Sustainable Electricity Supply Research Articles

CO2 emissions of constructing China's power grid towards carbon-neutral target: Based on top-down and bottom-up integrated model.

Power sector is the largest industrial emitter in China, and renewable energy development would contribute to the large-scale construction of power grid. Mitigating carbon emissions of power gird construction is extremely important. So, the objective of this study is to understand embodied carbon emissions of power grid construction under carbon neutrality target, and then put forward to policy implications of carbon mitigation. This study, based on top-down and bottom-up integrated assessment models (IAMs), investigates carbon emissions of power grid construction towards 2060, through identifying the key driving factors and forecasting their embodied emissions in line with China's carbon neutrality target. Our results show that, the increase of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dominates the increase in embodied carbon emissions of power grid construction, while energy efficiency and energy structure improvement contribute to the decrease. Large scale renewable energy development promotes the power grid construction. In 2060, total embodied carbon emissions would increase to 1105.7 Million tons (Mt) under the carbon neutrality target. However, the cost and key carbon-neutral technologies should be re-considered to ensure the sustainable electricity supply. The results could provide data reference and decision-making of designing power construction and mitigating carbon emissions of power sector in future.

Integrating localised energy systems into the Nigerian power network

The ever-increasing population and growing demand for electricity in Nigeria has put great pressure on the existing conventional generations and there is urgent need for other alternative energy resources. Localised energy systems which have been prevalent in the UK and Europe remain the most viable solution to tackle the pressing challenges of lack of reliable, environmentally friendly and sustainable electricity supply in Nigeria. However, the implementation of localised energy system might face some challenges and barriers that could hamper the development. In this paper, these challenges were analysed and possible solutions were suggested, in order to facilitate the growth of localised energy systems in Nigeria. Aside solving electricity related problems integration of localised energy systems will also help to provide jobs for the youth and create new investment opportunities for the people.

The Thirst for Power: The Impacts of Water Availability on Electricity Generation in China

Economic development under restricted resource availability has become a complex challenge for both developing and well-established economies. To maintain a sustainable electricity supply and mitigate the impact of water shortage on economic development, it is therefore important to understand how utility firms respond to the change in water availability and unpacks the underlying mechanisms of power outage. By pairing plant-level information with the fine-scale grid monthly meteorological data, we find significant plant-level technology substitution in response to water scarcity: a one-standard-deviation decrease in water availability causes an approximate 205 GWh decline per hydro power plant, a 145 GWh increase per nuclear plant, and a 28 GWh increase per coal-fired plant. This water-induced technology substitution takes place within the grid, and we do not identify cross-grid adjustment. Our estimation shows that the technology substitution is associated with a hidden increase in carbon emission up to 32000 tons per year by plant, resulting in an additional cost of 0.18 million USD. Water scarcity slows down the transition towards renewable energy.

Smartgrid System Integration In Development Potential Energy Of Salt Water In The Riau Islands

electricity demand projection. Law Number 30 of 2009 concerning In electricity, it is determined that the primary energy source found in the country and/or originating from abroad must be utilized optimally in accordance with the policy national energy and ensure sustainable electricity supply to integrate the smartgrid system as a source of ignition (lamp) with a voltage source from seawater, to determine the effect of the number of plates on the value of voltage and electric current, so that it can generate electricity for lamps. A Research for types of electrodes that meet the standards for powering alternative lamp prototypes with seawater voltage sources are using zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) electrodes. The highest current produced from zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) electrodes is 3.8Volt, research, seawater contains the percentage of the mixture is 96.5% pure water and 3.5% is a composition in the form of salt which is influenced by the Equivalent Salt Deficit Density test dissolved gases, organic matter and inorganic particles. dissolved. The compound contained in seawater is Sodium Chloride (NACL) and by H2O is decomposed into Na+ and Cl−. The interaction of two free particles Na+ and Cl− combined with the voltaic cell method will result in a change/conversion into an electric current. The value of the electric voltage created which will affect the value of the electric voltage. The greater the number of electrodes used, the more electrons will be decomposed by the anode, which is also known as an oxidation reaction. This paper will cause a change in the voltage generated by the electrolyte solution (sea water). Effectiveness in the use of brine can be produced the highest current energy that can not be used for two hours to produce energy in lamps.

A New Wave Energy Converter for Marine Data Buoy

Providing stable and reliable power supply for offshore equipment with special power requirements, such as marine data platforms and marine buoys far away from the coast is currently topical research issue. At present, most of these devices use photovoltaic power generation or install high-capacity batteries and carry out regular replacement of electricity supply schemes. Due to the high dependence of photovoltaic power generation on solar radiation and the high cost arising from frequent battery replacements, wave energy is considered as a solution. Wave energy converters (WECs) are devices that convert the energy stored in waves into electrical energy, and its main advantage is the sustainable supply of electricity. In this article, a new built-in wave energy converter with high reliability and low maintenance costs is proposed and investigated for marine data buoys. Its core is a direct-drive energy conversion unit based on a magnetic lead screw design. The device can passively follow the pitching state of the buoy under the impact of waves to maximize its power generation. The proposed WEC is introduced and investigated through model analysis and prototype experiments. The experimental results confirm the power generation performance of a 50 kg power generation prototype and show the advantages of the proposed device.

