs. The PEUMP training programs focus on addressing capacity needs associated with coastal resource management in the PICs, including but not limited to, inadequate economic considerations in coastal fisheries regulations; limited capacity to support community-based coastal resource management; insufficient Pacific-relevant training and qualifications for sustainable coastal resource management through inclusive approaches; and insufficient in-depth understanding of the government’s role in com-munity and ecosystem-based approaches. To address some of these gaps PEUMP delivered TVET programs, micro-qualifications, non-formal training, and professional short courses across 15 PICs. Post-training impact assess-ments found the PEUMP training programs to have improved the knowledge and skills of participants, with more than 70 percent of the par-ticipants gaining new skills and/or knowledge, which they attempted to pass on to their colleagues. A number of lessons learned were identified through the PEUMP training programs, such as the pros and cons of deliv-ering training through virtual means within the Pacific context. The article wraps up with a set of recommendations as a way forward for capaci-ty-building in the Pacific Island region through further inclusive training, localization, and community-based approaches.

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL RESOURCES IN MENTAWAI ISLANDS DISTRICT, WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the level of sustainability of coastal resources in the Mentawai Islands District. As an area that has various potential resources. Many developments in coastal areas are essential means of regional economic growth. It turns out that development in coastal regions raises problems for their natural resources in the form of a decrease (degradation) of their natural resources in quality and quantity. The decline includes shrinking mangrove forests, decreasing fishers' catch, sedimentation, and coastal abrasion around coastal areas. The MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) analysis approach will be used to determine the status of coastal resources as a foundation for sustainable coastal resource management based on the carrying capacity of the resources. The investigation findings suggest that the Mentawai Islands District's coastline management situation is not promising. The index for the ecological dimension is 42.31. In the moderate category, the economic dimension of the sustainable development index has a value of 51.31. The sustainable development index has a social dimension of 50.01. This dimension's legal and institutional dimension index is 51.84. The Mentawai Islands district's coastal management has to improve, given the increasing pressure to develop coastal resources in the future.

The land-sea system dynamics model with shared socioeconomic pathways can identify the gaps in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 14

Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14) identifies development targets directly related to oceans; however, the gaps in achieving SDG14 remain unclear, understanding these gaps is essential in promoting sustainable management of coastal resources. We use the integrated land-sea system dynamics model to explore whether China's coastal area development, resources and ecology are capable of achieving SDG14 under different shared socioeconomic pathways, shock detection is then carried out to find management interventions that potentially contribute to SDG14. We find that SDG14.1, 14.3 and 14.7 can be achieved, but the expansion of mariculture in China's coastal area prevents the realization of SDG14.5 and 14.A unbalanced development of the marine industry will contribute to failing to achieve SDG14.2. Marine fishery is the primary factor in the decoupling between marine industries, and the shocks of SDG14 were mainly caused by changes in fisheries policies and natural disasters. Insights from this research can inform essential information for SDG14 from resilience thinking.

Benthic habitat mapping using Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) on Tidung Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta

Tidung Island is one of the islands in Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. This island has various benthic that live on the coastal areas, and benthic habitat has various functions both ecologically and economically. Nowadays, remote sensing technology is one way to detect benthic habitats in coastal areas. Mapping benthic habitat is essential for sustainable coastal resource management and to predict the distribution of benthic organisms. This study aims to map the benthic habitats using the object-based image analysis (OBIA) and calculate the accuracy of benthic habitat classification results in Tidung Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. The field data were collected on June 2021, and the image data used is satellite Sentinel-2 imagery acquired in June 2021. The result shows that the benthic habitat classification was produced in 4 classes: seagrass, rubble, sand, and live coral. The accuracy test result obtained an overall accuracy (OA) of 74.29% at the optimum value of the MRS segmentation scale 15;0,1;0.7 with the SVM algorithm. The results of benthic habitat classification show that the Seagrass class dominates the shallow water area at the research site with an area of 118.77 ha followed by Life Coral 104.809 ha, Sand 43.352 ha, and the smallest area is the Rubble class of 42.28 Ha.

