Sustainable Economic Growth Research Articles

The Role of Education in Economic Development: A Comparative Study of Nigeria and Kenya.

Education is a transforming factor in economic growth because it gives people the information and skills that spur innovation, productivity, and general social advancement. Two of the biggest economies in Africa, Nigeria and Kenya, have made considerable changes to their educational institutions to promote economic expansion. But even with these reforms, obstacles including poor infrastructure, restricted access, and insufficient government money still stand in the way of development. This study examines how education affects economic growth in Kenya and Nigeria, paying particular attention to how the distinct political, cultural, and historical backgrounds of each nation affect educational achievements. This study highlights opportunities for improvement while identifying important educational policies and initiatives that have successfully supported economic growth through a comparative analysis. It considers the larger implications of education as an instrument for national transformation, drawing on theological viewpoints, and makes the case that real growth must be in line with moral and ethical principles. In the end, the research suggests a more integrated strategy, stressing that education may act as a catalyst for long-term, sustainable economic growth when it is in line with spiritual principles.

Inclusive finance and sustainability: The dynamic spillover effects of uncertainties on access to credit

A firm's access to domestic credit is crucial in inclusive finance for businesses, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, to invest and grow. Sustainable and inclusive economic growth requires a healthy private sector with access to financial resources. This paper explores how uncertainty from major economies (measured by Uncertainty Spillover indices) can limit domestic credit availability in the private sector. Analysing a panel dataset encompassing 100 developed and developing economies from 1996 to 2019, the research reveals that uncertainties stemming from China and the United States significantly reduce the availability of domestic financial resources. Uncertainties surrounding other G7 economies (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom) also exhibit a negative association; however, their effects are statistically insignificant. The robustness of these findings is confirmed across various empirical models and income classifications. Possible implications for inclusive finance and sustainable economic growth are also discussed.

Unlocking Sustainable Growth in Urban Agglomerations: A Case Study of Carbon Emissions Trading in China

Amid global efforts to combat climate change, China’s targets for reaching carbon peak and achieving carbon neutrality are critical for enhancing environmental governance and promoting sustainable economic growth. This study investigates the impacts of experimental carbon emissions trading markets on industrial coordination within a typical inland urban cluster in China, employing innovative regression control methods (RCM) to analyze changes in regional industrial dynamics. The analysis reveals significant findings: firstly, the establishment of carbon emissions trading markets has tangibly influenced industrial coordination across the economic zone; and secondly, while industrial coordination within the manufacturing sectors has seen a substantial increase, coordination in the productive service sectors remains relatively unchanged. These outcomes highlight the differential effects of carbon market policies on various sectors and underscore the importance of targeted interventions in achieving broader environmental and economic objectives.

Savings and Sustainable Economic Growth Nexus: A South African Perspective

The savings behavior of individuals has been a topic of both macroeconomic and policy importance throughout history. Theoretical and empirical research shows that savings result from several demographic and economic factors working together to produce long-term, sustainable economic growth. This study therefore examined the nexus between domestic savings and sustainable economic growth in a South African perspective between 1990–2023, emphasizing the critical role that savings play in fostering long-term economic stability and environmental resilience. The ARDL framework was used to analyze data from the World Bank and the South African Reserve Bank. The results of the study demonstrate that corporate savings have a major effect on sustainable economic growth, especially over the long term. When corporate savings rise by 1%, the economy expands by 3.12%, which highlights the significant multiplier effect of investment. The extent of this impact depends on factors such as the efficiency of capital allocation, technological capacity, financial market development, government policies, and macroeconomic stability. These factors collectively determine how effectively corporate savings are transformed into productive investments that drive sustainable economic growth. Conversely, savings made by the government and the public, especially in the long run, have no appreciable impact on sustainable economic growth. Given that domestic savings mobilization is the most suitable channel for financing capital accumulation to support economic growth and development, the study suggests reviewing current policies to encourage domestic savings mobilization. This paper contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable economic policies in emerging markets, offering actionable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and stakeholders promoting a more sustainable economic future for South Africa.

