Sustainable Fruit Production Research Articles

Particle Swarm Optimization to Design Ideotypes for Sustainable Fruit Production Systems

Designing peach ideotypes that satisfy the requirement of high fruit quality and low sensitivity to brown rot in a given environment was formulated as a multi-objective problem. The ‘Virtual Fruit’ model was used to perform virtual experiments. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) was interfaced to the ‘Virtual Fruit’ for solving the weighted optimization problem resulting by the linear aggregation of the criteria of the multi-objective problem. The comparison of the PSO with the Genetic Algorithm (GA) showed that the PSO method achieves better performance and outperforms the GA. The optimization results found by the PSO algorithm are considered to be satisfactory for the sustainable production systems of the peach fruit.

Aphids at crossroads: when branch architecture alters aphid infestation patterns in the apple tree

Plant architecture highly constrains pest infestation but is rarely considered in studies on plant–insect interactions. We analysed the relationships between apple tree architectural traits manipulated by tree training and within-branch development of Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid, RAA), a major apple pest, during its multiplication wingless phase in spring. We hypothesised that the degree of branching had an effect on RAA within-branch infestation. In an experimental apple orchard, the infestation by aphid wingless forms was surveyed in two consecutive spring seasons within branches manipulated to design contrasted architectures differing in shoot numbers, shoot density and branching orders. Whatever the branch management system, aphid infestation was higher on long versus short, fruiting versus vegetative, and growing versus non-growing shoots. Either less infested shoots or less severe infestation were observed in the most branched system. A pattern of within-branch short-distance infestation was confirmed. Moreover, the number of branching points between two shoots exerted a high constraint on this infestation pattern. Beside possible trophic effects due to plant growth patterns already documented in the literature, a high degree of branching is likely to be a key-architectural trait to constrain within-branch aphid infestation. This opens new perspectives on the manipulation of branch architecture as a mean giving partial control of pests towards sustainable fruit production.

Potential for controlling codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Argentina using the sterile insect technique and egg parasitoids

AbstractCodling moth is the main pest affecting apples and pears worldwide. Most pest control strategies used against this insect have relied on the use of broad‐spectrum insecticides which have led to non‐desirable effects like pesticide resistance, residues in the environment, human health concerns and the reduction of access to international markets. Therefore, alternative pest control strategies that would result in sustainable fruit production systems while taking care of the environment are strongly promoted. The use of the sterile insect technique has proven to be a valuable pest control tactic within area‐wide integrated pest management strategies, and its synergistic effect for Lepidoptera pests when combined with other biological control tactics such as parasitoids has been documented. The purposes of this research were to evaluate the response of an Argentinean codling moth strain to a sub‐sterilizing radiation dose of 100 Gy and to assess the acceptability and suitability of sterile codling moth eggs by the egg parasitoids, Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) and Trichogramma nerudai (Pintureau and Gerding). Irradiated female moths survived better than irradiated male moths and non‐irradiated male and female moths. Also, the fecundity of irradiated female moths was reduced by more than 30% as compared to non‐irradiated ones whereas their fertility was close to zero. The F1 generation was male biased with a lower fertility (inherited sterility) than the parental generation. Trichogramma cacoeciae and T. nerudai parasitized both fertile and sterile eggs. However, there was a significant reduction in acceptability for sterile eggs. Trichogramma nerudai parasitized more eggs than T. cacoeciae, but egg acceptability for this species was proportionally lower than for T. cacoeciae especially on eggs oviposited by irradiated females. Development to adult of both parasitoids species was not substantially affected by the origin of the eggs and the wasps had acceptable levels of adult emergence, survival and fecundity. These results provided useful information on the potential for controlling the codling moth using egg parasitoids and the sterile insect technique in Argentina.

Die Deutsche Genbank Obst, ein dezentrales Netzwerk zur nachhaltigen Erhaltung genetischer Ressourcen bei Obst

The preservation of fruit genetic resources is the basis for ensuring a sustainable fruit production in Germany. The preservation of fruit cultivars has a long-lasting tradition in Germany, which reaches back to the early decades of the 20 th century. Since that time, a multitude of cultivars of different fruit crop species are preserved in public and private germplasm collections. However, the loss of individual cultivars can not be excluded using such form of preservation. The German Fruit Genebank has been recently established to minimize the risk of losing fruit genetic resources. The German Fruit Genebank is a decentral network, which is aimed on the coordination of different germplasm collections in Germany. The work will be organized in species specific networks (e.g. apple network, strawberry network etc.). Preservation guidelines for each fruit species will be developed within the species specific networks. The first three networks for strawberry, cherries, and apple recently have taken up their activities. The establishment of networks for further fruit crops has been scheduled.

Efeito do extrato de alho na quebra de dormência de gemas de videiras e no controle in vitro do agente causal da antracnose (Elsinoe ampelina Shear)

Considerando a redução ou eliminação do uso de substâncias sintéticas que preconizam os sistemas sustentáveis de produção de frutas, este trabalho teve como objetivo a busca de novas alternativas para a quebra de dormência e o controle de doenças em videiras. Estacas de videira contendo uma gema foram pulverizadas com os seguintes tratamentos: 1) testemunha; 2) OV (óleo vegetal) 1%; 3) extrato de alho (EA) 3%; 4) EA 3% + OV 1%. Posteriormente, as estacas foram mantidas em câmara de crescimento (25±2.5ºC) por 56 dias. O único tratamento que estimulou a brotação das estacas de videira cv. Isabel Precoce foi o EA 3% + OV 1%, que atingiu 35% de brotação, diferindo estatisticamente dos tratamentos- testemunha (12,5%), OV 1% (17,5%) e EA 3% (15,0%). Provavelmente, o estádio de endodormência profunda das gemas, após apenas 90 horas de frio ( < 7,0ºC), impediu melhores resultados dos tratamentos para quebra de dormência. Três experimentos, foram conduzidos in vitro, com diferentes doses de extrato de alho, com o objetivo de avaliar o controle do fungo Elsinoe ampelina. Em todos os experimentos, houve efeito quadrático no crescimento micelial, sem ter havido diferenças entre os tratamentos com extrato de alho, evidenciando o seu efeito fungicida, mesmo na dose mais baixa de EA (0,0615%).

Influência de sistemas de produção sobre a ocorrência de inimigos naturais de afídeos em pomares de pessegueiros em Araucária-PR

A pressão da sociedade tem forçado a adoção de sistemas de produção de frutas mais sustentáveis e de menor impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência dos sistemas de produção de Boas Práticas Agrícolas (BPA) e Convencional (PC) sobre a diversidade de inimigos naturais de afídeos presentes em seis pomares de pessegueiros no município de Araucária-PR, de julho de 2005 a setembro de 2006. O levantamento do número de inimigos naturais foi realizado por meio de cinco métodos de amostragens: visual em plantas de pessegueiros e em plantas invasoras; armadilhas Möericke; funil e adesivas. No sistema BPA, foram coletados mais espécimes de inimigos naturais (53%), em relação aos pomares PCs (46%), havendo a ocorrência, em ambos, de predadores das famílias Syrphidae, Coccinellidae e Chrysopidae e parasitóides da ordem Hymenoptera. Do total de inimigos naturais coletados, verificou-se a ocorrência de maior quantidade de predadores de afídeos.