‘Going digital’ - Lessons for future coastal community engagement and climate change adaptation

Recent decades have witnessed a steady increase in efforts from a range of actors to facilitate and support meaningful and effective engagement with coastal communities and stakeholders. Indeed, this move towards improved participatory approaches are increasingly framed as being integral to successful and sustainable management of coastal resources and spaces, including in the context of climate adaptation The effectiveness of the processes, structures and frameworks underpinning coastal community engagement has always been subject to external and internal drivers; however, the global threat posed by COVID-19 presented, and continues to present, an unexpected shift in approach, and the need for rapid adaptation by those of us working within these spheres. Using the Coastal Communities Adapting Together (CCAT) project as a case study, we explore how engagement with coastal communities and stakeholders in the project areas of Fingal, Ireland, and Pembrokeshire, Wales, has been impacted and forced to adapt as a result of COVID-19. Through a qualitative data collection process, we explore how project teams across different scales have rapidly adapted their models of community and stakeholder engagement, identify successes and failures, and explore challenges that have been faced. Finally, we consider if the legacy of COVID-19 has provided an opportunity for coastal community engagement approaches being used across the globe to become more diverse, adapting to new technologies and increasing accessibility and effectiveness. Insights identified as fundamental to successful adaptation and enhancing resilience include: a rapid response to change, adoption of a diversity of techniques, broadened participation and supported social learning and knowledge exchange.

Photogrammetry and image processing techniques for beach monitoring

<p>The land-water boundary varies according to the sea level and the shape of a beach profile that is continuously modelled by incident waves. Attempting to model the response of a landscape as geomorphologically volatile as beaches requires multiple precise measurements to recognize responses to the actions of various geomorphic agents. It is therefore essential to have monitoring systems capable of systematically recording the shoreline accurately and effectively. New methods and tools are required to efficiently capture, characterize, and analyze information – and so obtain geomorphologically significant indicators. This is the aim of the doctoral thesis, focusing on the development of tools and procedures for coastal monitoring using satellite images and terrestrial photographs. The work brings satellite image processing and photogrammetric solutions to scientists, engineers, and coastal managers by providing results that demonstrate the usefulness of these viable and lowcost techniques. Existing and freely accessible public information (satellite images, video-derived data, or crowdsourced photographs) can be converted into high quality data for monitoring morphological changes on beaches and thus help achieve a sustainable management of coastal resources.</p>

Sustainable beach management and promotion of the local tourist industry: Can blue flags be a good driver of this balance?

The aim of this paper is to analyse to what extent the recognition of sustainable management of coastal resources may act as a driver of local economic growth. To this end, the importance of Blue Flag certification in promoting the development of a local tourism sector is analysed. Using a natural experiment based on some localities increasing the number of their certified bathing areas through recognition of sustainable management, whereas other localities reduce them, we analyse the impact of that recognition on the evolution of the local tourism sector in Comunitat Valenciana (CV) in Spain. CV is the Spanish region with the largest number of beaches with this award, and tourism linked to beaches and marine activities represents a large share of its economy. The results confirm that in this case, Blue Flag recognition has a positive impact on the economic development of the tourism sector in those municipalities that have opted for more sustainable tourism, whereas municipalities that have not introduced any sustainable ecolabel schemes have had lesser development of tourism.

Evaluating landscape capacity to provide spatially explicit valued ecosystem services for sustainable coastal resource management

Ecosystem Services (ESs) are the direct and indirect benefits and opportunities that human obtained from the ecosystem. This study evaluated landscape capacity of providing multiple key ESs in a tropical coastal ecosystem (Sundarbans Biodiversity Region (SBR)India). Multiple supervised machine learning algorithms were utilized to classify the regions into several landscape zones. The provisioning capacities of ESs for each landscape type were derived separately from an expert opinion survey and the remote sensing based methods, and the association of the outcomes between these two approaches was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient test. A total of nine ESs were selected to quantify their economic values for several reference years. The benefit transfer and equivalent value coefficient approaches were used to aggregate the economic values for each ES. Research results indicated that the water bodies are the most important landscape units in the SBR region. This ecosystem has the highest relevant capacity to provide the necessary regulatory, supporting, provisioning, and cultural ESs. Water regulation (WR), waste treatment (WT), aesthetic, recreation, and cultural (ARC), and climate regulation (CR) are the main ESs of the SBR. These services are immensely important not only for upgrading the livelihood status of coastal communities but also for the climatic and environmental suitability of the Kolkata urban region. The correlation results between the remote sensing and expert-based capacity estimates have suggested that the proposed remote sensing approach could be an alternative to evaluate the landscape capacity of providing multiple ESs in any given ecosystem. Except for the mangrove region, a very high (>0.7) correlation was observed between the model and expert-derived capacity values. The outcome of this study could be an important reference to the land administrators, planners, decision makers for adopting suitable land resource management plans for sustainable uses of natural resources in coastal region.