Navigating the path for economic resilience and sustainable economic growth: Empirical insight from G-20 nations

The global demand for sustainability has captured the attention of governments, policymakers, and academics, emphasizing the need to meet the current needs of the population while preserving resources for future generations. However, there is vast scarcity of studies to explore the determinants of sustainable economic growth at the international level. Therefore, to assist the policymakers, academicians, government and international bodies, this study aims to examine the determinants of sustainable economic growth across G-20 nations. The current analysis has used the panel regression modeling by covering the time frame from 1974 to 2022 for G-20 nations. The findings exhibit that GDP per capita, human capital stock, rent from natural resources, FDI and mild inflation rate have a favorable impact on sustainable economic growth of G-20 nations. Conversely, the results affirm that CO2 emission, agriculture sector and trade openness have adverse effect on sustainable economic growth. The findings have major policy implications for the government, policymakers and the international bodies for ensuring the sustainable economic growth around the world. The findings assert that this goal requires substantial initiatives from international bodies, public authorities and NGOs to raise awareness and enhance economic literacy among the general public.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ПОРТРЕТ КАЗАХСТАНА: НОВЫЕ ВЕХИ

Recent years have been marked by steady growth of the Kazakh economy, which is supported by the dynamic development of key sectors and the active introduction of new technologies. In 2024, the country continues to successfully adapt to the changing global economic environment, including commodity price volatility and global economic turmoil. The Kazakh economy has demonstrated steady positive dynamics, which is due to the stable growth of key industries and innovative development. Despite global economic challenges and fluctuations in commodity prices, the country continues to demonstrate adaptability and sustainability of economic growth in 2024. International financial institutions and analytical centers agree that the Kazakh economy will maintain moderate growth rates in 2024. This indicates a gradual recovery from global economic turmoil. An important factor contributing to such development is the diversification of the economy, aimed at reducing dependence on commodity exports and stimulating domestic consumption, infrastructure projects and innovation. The Kazakh government is actively working to improve the country's investment attractiveness, support small and medium-sized businesses and develop human capital. These measures are aimed at ensuring sustainable economic growth and improving the well-being of the population. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the current economic state of Kazakhstan, including the dynamics of GDP and GRP, as well as development prospects.

Industrial Policy and The New Structural Economics Theory: A Transitional Economy Perspective

Abstract This paper explores the connection between industrial policy and New Structural Economics (NSE) from the perspective of a transitioning economy. The NSE emphasizes that by leveraging comparative advantages, investing in infrastructure and human capital, diversifying the industrial base, and enacting institutional reforms, transitioning economies can achieve sustainable economic development. For industrial policy to be effective, it must align with these principles. Using Bangladesh as a case study, this paper proposes a theoretical framework that links industrial policy with NSE to foster sustainable economic growth. The framework emphasizes the critical role of government intervention in resource allocation, benefit distribution, and industrial growth, all of which are driven by targeted industrial policies. Additionally, it categorizes Bangladesh’s industries into five groups, prioritizing leading-edge sectors focused on technological advancement and skill development over catching-up industries that address productivity gaps. This paper contributes to the understanding of Bangladesh’s industrial policy through the lens of NSE, shedding light on the underlying dynamics that shape the country's industrial structure, competitiveness, and future economic trajectory. JEL classification numbers: J18, L16, L52, L78. Keywords: Industrial Policy, New Structural Economics Theory (NSE), Sustainable Economic Growth, Comparative advantage, Government intervention.

Impact of Disaggregated External Debt on Economic Growth: Evidence from Asian Developing Economies

Abstract This study investigate the impact of total and disaggregated external debt on economic growth, across 32 Asian developing economies (ADE) from 1995 to 2020. The study applied the generalized method of moments (GMM) and dynamic common correlated estimator (DCCE) with interaction terms of institutional quality and macroeconomic policy to address the non-linearity, across-country heterogeneity, cross-sectional dependence and endogneity. The empirical results indicate that total external debt and its types initially harm economic growth, except for commercial creditors’ debt, which has positive effects. Short-term, private, and multilateral debt show weaker negative associations compared to long-term, public, and bilateral debt. Incorporating interaction terms in non-linear models reveal a shift from negative to positive impacts, highlighting the importance of robust institutional quality and stable macroeconomic policy in mitigating adverse debt effects. Our findings underline the necessity of tailored policies accounting for specific impacts of different debt types on economic growth. Moreover, highlight the significance of institutional quality and macroeconomic policy standards to manage risks, optimize debt management practices, adjust fiscal policies, and foster sustainable economic growth. Future research should further investigate the broad impact of domestic debt in conjunction with external debt across different countries, time periods, and methodological approaches.

