Sustainable Energy Landscapes Research Articles

Early exploration modelling of natural hydrogen systems through the use of existing open source data

Natural hydrogen’s viability as a sustainable energy source will be enhanced through comprehensive geological modelling. This paper integrates existing open-source data to delve into the geological aspects of natural hydrogen exploration and proposes possible workflows. Geological and geophysical modelling entails characterising subsurface formations conducive to natural hydrogen generation and trapping. Utilising geological surveys, field observation, geophysical seismic and gravity data, alongside existing well logs, this analysis looks to identify regions with favourable geological conditions for the generation, migration and structures for accumulation of natural hydrogen. Furthermore, understanding the subsurface geology aids in the development of safe and efficient extraction techniques. By incorporating geological modelling into the evaluation of natural hydrogen, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of its potential as a sustainable energy solution. Leveraging existing open-source data alongside geological insights ensures a robust foundation for decision-making in exploration, production, storage, and utilisation strategies. This integrated approach empowers stakeholders to make informed choices in shaping a greener, more sustainable energy landscape.

Hydrogen storage methods by lithium borohydride

This paper addresses the urgent need for efficient hydrogen storage methods in the context of combating climate change and transitioning to sustainable energy sources. Among various storage options, LiBH4 is highlighted for its high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, critical factors in determining its suitability for energy applications. However, challenges arise due to its high thermolysis temperature, which poses difficulties, especially in applications like automotive use where high temperatures are required. The commercial viability of LiBH4 remains a significant obstacle due to the nascent stage of chemical hydride technology and the absence of large-scale production facilities. Environmental concerns also loom large, as the production of LiBH4 relies on extensive mining of lithium and boron, known for their environmental impact. Furthermore, the economic feasibility of LiBH4 as a hydrogen storage medium is questioned, given the substantial portion of total expenses attributed to hydrogen costs, affecting all methods except those based on fossil fuels or electricity. Nevertheless, there is optimism that with technological advancements and improved infrastructure, the costs associated with LiBH4 and hydrogen storage overall may decrease over time.In conclusion, while LiBH4 presents promising energy density characteristics, its practical implementation faces challenges such as high production costs, environmental concerns, and technological limitations. Overcoming these obstacles is crucial for realizing a sustainable and carbon-free energy landscape driven by hydrogen.

INTEGRATING SOLAR POWER WITH EXISTING GRIDS: STRATEGIES, TECHNOLOGIES, AND CHALLENGES – A REVIEW

Integrating solar power into existing electrical grids is critical to realizing a sustainable and resilient global energy landscape. This review paper offers a thorough overview of solar power's significance and potential for transforming energy systems, emphasizing its benefits for grid stability, fossil fuel reduction, and environmental sustainability. It details essential strategies for successful solar integration, such as adopting both grid-tied and off-grid systems, advancements in energy storage to mitigate solar intermittency, and applying innovative grid technologies for enhanced energy management. Additionally, the paper navigates through the technological breakthroughs aiding solar power's incorporation into grids and confronts the challenges, including technical issues like grid scalability and economic barriers such as investment costs, regulatory complexities, and social-environmental impacts. Drawing on case studies from leading regions in solar integration, it distills lessons learned and identifies strategies and technologies that have surmounted these hurdles. The review also projects future trends and innovations in solar technology and grid management, underscoring the need for ongoing innovation and supportive policies to bolster solar power's role in energy systems. By collating insights into solar power integration's current state and prospects, this paper will guide policymakers, industry players, and researchers toward harnessing solar energy's full potential, highlighting its indispensable contribution to a sustainable energy future.

The European Union's Ecodesign Directive – Analysis of Carbon Footprint Assessment Methodology and Implications for Photovoltaic Module Manufacturers