Floating mountain in Pearl River: a study of oyster cultivation and food heritage in Hong Kong

PurposeOyster cultivation has a long history in Pearl River Delta area and is one of the traditional aquaculture depending strongly on the natural coastal resource because of the expected variation of salinity, temperature and diversity of infaunal organisms for the cultivation practice. Apart from being the traditional knowledge inherited through the coastal communities over the centuries, oyster aquaculture is also embedded in the long-term socio-economic relationships among communities that have a rich experience regarding the quality and quantity controls for the long-term sustainable coastal resource management, together with a strong sense of responsibility for safeguarding and promoting the local food heritage for various reasons. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis paper seeks to examine oyster cultivation in Lau Fau Shan (literally means floating mountain) in Hong Kong, not only from the cultural–historical perspectives but also from the social resilience perspectives, such as how and why local communities are willing to inherit the traditions, what kinds of roles NGOs and government play in oyster cultivation, why local people should be engaged, and how the oyster aquaculture/industry underwent the transformations, given all the difficulties and challenges.FindingsThe value of oyster cultivation is not only for food production but also for the global exchange of experiences on social resilience for both school and public educations.Originality/valueIt is an original research making use of a local case study for the understanding of post-disaster reconstruction of coastal communities in the global context.

A conceptual model to improve links between science, policy and practice in coastal management

The literature has identified significant barriers to sustainable management of coastal resources due to lack of integration between science, policy and practice. The social and biophysical sciences are an important information source but are often neglected in policy and practice. The literature has identified the science, policy practice gaps as significant barriers to sustainable management of coastal resources. However, there is lack of research specifically covering the interactions between the three domains. This paper aims to: a) review the literature to identify gaps and related factors or themes contributing to the science-policy-practice disconnect; and b) propose a conceptual integrated model to address those gaps and to increase the uptake of science into policy and practice in coastal systems. The results confirm that there are gaps in the two way-links between science and policy and practice. Most research (64%) is published in the science to policy area, 32% in the policy and practice area, and only four % of the research is published in the science-policy-practice area. Effective integration is inhibited by issues of knowledge, uncertainty, communication, political and cultural issues and institutions or rules and a clear mechanism for linking science, policy and practice is needed. Frameworks may help alleviate the problem but may not be holistic or flexible enough to facilitate interactions across science-policy-practice. There needs to be a clear mechanism for integrating science, policy and practice. To address this a conceptual model of the interactions between science and policy and practice is proposed. The model includes two-way connections between science-policy-practice, mediated by both internal and external factors including key drivers, facilitators, inhibitors and barriers. The model is applied to three case studies, namely: implementing international level blue carbon policy at a local level; an historical perspective on mangrove damage and restoration at an Australian state level; and an Australian example of long-term interactions between science, policy and practice, illustrating how multiple connections and interactions can occur as projects proceed.

Groundwater dynamics in subterranean estuaries of coastal unconfined aquifers: Controls on submarine groundwater discharge and chemical inputs to the ocean

Abstract Sustainable coastal resource management requires sound understanding of interactions between coastal unconfined aquifers and the ocean as these interactions influence the flux of chemicals to the coastal ocean and the availability of fresh groundwater resources. The importance of submarine groundwater discharge in delivering chemical fluxes to the coastal ocean and the critical role of the subterranean estuary (STE) in regulating these fluxes is well recognized. STEs are complex and dynamic systems exposed to various physical, hydrological, geological, and chemical conditions that act on disparate spatial and temporal scales. This paper provides a review of the effect of factors that influence flow and salt transport in STEs, evaluates current understanding on the interactions between these influences, and synthesizes understanding of drivers of nutrient, carbon, greenhouse gas, metal and organic contaminant fluxes to the ocean. Based on this review, key research needs are identified. While the effects of density and tides are well understood, episodic and longer-period forces as well as the interactions between multiple influences remain poorly understood. Many studies continue to focus on idealized nearshore aquifer systems and future work needs to consider real world complexities such as geological heterogeneities, and non-uniform and evolving alongshore and cross-shore morphology. There is also a significant need for multidisciplinary research to unravel the interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes in STEs, as most existing studies treat these processes in isolation. Better understanding of this complex and dynamic system can improve sustainable management of coastal water resources under the influence of anthropogenic pressures and climate change.