Level of social security expenditures and economic growth rate based on econometric regression modelling: New evidence from OECD countries

This research article examines the relationship between the level of social welfare expenditure and economic growth rates, based on unbalanced panel data from 38 OECD countries covering the period from 1985 to 2022. Four hypotheses are formulated regarding the impact of social expenditure on economic growth rates. Through multiple iterations of regression model building, employing various combinations of dependent and independent variables, and conducting tests for stationarity and causality, compelling empirical evidence was obtained on the negative influence of social welfare spending on economic growth rates. The study takes into account both government and non-governmental expenditures on social welfare, a novelty in this field. This approach allows for a detailed examination of the effects of different components on economic growth and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships. The findings indicate that countries with high levels of social welfare spending experience a slowdown in economic growth rates. This is associated with increasing demands on social security systems, their growing inclusivity, and the escalating required levels of financing, which are increasingly covered by debt sources. The research highlights the need to strike a balance between social expenditures and economic growth rates and proposes a set of measures to ensure economic growth outpaces the indexing of social expenditures. The abstract underscores the relevance of the study in light of the widespread recognition of the necessity to combat inequality, poverty, and destitution, and calls on OECD countries’ governments to pay increased attention to social policy in order to achieve sustainable and balanced economic growth.

Leveraging Technological Research Methodologies to Improve Employee Performance in Organizations

The effective management of human resources in organizations is imperative for attaining optimum performance and eventual profitability. The increasingly competitive marketplace has compelled organizations to work towards attaining operational excellence, which heavily relies on the performance of its human resources. The adoption of cutting-edge research techniques has emerged as a pivotal strategy as organizations endeavour to achieve operational excellence. However, human resource managers have had to grapple with various challenges associated with the management of employee data generated and managed through digital platforms and tools, including issues such as data safety and security. This paper explores the intersection between tech-enhanced, advanced research methodologies and employee performance that is geared toward sustainable economic growth at the organizational level. Notably, the paper examines big data analytics as a tech-enhanced research tool leveraged by organizations in a bid to understand their human resource and the best way they can be managed to ensure high performance, which translates into high productivity and competitiveness in their respective sector or industries. In particular, this paper conducts a comprehensive review of recent extant literature regarding the adoption of big data analytics, which has revolutionized how organizations collect and analyze vast amounts of data, thereby enhancing their decision-making process. The reviewed literature focused on human resource aspects such as recruitment and selection; employee development; employee performance management and compensation structures. The review revealed that big data has emerged as a critical tool for managing large volumes of data that are acquired via numerous digital tools as organizations grapple with the integration of technology into their human resource practices. The technologies have helped human resource managers with these structured and unstructured data, they gain insight that in turn, guides their decision-making processes and improves the overall operational efficiency. The review outlines the transformative potential of integrating big data tools with human resource management and recommends that organizations should invest in these tools to enhance their recruitment and selection, employee development, performance measurement and upgrade their compensation structure.

