Green Sustainable Development Research Articles

Measurement, Spatial-Temporal Evolution, and Optimization Path of the Level of Coordinated Development of Ecological Civilisation: The Case of China

Based on the energy–economy–environment–society (3E1S) system theory, this paper constructed a comprehensive evaluation system for the coordinated development of China’s ecological civilisation construction using panel data from 31 provinces and cities from 2005 to 2020, which is specifically divided into four sub-systems, namely, energy, economy, environment, and society, and covers 10 ordinal covariates and 40 ordinal variable indicators. In terms of measurement and evaluation methods, this paper adopted the composite system synergy model to measure the level of coordinated development of ecological civilisation construction of the country as a whole and 31 provinces and cities and adopted Arcgis maps, standard deviation ellipses, kernel density curves, and Theil index methods to explore the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and regional differences in the level of coordinated development of ecological civilisation construction. It was found that the coordinated development level of China’s ecological civilisation construction increased year by year from 2005 to 2020, with the most obvious upward trend from 2011 to 2015, with an average increase of 26.5%. Secondly, the spatial distribution pattern of the coordinated development level of China’s ecological civilisation construction was relatively stable, basically showing a dominant southwest–northeast direction, but the spatial centre of gravity shows a trajectory shifting towards the southwest. Finally, there were large regional differences in the level of coordinated development of China’s ecological civilisation, with an overall decreasing regional pattern of “Central-Northeast-East-West”. However, the overall differences among the four regions showed a decreasing trend. The overall differences among the four regions were mainly intra-regional, with the western region having the greatest intra-regional differences and contributing to the overall differences. Although this paper takes China as a case study, its research methodology and conclusions can provide references for the construction of ecological civilisation and green sustainable development in other countries.

High-Speed Railway Opening, Industrial Symbiotic Agglomeration and Green Sustainable Development—Empirical Evidence from China

In recent years, China’s transportation infrastructure has undergone significant changes. High-speed rail, as a new and favored mode of transportation, offers travelers convenience, efficiency, and punctuality, replacing many high-pollution transportation methods. Based on the characteristics of high-speed rail, this paper selects data from 30 provinces spanning from 1999 to 2019. It utilizes the double-difference method to evaluate the impact of high-speed rail opening on economic sustainability. It has been found that the introduction of high-speed rail contributes to economic sustainability during the examination period. The mechanism test also reveals that the opening of high-speed rail promotes green and sustainable development through the industrial agglomeration effect. In addition, the opening of high-speed rail (HSR) has a significant time lag effect and a spatial spillover effect on green sustainable development. The conclusion complements the theoretical framework regarding the impact of high-speed rail on the environment and regional economic sustainability. It also provides guidance for the efficient utilization of high-speed rail, which holds both theoretical and practical importance.

Spatial correlation network characteristics and influencing factors of water environmental efficiency in three major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Basin, China

Within the framework of achieving carbon peak and neutrality, studying the measurement and spatial correlation network of water environmental efficiency (WEE) is beneficial for protecting the water environment and strengthening the coordinated development between regions. This study quantifies WEE under carbon emission constraints in three major urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Basin. Employing a modified gravity model paired with social network analysis (SNA) method, we establish a spatial correlation network. Furthermore, we explore the determinants of the spatial correlation network using Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) model. The research findings indicate that: (1) WEE exhibits fluctuations and increases, illustrating a trend of 'high on both sides and low in the middle.' (2) The spatial connection of WEE is tightening, demonstrating significant spatial spillover effects. Compared to Chengdu-Chongqing and the Midstream, the Yangtze River Delta has transitioned from a 'dual-core' setup to a multicentric network, which is more stable and showcases tighter interconnections. (3) Urbanization, population density, industrial transformation, and technological innovation emerge as the primary influencing factors of the spatial correlation network, displaying both temporal and regional heterogeneity. This study provides a theoretical framework and empirical support for water environmental protection and offers insights for policy-making towards green sustainable development.