Analysis of Perceptions and Knowledge in Managing Coastal Resources: A Case Study in Fiji

Sustainable management of coastal resources depends on human knowledge and perceptions of natural resources and coastal environments. However, empirical evidence has been limited in order to understand linkages between knowledge, perceptions and collective actions to achieve sustainable resource management. This case study analyzed perceptions and knowledge among diverse stakeholders: villagers, government officials, scientists and staff of a non-governmental organization who are collaboratively working in a Fijian coastal community to manage the local coastal resources. Analyses were made using the integrated local environmental knowledge (ILEK) concept and frameworks of discourse analysis to clarify interlinkages between perceptions, knowledge and collective actions for a variety of examples. Research was conducted in Kumi village on the island of Viti Levu in Fiji, and the investigated projects included the management of a locally managed marine area, seaweed aquaculture, sea cucumber restoration and ginger plantations. These initiatives have shown that diverse knowledge on coastal resources and environments influence perceptions among people in a complex way, and transformation of perceptions produced new sets of knowledge through the generation of hypotheses regarding the management of coastal resources. Collective actions were promoted by the transformation of perceptions, and social learning processes were mobilized by these collective actions. Traditional institutions, cultures and leadership roles deeply embedded in the local communities had strong influences on shared perceptions among community members to provide foundations for collective actions. Dynamic transformations of perceptions promoted by integrated knowledge among community members were critical enablers of collective actions to achieve sustainable resource management.

Geomorphic Regionalization of Coastal Zone Using Geospatial Technology

The world coastal environment is made of diversified landforms and are also potentially vulnerable to climate variability, delta sinking, extreme events and anthropogenic interferences. Sustainable management of coastal resources and transforming quality ecosystem services to future generation are the goals of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Geographical homogenous unit are the basic implementation locus and back bone of these kinds of integrated management strategy and activities. However, coastal zone management projects in developing world using use arbitrary land-ward and sea-ward boundaries from physical reference as unit of management. The oversimplified fixed distance approaches are not able to map the spatial and temporal changes in coastal systems. The spatio-temporal variations of coastal systems are configured in geomorphic landforms and further that work on interaction between natural forces and anthropogenic inputs. The present research work is an attempt to present a simplified method of regionalization geomorphic landforms using geospatial platforms for delineating Orissa coast into smaller homogenous geographic unit as reference point for future management. Geomorphic landforms are reconstructed using Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery, Survey of India topomaps, field survey and Digital Elevation Model data at geographic information system (GIS) plat form. Seventy geomorphic features covering an area of 5033.64 km2 were identified and further, regionalized into five homogenous geographic units. The need of time is to recognize unsustainable coastal systems in these homogenous geographic units by fine tuning development parameters and also same time allowing coastal systems to adapt naturally to any kind of variability. Although, the methodology applied to Orissa for delineation homogenous geographic area but it can be replicated to any coast in world.

Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM): a Case Study f Mariveles, Bataan, Philippines

<p>This paper addressed the issue of sustainable coastal resource management through a successful Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM) Program in the Municipality of Mariveles, province of Bataan in the Philippines. The paper investigated how governance and institutional and legislative framework, and the concept of sustainable development complemented each other to promote good local eco-governance in the management and protection of finite local marine resources. Specifically, it analyzed how the local fisherfolk community of Mariveles utilized efficiently their finite marine resources in the context of eco-governance. It also investigated how the cooperative efforts of various stakeholders: peoples’ organizations (POs), local government unit (LGU), and a non- government organization (NGO) in Mariveles, Bataan affected their coastal resources against environmental degradation and exploitation. This paper would benefit POs, LGUs, and NGOs in their quest for sustainable management and conservation of their limited coastal resources. This paper yielded the following findings. First, POs and NGOs engage when NGOs can strengthen the POs’ capacity building through the transfer of skills and technology, when NGOs can enhance the POs’ indigenous knowledge, and when NGOs are more knowledgeable of formal venues of LGU participation. Second, LGUs, NGOs and POs engage when POs and NGOs can complement each other to strengthen their capacity building, and when NGOs can help implement environmental programs that are beneficial to the POs. Third, NGOs and POs engage when POs are threatened by elite power, and when NGOs want their environmental issues on LGU’s legislative agenda. Finally, NGOs and POs engage when they see possible LGU cooperation. Participant observation through focus group discussion (FGD) and key informants’ interview of different stakeholders was a primary source of information in formulating the aforementioned conclusions. In addition, stakeholders’ analysis and documentary analysis, i.e., books, print and non-print materials, video footage, monograph, were used as secondary sources of information. The author is solely responsible for any information found in this paper.</p>

People Empowerment in Livelihood Activities toward Sustainable Coastal Resource Management in Indonesia

People Empowerment in Livelihood Activities toward Sustainable Coastal Resource Management in Indonesia