Association of crop commercialization and rural households' multidimensional poverty using targeted maximum likelihood estimation

Recent evidence shows the highest prevalence of multidimensional poverty in the world. To alleviate poverty, Ethiopia is investing in stimulating agricultural commercialization for poverty reduction, driving sustainable economic growth, and creating jobs. Therefore, this study investigated the causal relationship between crop commercialization and multidimensional poverty across Ethiopian rural households using the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey 2018/19 data, which included 1129 crop commercialized and 1585 completely subsistence rural households. Moreover, this study also examined the causal effect of crop commercialization on the multidimensional poverty mediated by mobile phone ownership status. The study used the double robust method of the augmented inverse probability of treatment weighted (AIPTW) and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) methods. The result showed that crop commercialization has an association with multidimensional poverty. Specifically, the TMLE with a default super learner model estimates were the most precise and suggest that the prevalence of risk of being multidimensionally poor among rural households who were crop commercialized is 12.2 % lower than for those who were completely subsistence households. Thus, it is important to have more robust policies like crop commercialization to target rural multidimensional poverty reduction. Moreover, the controlled direct effect estimation analyses showed that crop-commercialized rural households reduced the adjusted risk of multidimensional poverty by; 12 % for those who owned mobile phones and 7.8 % for those who did not. To ensure sustainable livelihoods for rural multidimensional poor households, it is necessary to have a multidisciplinary policy intervention to promote crop commercialization through the spread of mobile phones in rural areas.

Impact of logistics pooling on reduction of CO2 emissions in last-mile logistics

Purpose In previous years, there has been a peak in deliveries from all sectors. Consequently, the number of transport vehicles on urban roads has also increased. Unsurprisingly, this increase leads to many environmental problems, including increased carbon emissions. This paper attempts to examine this issue by addressing the impact of logistics pooling on the reduction of CO2 emissions in last-mile logistics. The aim is to see which of the logistics pooling options can minimize more CO2 emissions and in particular reach the threshold fixed by the Moroccan Agency of Logistics Development which is 30% until 2030.Design/methodology/approach The author conducted a simulation study. The sample was chosen from the economic pillar of the Moroccan Kingdom, namely Casablanca.Findings The results indicate that two pooling strategies lead to a higher level of environmental performance compared to the objective set up by the Moroccan Agency of Logistics Development (Direct Upstream and Downstream Transport: 44.39%/Multi-pick Upstream Transport and Multi-drop Downstream Transport: 30.93%). However, the first strategy remains the best one, as it not only minimizes emissions but also reflects the practices already implemented by several carriers and logistics service providers.Practical implications Successfully implementing these strategies in Casablanca could serve as a model for other cities facing similar challenges, demonstrating the viability and benefits of logistics pooling. Ultimately, the reduction in CO2 emissions aligns with global environmental goals, contributing to the fight against climate change and promoting a healthier urban environment for residents. By leveraging simulation technology, Casablanca can make significant strides toward more sustainable and efficient last-mile logistics, setting a precedent for green urban logistics practices.Originality/value Given Morocco’s significant geostrategic position, the urban logistics sector plays a crucial role in the development of Arab countries. The findings of this study can offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to achieve sustainable economic growth. Additionally, to the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to focus on logistics pooling and carbon emissions in Arab nations. The paper further contributes by highlighting important directions for future research.

One Health Index applied to countries in South America.

The One Health concept has proposed an integrated and unified approach aiming for health balance and enhancement by recognizing the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health. The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed global One Health initiatives and policy improvement toward preventive measures for future pandemics, particularly of zoonotic origin. Such a scenario may be particularly relevant for South America, which is considered highly vulnerable due to its natural biodiversity superposed to socioeconomic and environmental issues, demanding effective methods and indicators for proper One Health strategies and goals that are aligned with macroregional contexts. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the One Health Index (OHI) in South American countries, along with potential interactions with socioeconomic indicators. The results obtained using clustering analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) have revealed a positive association between the OHI and the Human Development Index (HDI) but not with gross domestic product (GDP). Although South American countries with political stability, robust investment in health, and progressive policies have shown a higher OHI, better environmental health is not associated with better human and animal health. In addition, although the Amazon biome- spanning 9 of the 12 South American countries-has positively impacted environmental health, this benefit contrasts with the rudimentary local human health systems, highlighting the complexity of One Health within the South American context. The lack of stronger indicators for animal health was also considered an important weak point for a true OHI assessment. Nonetheless, countries with more developed livestock have presented better animal health, which may not reflect an overall animal health indicator, as companion and wildlife animal health indicators were not available. Although lower (within-country) scale analysis such as states and metropolitan areas may better shape internal differences, the study herein has clearly shown One Health inequalities and challenges among South American countries. Equally important, forests and other natural areas in developing countries, particularly the Amazon, should receive incentives to promote sustainable economic growth. This approach would help prevent sacrificing environmental health for the benefit of human and livestock animal health.