Entrepreneurial spirit: A catalyst on the road to green and sustainable development——A theoretical analysis based on dynamic games and empirical tests from Chinese data

Environmental protection and sustainable development are now profoundly ingrained in the public consciousness in the modern era of the global green revolution. First, this paper uses an evolutionary game model to theoretically analyse the impact of environmental regulation and green finance on enterprises by dissecting the game behaviour between local governments, banks and enterprises. Then, we incorporate entrepreneurial spirit into the model to determine whether entrepreneurial spirit accelerates the achievement of green sustainability objectives. Environmental regulation and green finance are found to contribute substantially to the innovation of green technologies by local enterprises, while entrepreneurial spirit accelerates this process. Finally, we empirically test the findings based on a prefecture-level panel dataset from 2007 to 2020. We find that green finance has a positive impact in Central and Western cities of China, while Eastern cities are in greater need for government environmental regulation controls. For entrepreneurial spirit, the incentive effect of entrepreneurial spirit on the level of green technology innovation is more significant in Central and Western regions of China. This paper enriches the field of research on entrepreneurial spirit and regional green sustainable development by providing empirical evidence for the evaluation of environmental regulatory and green financing policy impacts.

Appropriately Reduced Nitrogen and Increased Phosphorus in Ratooning Rice Increased the Yield and Reduced the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Southeast China

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions while improving productivity is the core of sustainable agriculture development. In recent years, rice ratooning has developed rapidly in China and other Asian countries, becoming an effective measure to increase rice production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in these regions. However, the lower yield of ratooning rice caused by the application of a single nitrogen fertilizer in the ratooning season has become one of the main reasons limiting the further development of rice ratooning. The combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus plays a crucial role in increasing crop yield and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The effects of combined nitrogen and phosphorus application on ratooning rice remain unclear. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the effect of combined nitrogen and phosphorus application on ratooning rice. Two hybrid rice varieties, ‘Luyou 1831’ and ‘Yongyou 1540’, were used as experimental materials. A control treatment of nitrogen-only fertilization (187.50 kg·ha−1 N) was set, and six treatments were established by reducing nitrogen fertilizer by 10% (N1) and 20% (N2), and applying three levels of phosphorus fertilizer: N1P1 (168.75 kg·ha−1 N; 13.50 kg·ha−1 P), N1P2 (168.75 kg·ha−1 N; 27.00 kg·ha−1 P), N1P3 (168.75 kg·ha−1 N; 40.50 kg·ha−1 P), N2P1 (150.00 kg·ha−1 N; 13.50 kg·ha−1 P), N2P2 (150.00 kg·ha−1 N; 27.00 kg·ha−1 P), and N2P3 (150.00 kg·ha−1 N; 40.50 kg·ha−1 P). The effects of reduced nitrogen and increased phosphorus treatments in ratooning rice on the yield, the greenhouse gas emissions, and the community structure of rhizosphere soil microbes were examined. The results showed that the yield of ratooning rice in different treatments followed the sequence N1P2 > N1P1 > N1P3 > N2P3 > N2P2 > N2P1 > N. Specifically, under the N1P2 treatment, the average two-year yields of ‘Luyou 1831’ and ‘Yongyou 1540’ reached 8520.55 kg·ha−1 and 9184.90 kg·ha−1, respectively, representing increases of 74.30% and 25.79% compared to the N treatment. Different nitrogen and phosphorus application combinations also reduced methane emissions during the ratooning season. Appropriately combined nitrogen and phosphorus application reduced the relative contribution of stochastic processes in microbial community assembly, broadened the niche breadth of microbial communities, enhanced the abundance of functional genes related to methane-oxidizing bacteria and soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the rhizosphere, and decreased the abundance of functional genes related to methanogenic and denitrifying bacteria, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the ratooning season. The carbon footprint of ratooning rice for ‘Luyou 1831’ and ‘Yongyou 1540’ decreased by 25.82% and 38.99%, respectively, under the N1P2 treatment compared to the N treatment. This study offered a new fertilization pattern for the green sustainable development of rice ratooning.

Effects of carbon emission trading system on corporate green total factor productivity: Does environmental regulation play a role of green blessing?