With an increasing shift away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy sources within the European Union (EU), photovoltaics (PV) are projected to see substantial growth with estimates of nearly 600 GWp of capacity by 2030. As the use of PV technology continues to expand, the European Commission has introduced various policy instruments, enabling consumers to make informed choices. Among those, the Ecodesign directive 2009/125/EC sets a carbon footprint threshold as a minimum qualification for the European market to cut out the least sustainable PV modules. For this directive, the methodological guidelines for the complex carbon footprint calculation of PV modules are under development. To this end, this analysis compares the two methodologies, namely Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) and the Ecodesign adaptation of Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR), emphasizing the implications of choosing one over the other for the PV industry. This study illustrates how varying parameters, like module lifetime, degradation rate, and purchased renewable electricity certificate allowance limit, stemming from the differing methodological approaches can influence the carbon footprint calculation. Apart from the strengths and weaknesses of each methodology, this article emphasizes the need for globally harmonized standards to ensure consistency in evaluating the carbon footprint of PV modules. The observations made in this study should be considered not just for Ecodesign directive but for any such market regulation policy like the recently passed EU Net Zero Industry Act or the EU Ecolabel for PV modules. It underlines the significance of choosing a transparent and fair approach to ensure the credibility of carbon footprint labels and meet the EU's decarbonization objectives successfully, propelling the transition toward a more sustainable energy landscape.

Decision-making dynamics in urban energy transition: A statistical analysis of policy frameworks, stakeholder collaboration and technological innovations

This research explores the intricate dynamics of decision-making in the context of urban energy transition, focusing on the interplay between policy frameworks, stakeholder collaboration, and technological innovations. The study makes three key contributions to the field. Firstly, it proposes an innovative approach to enhance market price prediction accuracy by integrating a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) model. Leveraging the Adaptive Bat Algorithm (ABA) for GAN parameter optimization, the model exhibits improved precision in forecasting electricity prices, thereby providing stakeholders with more reliable insights. Secondly, the research introduces optimized model parameters for efficient energy decision-making, employing the ABA to dynamically adapt GAN parameters. This adaptive process enhances the overall performance of the model, facilitating better-informed decisions for stakeholders in the energy sector. Lastly, the integration of the ABA for GAN parameter optimization contributes to informed decision-making by generating more accurate market price values. This precision empowers policymakers, utilities, and investors with reliable insights, facilitating the development and implementation of strategies aligned with the goals of sustainable and efficient urban energy transition. The research underscores the significance of accurate market price predictions in shaping a resilient and sustainable energy landscape.

Hydrogen production by water electrolysis driven by a photovoltaic source: A review.

The integration of water electrolyzers and photovoltaic (PV) solar technology is a potential development in renewable energy systems, offering new avenues for sustainable energy generation and storage. This coupling consists of using PV-generated electricity to power water electrolysis, breaking down water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. While oxygen is a useful byproduct, the created hydrogen is used as a clean, storable energy carrier or feedstock for numerous businesses. It is possible to operate the device with or without battery storage. When solar energy is combined with batteries, excess solar energy may be stored for later use, maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing a steady supply of electricity even in the absence of direct sunlight. On the other hand, battery-free systems depend on the electrolyzer’s continuous power generation to convert solar energy into hydrogen during the day. In addition to allowing for the production of renewable hydrogen,this hybrid PV-solar and water electrolyzer setup contributes to grid stability by offering demand-side flexibility. Moreover, the modularity of these systems enables scalability to meet diverse energy requirements, spanning from residential to industrial applications, thereby fostering a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape. This review delves into various topologies for PV-driven electrolysis and conducts a thorough exploration of the dynamics of low-temperature water electrolyzers. Specifically, it examines their integration with three primary technologies: Proton Exchange Membrane, Alkaline, and Anion Exchange Membrane, shedding light on their implications for the broader integration landscape. Through detailed analysis and insights, this study enriches the understanding of the potential and challenges inherent in the convergence of PV solar, water electrolysis, and renewable energy systems.

4E assessment of all-day clean electricity generation systems based on green hydrogen integrated system using PV and PVT solar collectors and wind turbines

Green hydrogen production powered by renewable energy sources is critical to the global transition to sustainable energy and net-zero emissions economies. The current study explores the multifaceted potential of green hydrogen as a key player in creating a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy landscape for electricity production under five different renewable-based configurations. This study aims to provide a complete assessment (energy, exergy, economic, and enviroeconomic) of all-day clean electricity generation systems containing integrated green hydrogen systems, comprising Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers and fuel cells and using several different clean power sources, such as Photovoltaic (PV) and Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) solar collectors and Wind Turbines (WT). The main studied system configurations include: i) PV-Electrolyzer-Fuel cell, ii) PVT-Electrolyzer-Fuel cell, iii) WT-Electrolyzer-Fuel cell, iv) hybrid (PV + WT and PVT + WT)-Electrolyzer-Fuel cell. A MATLAB/Simulink code has been built to simulate these systems under the climatic conditions of two solar and wind-dominant locations in Egypt. The results revealed that the required amount of electricity to produce hydrogen ranges from 56.17 kWh/kgH2 to 56.87 kWh/kgH2. The total energy and exergy efficiencies are up to 35% and 17%, respectively. Moreover, the minimum values of LCOE, LCOH, and LCOEFC are 0.028 $/kWh, 2.84 $/kg, and 0.253 $/kWh. Finally, the total amount of carbon dioxide mitigation is calculated.