PENGARUH KOMPONEN INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

Indonesia is a developing country that continues to strive for improved development, measured through economic growth. However, challenges remain, such as high poverty rates, income inequality, and the worsening impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Human development in health, education, and living standards is considered crucial for promoting sustainable economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of Human Development Index components on economic growth and poverty in Indonesia during the 2018-2022 period, using data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and applying path analysis methods. The study's results show that health and per capita expenditure have a positive and significant impact on economic growth, while education and the COVID-19 pandemic do not have a significant effect. Additionally, economic growth and education do not affect poverty; however, health and per capita expenditure have a positive and significant influence on poverty, and the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative and significant impact on poverty. Furthermore, education, health, per capita expenditure, and the COVID-19 pandemic do not significantly affect poverty through economic growth.

МЕХАНІЗМ ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМЕРЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ: БЕЗПЕКОЗНАВЧІ КОНТЕКСТИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ УПРАВЛІННЯ

In modern conditions of martial law, one the most important aspects of ensuring the effective functioning of business structures, as well as the formation of positive results its financial activity, is the existence of an effective security system for the commercialization of intellectual property objects, which will ensure business protection from threats. Protection is due to the ability of management bodies the business structures at the appropriate levels: to ensure sustainable economic development through the protection of intellectual property objects; to neutralize the negative impact of crisis phenomena on business structures; to form an adequate accounting system of financial flows and to strengthen the operational efficiency of control system in the process commercialization of intellectual property objects; ensure the implementation of work on the protection of the confidentiality of information constituting a commercial secret etc. Modern scientific research points to the fact that without a unified security system of business structures regarding the commercialization of intellectual property objects, it is impossible to find a way out of the crisis, stabilize the economic situation and create an effective mechanism for conducting business. The main components of the organizational and economic mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects at enterprises, which, in particular, include organizational processes; processes of technical and economic substantiation; processes of determining the market conformity of intellectual property objects to the needs of consumers; legal enforcement processes. Only the processes of determining the market suitability of intellectual property objects to the needs of consumers, that is, the processes of market research, are directly related to the process of commercialization. The other three components of the mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects are no less important, as they ensure the effective implementation of the actual process of commercialization or transfer. As the research results showed, the main influencing factors in the context of security science on the commercialization of intellectual property objects are: regulatory and legislative problem; the problem of valuation of intellectual property objects; personnel problem; the problem of organizational support for the commercialization of intellectual property objects. Therefore, the development of the organizational and economic mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects is a necessary and integral part of building a national innovation system aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the national economy and ensuring the transition to sustainable economic growth and strengthening of national security, including. Thus, the choice of the most acceptable method of commercialization should be justified from the point of view of the expected profit that it can bring to the owner of the rights in specific conditions.

AN ANALYSIS OF GST IMPLEMENTATION AND TRENDS IN REVENUE COLLECTION FROM 2017-18 TO 2023-24

India’s Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented on July 1, 2017, revolutionized the country's indirect tax system by replacing a complex array of taxes with a unified consumption tax. This study analyzes the implementation, features, and trends of GST from fiscal year 2017-18 to 2023-24, utilizing secondary data from the Economic Survey of India 2023-24. The total GST revenue has shown significant growth, rising from ₹5,39,601 crores in 2017-18 to ₹15,18,127 crores in 2023-24. The GST structure operates under a dual system, with Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and State Goods and Services Tax (SGST) being key components, alongside the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) for inter-state trade. High-contributing states like Maharashtra and Karnataka have strengthened their positions, while states like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand face challenges. The analysis also reveals fluctuations in revenue due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a robust recovery in subsequent years. Key findings underscore the need for targeted interventions in lower-performing regions, improvements in tax administration, and policy adjustments to address the declining share of cess. This research highlights the pivotal role of GST in enhancing tax compliance and broadening the tax base, laying the groundwork for sustainable economic growth in India. KEY WORDS: Goods and Services Tax (GST), Tax Compliance, Indirect Taxation, Economic Growth, Public Finance