Extant studies focus on the impact of environmental regulation on regional economic growth or environmental pollution, and a lot of research outcomes have been made. However, from the perspective of corporate green sustainable development, the question of whether carbon emission trading represents a “green blessing” remains unclear. To address this issue, we employ a staggered difference-in-differences model to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the carbon emissions trading pilot policy (CETPP) on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of listed manufacturing companies in China. Our results demonstrate that: a) CETPP can effectively promote corporate GTFP, and the robustness of this result is verified through a series of checks; b) the mediating role of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance is critical in the relationship between CETPP and corporate GTFP, with environmental and governance performance serving as two key transmission channels; and c) CEO green experience and public environmental concern both play the moderating roles on the relationship between CETPP and GTFP; d) CETPP has a stronger positive impact on GTFP of private enterprises and enterprises in the maturity life cycle; and e) CETPP has a spatial spillover effect on GTFP, and the effect will decay as spatial distance increases. Our study offers both theoretical and practical implications for enterprises to achieve their green economic development objectives, so as to promote China's high-quality development.

A comprehensive study on product properties and synergistic effects of co-pyrolysis of antibiotic mycelium residues and agricultural and forestry wastes

Co-pyrolysis is considered as a promising method to treat solid waste and improve product properties. In this work, the co-pyrolysis behavior of penicillin mycelial residues (PMR) and rice husk (RH) and wood dusts (WD) was studied, the physicochemical properties of co-pyrolysis products (gas, tar and biochar) were systematically analyzed, and the interaction effects were discussed. TG results showed that the synergistic effect of PMR co-pyrolysis with WD was much higher than that of PMR co-pyrolysis with RH. And co-pyrolysis showed synergistic effect on biochar and tar and antagonistic effect on gas. XRD, Raman and XPS results showed that the co-pyrolysis of PMR and additives (RH and WD) was beneficial to improve the aromaticity and graphitization of biochar. For the co-pyrolysis of PMR and RH, the enhancement of Maillard and Mannich reaction promoted the formation of N-containing heterocyclic compounds, the N-containing compounds obtained better synergistic effects (S = 21.28 %). During the co-pyrolysis of PMR and WD, the decarboxylation, glycoside bond breaking, inner ring C–O group breaking and C–C bond breaking of macromolecules promoted the increase of ketones and furans, especially the ketones obtained the greatest synergistic effect (S = 73.93 %). And the possible reaction pathways for synergistic effect during co-pyrolysis of PMR with RH and WD was speculated, the application framework of pyrolysis products based on the concept of green sustainable development was designed.

Route Optimization for Hazardous Chemicals Transportation under Time-Varying Conditions

Since accidents of hazardous chemicals transportation will cause serious loss to the surrounding environment and lives and properties, this paper studies the transportation route optimization problem of hazardous chemicals under dynamic time-varying conditions. Combined with the goal of green sustainable development, a multiobjective nonlinear optimization model is constructed to minimize the transportation risk, transportation cost, and carbon emissions generated in the transportation. The model is solved by the improved Fast Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm with Elite Strategy (NSGA-II) algorithm. The effectiveness of the model and the algorithm are tested on the Sioux Falls network. The experimental results show that under time-varying conditions, a vehicle’s departure at different times will generate different transportation costs and risks. Therefore, enterprises need to rationally arrange the departure time of vehicles according to the time windows of customer nodes and road conditions. In additio, from the relationship between the optimization objectives, in order to achieve green, sustainable and low-risk transportation, enterprises should first reduce their transportation costs.

The effect of green fiscal policy on green technological innovation: evidence from energy saving and emission reduction fiscal policy.

The "National Comprehensive demonstration of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Fiscal Policy" (ESER policy) is a green fiscal policy to facilitate China's green sustainable development. Green sustainable development is facilitated by green technological innovation. Thus, evaluating the influence of the ESER policy on green technological innovation is essential. This study employs the difference-in-differences model to assess the ESER policy effects. The findings suggest that the ESER policy facilitates green technological innovation, but the policy effect has inhibited green technology innovation in neighboring cities. Mechanism analysis indicates that this policy effect is realized through increasing scientific research investment intensity and promoting industrial structure upgrading. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that this policy is effective in facilitating green technological innovation when performed in eastern, non-old industrial base, non-resource-based, and high green innovation level cities. In addition, the ESER policy implemented in conjunction with innovation policy can be more effective in promoting green technological innovation. These results provide valuable insights for improving the ESER policy and offer helpful guidelines for green fiscal policymaking in other countries.