Utilizing Waste Cooking Oil for Sustainable Biodiesel Production: A Comprehensive Review

The environmental and economic challenges posed by the over-reliance on fossil fuels have driven the search for alternative and sustainable energy sources. Waste cooking oil (WCO) presents a viable feedstock for biodiesel production, offering a dual solution to waste management and renewable energy generation. This comprehensive review examines the current state of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, exploring the benefits, challenges, and processes involved. Biodiesel derived from WCO has several environmental advantages, including lower greenhouse gas emissions, biodegradability, and enhanced engine lubricity compared to traditional fossil fuels. Moreover, utilizing it for biodiesel addresses waste disposal issues, reducing the contamination of land and water resources. Despite these benefits, several challenges remain, such as the variability in its composition, contamination, and the need for efficient purification and transesterification processes. The review explores various methods for converting WCO into biodiesel, highlighting the key stages of the transesterification process, including the use of catalysts, alcohols, and reaction conditions. Additionally, advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted transesterification are discussed for their potential to increase efficiency and reduce processing time. This paper also addresses the sustainability aspects of biodiesel production from it, emphasizing its role in promoting a circular economy and reducing waste. The use of its contributes to a closed-loop system, where waste is transformed into a valuable resource. Furthermore, the review explores the economic and social impacts of biodiesel production, noting its potential to create jobs, reduce import dependence, and support local communities. In conclusion, this review underscores the significant potential of waste cooking oil in sustainable biodiesel production. It calls for continued research and technological innovation to optimize processes, enhance efficiency, and overcome existing challenges, thereby contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape.

Smart Grid Technology : Simplifying the Complexities of Modern Energy Management

This paper explores the transformative role of smart grid technology in simplifying contemporary energy management complexities. By integrating advanced communication and automation, smart grids enhance efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in power distribution, paving the way for a more resilient and responsive energy infrastructure Through the integration of cutting-edge communication and automation, smart grids not only bolster efficiency but also elevate the reliability and sustainability of power distribution. This research sheds light on the potential of smart grids to create a more resilient and responsive energy infrastructure, addressing the challenges of our rapidly evolving energy landscape. The exploration extends beyond the surface benefits, delving into the nuanced ways in which smart grids empower energy systems to adapt and evolve. This adaptive prowess not only simplifies the complexities of energy management but also fosters a more resilient and responsive energy infrastructure. The intricate interplay of technological advancements within smart grids forms the bedrock for a paradigm shift in how we conceptualize, distribute, and consume energy resources. As the world grapples with the pressing need for sustainable energy solutions, this research sheds light on the multifaceted contributions of smart grid technology. By paving the way for a harmonized and dynamic energy ecosystem, smart grids stand poised to redefine the future of energy management, offering a promising path towards a more sustainable and resilient global energy landscape. Keywords-Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)

Enhancing carbon capture efficiency in biogas upgrading: A comprehensive review on adsorbents and adsorption isotherms