Retraction Note: Exploring the impact of clean energy interconnections on sustainable economic growth in China

Retraction Note: Exploring the impact of clean energy interconnections on sustainable economic growth in China

Indonesian SMES and Global Market Penetration: The Effects of Human Capital Investment, Government Role, and Technological Progress

MSMEs play a significant role in supporting the country's economy as they account for 60.5% of GDP. MSMEs confront a number of difficulties related to financing, supply, and market demand that need to be given more consideration in order to support their entry into the global market. The purpose of this study is to examine how government involvement, technology advancement, human capital investment, and entrepreneurial orientation affect MSMEs (micro, small, and medium-sized firms) in Indonesia and their internationalization strategies. This study uses a quantitative approach with data collection techniques using a Likert scale questionnaire. Then descriptive analysis and Partial Least Squares (PLS) are used to analyze the data. The study's findings show that technical change significantly affects MSMEs' internationalization strategies; in contrast, entrepreneurial orientation, investments in human capital, and the role of the government are not as significant in this regard. However, this research offers stakeholders improved guidance for bolstering MSMEs' success and expansion in global markets, as well as for widening the gap in the global MSME market to promote Indonesia's sustainable economic growth.

Forecasting Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to Bangladesh: Using an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and a Machine Learning-Based Random Forest Approach

This study focuses on the challenge of accurately forecasting foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Bangladesh, which are crucial for the country’s sustainable economic growth. Although Bangladesh has strong potential as an investment destination, recent FDI inflows have sharply declined due to global economic uncertainties and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a clear gap in applying advanced forecasting models, particularly the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and machine learning techniques like random forest (RF), to predict FDI inflows in Bangladesh. This study aims to analyze and forecast FDI inflows in Bangladesh by employing a hybrid approach that integrates the ARIMA model and the RF algorithm. This study covers the period from 1986 to 2022. The analysis reveals that net FDI inflow in Bangladesh is integrated into the first order, and the ARIMA (3,1,2) model is identified as the most suitable based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Diagnostic tests confirm its consistency and appropriateness for forecasting net FDI inflows in the country. This study’s findings indicate a decreasing trend in net FDI inflows over the forecasted period, with an average of USD 1664 million, similar to recent values. The results from the RF model also support these findings, projecting average net FDI values of USD 1588.99 million. To achieve the aims of Vision 2041, which include eradicating extreme poverty and becoming a high-economic nation, an increasing trend of FDI inflow is crucial. The current forecasting trends provide insights into the potential trajectory of FDI inflows in Bangladesh, highlighting the importance of attracting higher FDI to accomplish their economic goals. Additionally, strengthening bilateral investment agreements and leveraging technology transfer through FDI will also be essential for fostering sustainable economic growth.

The Global South Air transport Belt: A catalyst for sustainable tourism and economic growth

This paper explores specific technical dimensions of a Global South Air Transport Belt concept, emphasizing international air transport's pivotal role in fostering global trade, stimulating tourism, promoting people-to-people exchange, and enhancing supply chain efficiency. A notable disparity exists between the air transport infrastructures of the Global North and the Global South. Furthermore, the Carbon Offset Scheme for International Aviation poses an obstacle to the air transport advancement in developing nations. This market-based initiative, designed to cap aviation emissions from 2020, has the potential to impede the actual international network connections expansion in developing countries. As an alternative, this paper advocates for the adoption of operational measures, the utilization of sustainable aviation fuels, and the implementation of technological advancements. This strategy aligns with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The paper highlights the potential for sustainable development through the air transport infrastructure expansion in developing countries, focusing particularly on the BRICS nations. Creating a cohesive Global South Air Transport Belt will facilitate the growth of tourism and foster economic development across the participating nations. Such an initiative seeks a sustainable pathway toward inclusive economic growth and social progress for humanity.