Sustainable Green Development: Water-Saving Irrigation Technologies

In the context of global climate change and increasing demand for natural resources, sustainable development requires the introduction of innovative technologies that contribute to the conservation and rational use of water resources. This article aims to examine water-saving irrigation technologies. The efficiency of the sprinkler irrigation system is affected by the wind flow and evaporation. Therefore, the comparison of designed and measured values of discharge from a nozzle and throwing radius of three sprinklers for 6 pressured head were done. Experiment was conducted at Uchxoz district, Tashkent region, Uzbekistan with latitude 69.248903 and longitude 41.037240. The place is 2 ha and experiment were at wheat crop. Irrigation system has been taken from Chirchik river. Sprinkler system installed with 9 to 12 m distances connect with a soil condition and slope. Because of importance of natural conditions, especially wind drift and radiation connect with the evaporation, research was performed at these losses. Furthermore, the calculation of wind drift and evaporation losses based on the observed values was calculated. The measured values of the discharges were lower as the designed one in all cases from 71% to 83%. Furthermore, we can conclude that the smallest differences were observed during the experiment with highest radius with smallest pressure head. The real radius of wetter area was from 80% to 88% of the designed radius by producer. The results showed the need to use the higher number of sprinklers or higher pressure to irrigate the required area.

Sustainable Green Development in Manufacturing Industries: a Qualitative Approach

Sustainable Green Development in Manufacturing Industries: a Qualitative Approach

An assessment of fertilizer spraying drones based on hesitancy fuzzy similarity measures for sustainable green development

This research proposes a new similarity measure on hesitancy fuzzy graphs. The similarity measures are crucial concepts to explore the closeness between fuzzy graphs. The available imprecise and inconsistent data were more effectively handled by fuzzy similarity measures and intuitionistic fuzzy similarity measures. With time in decision-making theory, a complex frame of the background that occurs cannot be specified entirely by these fuzzy graphs but generalized fuzzy graphs like the hesitancy fuzzy graph can handle such a situation efficiently. The applicability of Hesitancy Fuzzy Graph (HFG) attracted the researchers to generalize ranking order based on the working procedures I, II of Xu’s approach and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach. For this purpose, we first define hesitancy fuzzy preference relations, Laplacian energy, and similarity measures in these HFG. The decision-making technique is then proposed in which a weighting technique is developed by building an optimal model based on the proposed Laplacian energy and similarity measure under a hesitancy fuzzy environment. This research studies the decision-making problem in which the preference information given by the experts takes the form of Hesitancy Fuzzy Preference Relations (HFPRs) and the information about experts’ weights are completely unknown. This research utilizes the hesitancy fuzzy weighted averaging operator to aggregate all individual HFPRs into a collective HFPR. Then, based on the degree of similarity between the individual HFPRs and the collective ones, we develop an approach to determine the experts’ weights. Moreover, based on HFPRs, in which the similarity measures between the collective preference relation and hesitancy fuzzy ideal solution are used to rank the given alternatives. We provide an illustrative numerical example to illustrate the mentioned approach and also we compare the aggregate results of the two techniques.

Reduction strategies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmland soils: Microbial degradation, plant transport inhibition, and their mechanistic analysis

This study focuses on the abatement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a global pollutant, in farmland soils. Seven controlled PAHs in China were used as the target ligands, and four key target receptors degradable PAHs and two key target receptors transport PAHs were used as the target receptors. Firstly, the degradation abilities of the four key target receptors on PAHs were quantified, and the dominant target receptors that could efficiently degrade PAHs were screened out. Then, the co-degradation abilities of PAHs under the coexistence of the dominant target receptors (microbial diversity) were assessed, and 30 external condition-adding schemes to promote the microbial (co-)degradation of PAHs were designed. In addition, the microbial dominant target receptor mutants and the plant key target receptor mutants were obtained, the degradation and transportation of PAHs were improved by 8.06%∼22.27% and 39.86%∼45.43%. Finally, the mechanism analysis of PAHs biodegradation and transportation found that the Van der Waals interactions dominated the enhancement of PAHs’ degradation in soil, and the solvation capacity dominated the decrease of PAHs’ transportation in plant. This study aims to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of PAHs residue pollution in farmland soil, as well as the protection of human dietary health.