Biogas results from the anaerobic digestion of organic materials, a reliable and sustainable process that simultaneously manages organic waste and generates renewable energy. However, the presence of secondary impurities, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases, in raw biogas diminishes its efficacy, significantly lowering its energy content and restricting its utility across industry sectors. Moreover, these impurities contribute to various health and environmental concerns, including their role in exacerbating climate change and global warming. Consequently, efficient separation of CO2 is essential for upgrading biogas. The interest in utilizing biogas as a transportation fuel or as a substitute for natural gas has spurred the advancement of biogas upgrading technologies. While various methods exist for biogas upgrading, those relying on carbon dioxide absorption stand out as particularly significant. Carbon capture efficiency in biogas upgrading pertains to the ability of a method to effectively capture and separate CO2 from biogas, typically composed of methane (CH4) and other gases. This process is crucial for producing high-quality biogas with minimal carbon emissions, thus promoting environmental sustainability. Enhancing the carbon capture efficiency of the biogas upgrading process is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting cleaner energy production. The efficacy of CO2 separation relies on adsorbents and adsorption isotherms, which are integral components of this process. Improving these elements is vital for enhancing biogas purity, ensuring its suitability for various applications, and mitigating its environmental footprint. Traditional methods enhance the carbon capture efficiency by employing adsorbents, such as zeolites and activated carbon, as well as by optimizing adsorption isotherms. Surface modifications and adjustments to process parameters have also led to improved CO2 selectivity over other gases. Traditional methods still have drawbacks, such poor selectivity, difficulties with regeneration, and scalability. These limitations draw attention to the necessity of ongoing optimization, investigating substitute materials, and gaining a thorough grasp of how capacities, kinetics, and selectivity interact. Adsorbents and adsorption isotherms are the main topics of this study’s thorough analysis, which examines the state of the art in increasing carbon capture efficiency in biogas upgrading. It discusses conventional methods, their drawbacks, and suggests alternate materials, customized adjustments, and optimization techniques as a means of achieving ongoing progress. It is suggested that customized changes, ongoing optimization, and investigation of substitute materials be used to increase the effectiveness of carbon capture. To guarantee consistency, the study suggested specific rules for the procurement, preparation, and calcining of materials such as eggshells. In addition, to balancing CO2 and CH4 adsorption, improving adsorbent composition and addressing scalability, long-term stability, and practical implementation challenges are critical. The results of this study direct future studies toward a more sustainable and efficient energy landscape by adding to our understanding of carbon capture in biogas upgrading.

Navigating illegal land use in the quest for a just energy transition

Illegal land use inhibits available land for renewable resource development and hinders a just energy transition, posing a significant challenge to sustainability. This article utilizes the TOE (Technology, Organization, Environment) framework to examine the impact of under-regulation on illegal land use in China. By employing a multidisciplinary approach, the study navigates the complexities of unscrupulous land practices and uncovers their socio-economic and environmental implications. Findings from panel data analysis covering the period of 1999 to 2009 reveal several key insights. Firstly, inadequate technology hampers regulators' ability to detect illegal activities, leading to an increase in the area of illegal land use. Secondly, a high turnover rate of regulatory officers is linked to lower levels of punishment for illegal land use, thereby contributing to an expansion of illegal land use. Thirdly, a permissive government-business environment hinders the effective enforcement of the land approval system, thereby restraining the prevention of illegal land use. Through case studies and policy analyses, the research aims to reveal the challenges and obstacles arising from illegal land use in transitioning to a cleaner energy future. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the obstacles posed by illegal land use, offering insights to policymakers, industry stakeholders, and advocates in navigating towards a more equitable and sustainable energy landscape.

Green Engineering with Nanofluids: Elevating Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid, known as nanofluids, have gained attention as a promising green technology with a lot of promise to address issues with sustainability and energy efficiency in a variety of industries. The main features and uses of nanofluids as a sustainable solution are summarized in this paper. Due to their high thermal conductivity and high surface area to volume ratio, nanoparticles give off exceptional thermal and heat transmission capabilities. They are a desirable option for boosting the effectiveness of heat exchange systems, such as refrigeration, air conditioning, and cooling in electronic equipment, due to their improved qualities. Higher heat transfer rates and lower energy consumption can be achieved by using nanofluids as coolants or heat transfer fluids, which lowers greenhouse gas emissions and energy expenditures. Nanofluids have also found use in the realm of renewable energy, where they can improve the performance of geothermal and solar thermal collectors. The capture and conversion of renewable energy sources can be greatly enhanced by using nanofluids as working fluids in these systems, helping to create a greener and more sustainable energy landscape. Additionally, environmental cleanup and pollution management could benefit from the use of nanofluids. They are appropriate for uses including wastewater treatment, oil spill cleanup, and air purification because of their special features that allow for effective heat transfer and pollutant absorption. Furthermore, nanofluids can significantly contribute to lowering the amount of water and energy used in industrial operations, thus advancing sustainability objectives. The numerous uses of nanofluids as a green technology are highlighted in this paper, with an emphasis on their potential to improve energy efficiency, lessen environmental impact, and contribute to a more sustainable future. As this area of study and development develops, nanofluids will be in a position to play a crucial part in resolving the urgent problems of our day.