Multifunctional modified polyurethane sponge for recovery of oil spills and photocatalytic degradation

Addressing water pollution issues is directly related to green sustainable development. In this work, a heterostructure polyurethane-based (PU) sponge was prepared by a facile “dip-adhere” strategy to achieve simultaneous and efficient removal of oils and dyes from water. This innovatively designed sponge comprises two functional layers. The hydrophobic/lipophilic octadecylamine-molybdenum disulfide coated PU sponge (ODA-MoS2@PU) layer exhibits excellent sorption capacity, ranging from 37.35 to 63.52 times its own weight, for eight organic solvents (DMSO, isopropanol, n-hexane, petroleum ether, n-butanol, glycol, acetone, xylene) and five oils (soybean oil, olive oil, gasoline, diesel, and lubrication). Furthermore, it exhibits robust stability in extreme environments and maintains a high separation efficiency (99 % after 50 separations). The photocatalytic/superhydrophilic polydopamine-molybdenum disulfide coated PU sponge (PDA-MoS2@PU) layer demonstrates great photocatalytic degradation efficiency for dyes (96.80 % for methylene blue and 97.39 % for methyl orange). Consequently, the heterostructure PU sponge holds application potential in environment remediation.

A New Blueprint of Collaboration the Science Culture Construction fostering innovation and green development

In an era defined by the urgency of environmental challenges, a transformative paradigm is emerging: a fusion of collaboration and building scientific culture that catalyzes innovation for sustainable green development. This brief explores the dynamic interplay between collaboration and science culture, emphasizing their collective impact on fostering innovative solutions to propel us towards a greener, more sustainable future. The new paradigm of collaboration transcends disciplinary boundaries, fostering the convergence of diverse perspectives and experiences. This brief argues that cross-pollination of ideas and skills, facilitated by collaborative efforts, cultivates an environment conducive to innovation. The synthesis of collective intelligence and the establishment of a collaborative ecosystem become essential drivers to address complex environmental problems, leading to novel solutions in the field of green development.

The green effect of digital transformation: The impact of digital transformation in fiscal and taxation on regional green development

As green sustainable development has become a major development goal in the world today, it is very important to analyze the impact of digital reform of finance and taxation on the green economy. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2020, our study explores the impact of fiscal and tax digitization on green growth by taking China's “Golden Tax Phase III Project” as an example. First, the results of this study show that the digital transformation of fiscal and taxation will curb regional carbon emissions and promote regional green development through the green technology innovation effect and green finance development effect. Second, the dynamic regression results of this study prove that with the increase in regional carbon emissions, the green development effect brought by the digital transformation of fiscal and taxation will show a gradually weakening trend. Finally, our research also found that due to different levels of new energy development, government environmental regulation intensity, industrial development level, economic development level and other aspects of different cities, the green development effects brought by the digital transformation of finance and taxation are also different. Our study adds to the body of knowledge on fiscal and tax reform and ecological growth, validates the beneficial impact of these changes on local green development, and expands the scope of current research.

Research on the Mechanism of Green Finance on Economic Growth

Since the reform and opening up, China's economic development has been rapidly changing, and has made great achievements that have attracted the world's attention. However, China's long-term implementation of the crude growth mode has certainly brought rapid economic growth, but in the long run, it has brought very serious environmental pollution and huge consumption of energy. In the face of increasingly severe resource consumption and environmental pollution, the development of green finance is an inevitable choice to improve the ecological environment, promote the transformation of economic structure and achieve sustainable economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the impact of green finance on economic growth, industrial structure adjustment and energy saving and emission reduction in China, and to explore the mechanism effect of developing green finance to promote the green growth of China's economy. How to promote green sustainable development and high-quality economic growth is an important issue in contemporary Chinese economic development. Through green investment, green finance promotes the green transformation of polluting enterprises, the ecological industrial structure and green technological innovation, and thus has an important impact on the high-quality growth of China's economy. By combing the relevant literature on green finance and economic growth at home and abroad, this project systematically analyzes the comprehensive impacts of green finance on the conduction path of economic growth, based on the premise of the externalities of green finance, the micro-mechanisms of green finance's impact on economic growth, the transmission paths and the organic combination of regional heterogeneity. On the basis of empirical research, we explore the mechanism and effect of developing green finance to promote China's economic development, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote economic growth with green finance at four levels: national, local government, financial institutions and enterprises.