Renewable Energy in the Eurozone: Exploring Macroeconomic Impacts via FMOLS

This article examines the relationship between macroeconomic variables and the share of renewable energy in Eurozone countries from 2006 to 2020. Using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method, we analyze the impact of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, unemployment rate, Financial Development Index (FDI), inflation, government efficiency, and corruption control on the proportion of renewable energy. Focused on the Eurozone, our study fills a gap in existing research. We compile diverse findings from the literature review on this topic. Our analysis reveals that higher GDP per capita positively influences the proportion of renewable energy, while unemployment, lower financial development, higher inflation, inefficient governance, and corruption negatively impact renewable energy adoption. These findings underscore the importance of addressing economic development alongside sustainable energy initiatives. Policymakers should prioritize improving GDP per capita, and addressing barriers such as unemployment and corruption to facilitate the transition to a more sustainable energy landscape in the Eurozone.

CIEF-Carbon Induced Electric Fuel: A Revolutionary Approach to Sustainable Energy Generation

Carbon Induced Electric Fuel (CIEF) is an innovative solution in the sustainable energy landscape that has the potential to transform energy generation on Earth and propel space exploration. This review delves into the intricacies of its design, exploring its dual output system that generates electricity and extracts hydrogen. We examine the technical challenges and future prospects of CIEF, highlighting its efficiency and sustainability. As we navigate this technical odyssey, it becomes evident that CIEF is not just a technological marvel but a testament to human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of a cleaner, more sustainable future. Furthermore, we have designed a prototype and compared its efficiency to other solutions.

A Comprehensive Review of Partial Shading Analysis in a Solar PV Array

The global transition to sustainable energy sources has spotlighted the pivotal role of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology in mitigating environmental impacts and fostering a clean energy future. However, the efficiency and reliability of solar PV arrays are significantly affected by partial shading conditions, where specific portions of the array receive reduced sunlight. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the importance of analyzing solar PV arrays under partial shading conditions, exploring economic, technological, environmental, and regulatory dimensions. This review paper provides a holistic understanding of why the scrutiny of solar PV arrays under partial shading conditions is indispensable. By synthesizing existing knowledge, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the importance of this research domain, calling for continued exploration and innovation in the quest for a sustainable and efficient solar energy landscape Key Words: Introduction , Related work

Revolutionizing Energy Harvesting: Harnessing Ambient Solar Energy for Enhanced Electric Power Generation

The escalating demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has propelled the exploration of ambient solar energy as a pivotal avenue for cleaner power generation. This review paper delves into the intricacies of solar energy harvesting technologies, providing a comprehensive analysis of principles, efficiency metrics, material advancements, and versatile applications. Focusing on the photovoltaic effect as the cornerstone of solar cells, the critical impact of semiconductor material selection and bandgap engineering on efficiency is thoroughly examined. Key performance measures such as fill factor, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current are emphasized for their pivotal role in evaluating system efficiency. The adaptability of solar energy solutions is exemplified through diverse applications, spanning from portable electronics to large-scale solar farms. Looking towards the future, this review envisions a promising trajectory for solar energy harvesting, driven by continual advancements in technology, material science, and efficiency measures. The insights gleaned from this comprehensive examination are poised to catalyze the development of more efficient and accessible solar energy harvesting technologies. This, in turn, promises to play a significant role in the global transition towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape, contributing substantively to sustainability, climate mitigation, and an enhanced quality of life worldwide. Keywords: Solar energy harvesting, solar cells, material selection, panel orientation, storage techniques, system integration, case studies.

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING: A REVIEW OF CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

This comprehensive review examines the current state of renewable energy technologies within the field of engineering, analyzing recent developments and outlining future prospects. As the global demand for sustainable energy solutions continues to rise, understanding the advancements in renewable technologies becomes crucial for the engineering community. The review encompasses a diverse range of renewable sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. The solar energy sector has witnessed remarkable progress, with innovations in photovoltaic materials, energy storage, and efficiency enhancements. Advancements in wind energy technologies focus on improving turbine designs, optimizing energy conversion, and exploring offshore wind farms. Hydropower developments emphasize sustainable and eco-friendly dam designs, while biomass technologies explore novel methods for efficient biofuel production. Geothermal energy, often overlooked, is gaining momentum with advancements in enhanced geothermal systems and innovative drilling techniques. The review also delves into the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids, promoting efficient energy distribution and storage. Additionally, it addresses the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing renewable energy systems, enhancing predictability, and maximizing energy output. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks and financial incentives in driving renewable energy adoption. The ongoing transition towards decentralized energy systems and the exploration of novel materials for energy capture and storage are highlighted as key areas for future research. The potential of emerging technologies such as perovskite solar cells and floating offshore wind farms is also discussed. This review provides a holistic overview of the current landscape of renewable energy technologies in engineering, offering valuable insights into the advancements made thus far and outlining the promising prospects for a sustainable energy future. Engineers and researchers will find this review instrumental in navigating the evolving field of renewable energy and contributing to the ongoing global efforts towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape.
 Keywords: Renewable Energy, Energy, Climate Change, Development, Engineering, Review.

Tungsten Carbide‐Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting: A Review

AbstractHydrogen has garnered considerable attention as an environmentally friendly due to its sustainability and exceptional energy density, surpassing other chemical fuels. For H2 production, electrochemical water splitting is an economically viable and eco‐friendly method. Developing well‐organized electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting is pivotal in enabling long‐term hydrogen production, the critical component in the transition toward a cleaner and more environmentally sustainable energy landscape. During the last decades, to aid in oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactions, numerous tungsten carbide‐based electrocatalysts have been established. WC developed as a promising candidate for electrolytic hydrogen generation. This review first explores the historical background and fundamental mechanisms underlying water splitting and subsequently investigates the field of WC‐based electrocatalysts. Furthermore, in both HER and OER, the thorough analysis examines the electrocatalytic performance of electrocatalysts based on WC. Finally, it discusses the challenges and prospects of developing WC‐based electrocatalysts for OER and HER, shedding light on their potential contributions to the sustainable energy landscape.

Renewable energy technologies in engineering: A review of current developments and future prospects

This comprehensive review examines the current state of renewable energy technologies within the field of engineering, analyzing recent developments and outlining future prospects. As the global demand for sustainable energy solutions continues to rise, understanding the advancements in renewable technologies becomes crucial for the engineering community. The review encompasses a diverse range of renewable sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. The solar energy sector has witnessed remarkable progress, with innovations in photovoltaic materials, energy storage, and efficiency enhancements. Advancements in wind energy technologies focus on improving turbine designs, optimizing energy conversion, and exploring offshore wind farms. Hydropower developments emphasize sustainable and eco-friendly dam designs, while biomass technologies explore novel methods for efficient biofuel production. Geothermal energy, often overlooked, is gaining momentum with advancements in enhanced geothermal systems and innovative drilling techniques. The review also delves into the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids, promoting efficient energy distribution and storage. Additionally, it addresses the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing renewable energy systems, enhancing predictability, and maximizing energy output. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks and financial incentives in driving renewable energy adoption. The ongoing transition towards decentralized energy systems and the exploration of novel materials for energy capture and storage are highlighted as key areas for future research. The potential of emerging technologies such as perovskite solar cells and floating offshore wind farms is also discussed. This review provides a holistic overview of the current landscape of renewable energy technologies in engineering, offering valuable insights into the advancements made thus far and outlining the promising prospects for a sustainable energy future. Engineers and researchers will find this review instrumental in navigating the evolving field of renewable energy and contributing to the ongoing global efforts towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape.

The Applications of Nanotechnology in Renewable Energy

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to explore the applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy. Preliminary empirical review revealed that the transformative potential of nanotechnology in revolutionizing renewable energy production, storage, and utilization. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation, nanotechnology offers solutions to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, improve the performance of batteries and supercapacitors, and facilitate cleaner energy production with nanocatalysts. These findings underscore the need for continued research and development, paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future in the renewable energy sector.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Resource-Based View (RBV) Theory may be used to anchor future studies on nanotechnology and renewable energy. The study offered several key recommendations. Firstly, it emphasizes the importance of fostering collaborative research initiatives among academia, industry, and government agencies to accelerate the development and adoption of nanotechnology in renewable energy. Secondly, the study suggests investing in nanotechnology education and training programs to bridge the skills gap and equip the workforce with the necessary expertise. Lastly, it underscores the need for clear and comprehensive policy frameworks to regulate nanotechnology in the renewable energy sector, addressing safety, environmental, and ethical concerns while incentivizing compliance. These recommendations collectively aim to promote the responsible and efficient integration of nanotechnology in renewable energy, contributing to a sustainable and innovative energy landscape.