Platform economy development and energy efficiency inequality: evidence from China.

Alleviating energy efficiency inequality between regions is critical for achieving green sustainable development and environmental equality. This study constructs platform economy development index and adopts Theil index to measure energy efficiency inequality. By using panel data from 30 regions in China spanning from 2013 to 2020, this study investigates the influence of platform economy development on energy efficiency in inequality through a two-way fixed-effects model. The results show that (1) platform economy development can alleviate energy efficiency inequality between regions. After the robustness tests, the results still support the findings. (2) When the level of industrial agglomeration, marketization and environmental decentralization is high, platform economy development is more effective in alleviating energy efficiency inequality. (3) Platform economy development can optimize energy resources allocation, promote energy utilization technology flow and narrow the green finance development gap, thus alleviating energy efficiency inequality. Governmental departments should promote platform economy development and green finance, and optimize renewable energy allocation.

Research on the application of catalytic materials in biomass pyrolysis

Biomass, as a very important renewable resource, its efficient conversion was an important way to achieve zero CO2 emissions, provide clean and renewable energy, and promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste. Biomass pyrolysis, as a technology that could simultaneously obtain high value-added energy and chemical products such as biochar, bio-oil, and combustible gas, had received widespread attention, in which the role of catalysts in biomass pyrolysis had also been widely studied. In this thesis, the application of catalysts in biomass pyrolysis was reviewed in detail on the basis of introducing the principle and pyrolysis methods of biomass pyrolysis, and found that catalysts could effectively improve the distribution and properties of pyrolysis products, especially for the reforming of bio-oil and bio-gas, which had shown outstanding performance in green energy and functional chemicals. At the same time, the current problems of catalysts in biomass pyrolysis were analyzed, and new thoughts were proposed for future research on biomass catalytic pyrolysis, with a view to providing new ways for efficient catalytic pyrolysis and green sustainable development of biomass.

Transitions towards green productivity in Africa: Do sovereign debt vulnerability, eco‐entrepreneurship, and institutional quality matter?

AbstractImproving green productivity (GP) is critical for achieving global sustainable green development. Yet, past efficiency studies on the African continent have ignored Africa's GP, estimation, and driving factors. Specifically, the role of sovereign debt vulnerability, environmental entrepreneurship, and institutional quality in ensuring Africa's green productivity development is lacking. Therefore, this study built a meta‐frontier biennial weighted modified data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate green productivity across resource‐intensive and non‐resource‐intensive African countries from 2010 to 2019. Further, the study adopted the global Malmquist‐Luenberger productivity index (GML) to investigate the dynamic changes in African green productivity growth. The results suggest that only a few African countries are efficient, implying more room for improvement for the other countries. The heterogeneity of green productivity across the resource's classification exhibits significant disparity. The technology gap also prevails among the two resource classifications of African countries. The GML index indicates that Africa's green productivity is mainly explained by technical change instead of efficiency change. The bootstrap truncation regression suggests an inverted U‐shaped nexus between growth and green productivity in Africa and resource‐intensive countries (RIC). Green environmental entrepreneurship positively affects green productivity in Africa. On the components of institutional quality, we observed that the rule of law positively influences green productivity in non‐resource‐intensive countries (NRIC) and the whole of Africa. In contrast, political stability, government effectiveness, voice and corruption negatively affected green productivity in NRIC. Also, foreign direct investment (FDI) and sovereign debt vulnerability negatively correlate to green productivity in Africa as a whole and NRIC, respectively. The findings of this study aid in raising awareness of green productivity in developing countries, which is crucial in boosting global green development.