Empirical assessment of drivers of electricity prices in East Africa: Panel data experience of Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Kenya

<abstract> <p>Sustainable electricity supply plays a key role in economic development. Cost recovery, profitability and affordability of electricity through power tariff regulation, have become a subject of conflict between private providers and regulators. Consequently, regulators need to balance the interests of all stakeholders. The objective of this study, is to measure to which extent, Electricity Net Consumption (EC), Electricity Net Generation (EG), electricity transmission and distribution losses (Losses), International Average Crude oil prices (FP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Industry Value Added (IVA) could influence the Average Electricity Prices (EP) in East Africa, especially in Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and Kenya. The data are from World Bank Indicators and cover the period from 2000 to 2019. This study adopts a three-stage approach, consisting of panel unit root tests, panel cointegration tests and estimating the long run cointegration relationship of the variables in a panel context. We applied four different panel unit root tests including ADF-Fisher Chi-square, Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC); PP-Fisher Chi-square, and Im, Pesaran, and Shin, (IPS). The results reveal that the variables are non-stationary at "level", stationary at first-differences and integrated with order one denoted as I(1). The Pedroni, Kao and Johansen Fisher co-integration tests were performed. This study uses full modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) to estimate the long run relationship among the variables. We find that the increase in EG, FP, and CPI increase the Average Electricity Prices (EP); while the increase in Losses, EC, and IVA decreases EP. Therefore, we recommend the promotion of long-term investment policies in renewable sources and efficient policies to reduce technical and commercial losses. In addition, this study suggests that appropriate policies related to subsidized electricity prices would, however, prevent adverse effects related to inefficient over-consumption of electricity.</p> </abstract>

Long-term optimization of hydro & solar power electricity generation in the Taoussa area of Mali using the MESSAGE model

Optimization for a long-term electricity supply strategy with renewable energy is essential for electricity security and financial and environmental sustainability. The main goal of this study is to find the equilibrium between electricity demand and sustainable optimal electricity supply mix scenarios of the Taoussa area at the least cost for the development of north in Mali, by using the Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impact (MESSAGE) from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the period 2020-2035. This model is applied to obtain the least-cost electricity and supply of electricity under electricity demand forecasted by reference scenario (RS) and two alternative scenarios (Low scenario, LS; High scenario, HS), technical information on power generation per technology and regional information. The result obtained from the optimization of the power management strategy shows that the final electricity generation is 1.02 times greater than the electricity demand and the annual increase of power generation is equivalent to 8.13%, 10.32% and 12.56%, under different scenarios. The maximum power from PV and hydropower by scenarios are from April to May in the hot season. Thus, the proposed MESSAGE model is useful in improving the economical-environmental optimization of the operation of large-scale hybrid renewable electricity supply.

New Power Quality Measurement Techniques and Indices in DC and AC Networks

Currently, we are living through the implementation of the electrical smart grid, a network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it in order to efficiently deliver the sustainable, economical and secure supply of electricity [...]

Upcycling Waste Poly(ethylene terephthalate) into a Porous Carbon Cuboid through a MOF-Derived Carbonization Strategy for Interfacial Solar-Driven Water–Thermoelectricity Cogeneration

Converting plastics into functional carbonaceous materials for solar energy conversion and storage has emerged as a prospective solution to concurrently advanced waste plastics upcycling and solar energy exploitation. However, synthesizing efficient carbon-based photothermal materials with well-defined shapes from waste plastics remains challenging. Herein, we propose metal–organic framework-derived carbonization strategy to upcycle waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) into a porous carbon cuboid (PCC) for interfacial solar-driven water–thermoelectricity cogeneration. PCC with well-controlled shapes is readily prepared from carbonization of a Ca-metal–organic framework cuboid derived from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). The size and porous structure of the PCC are facilely regulated by changing the carbonization temperature (700–900 °C). Owing to abundant hierarchical micro-/meso-/macropores, unique cuboid morphology, and many oxygen-containing groups of the PCC, the PCC-based solar evaporator reveals high light absorptivity, reduced evaporation enthalpy, low heat conductivity, and superior photothermal conversion capability. Thanks to these advantages, it displays an ultra-high evaporation rate (2.49 kg m–2 h–1) under 1 sun illumination, surpassing many recent evaporators. Besides, an outdoor solar-driven desalination apparatus achieves the freshwater generation amount per unit area of 7.1 kg. Significantly, the evaporator combined with a thermoelectric module generates a voltage of 201 mV at the illumination intensity of 1 kW m–2, with a maximum power density of 0.8 W m–2. This work not merely offers new opportunities for sustainable electricity and freshwater supply from renewable solar energy but also contributes to upcycling waste plastics and achieving carbon neutrality.

Sustainable electricity supply for small off-grid communities in Colombia: A system dynamics approach

Colombia, like many other low and middle-income countries, faces an electricity access deficit. Even where access is available, many off-grid communities are only provided with a few hours of service, typically using diesel, which is expensive and polluting. Using a system dynamics model, this paper investigates how a sustainable and durable electricity supply can be provided in off-grid communities in Colombia. The scenarios examined draw on two government funds that have been established to: deliver the infrastructure and provide subsidies for electricity supply. The results demonstrate that a transition from diesel to renewables is not only possible but also economically viable and desirable. The simulations also show that in order to make the best use of limited government funding for electrification, the transition from diesel to renewables should begin as soon as possible and be accompanied by a zero-diesel policy by 2040. Furthermore, the model highlights that electricity systems should be designed to enable gradual growth in demand – driven by socio-economic development and productive uses. Given the imperative to provide a sustainable and durable electricity supply to off-grid communities, this paper provides insights into how this can be achieved while delivering clear benefits for users, utilities and the government.

Developing a Smart Grid System in the UAE: Challenges and Opportunities

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is considered a strategic hub with a business-friendly free zone and a fast-growing economy. Globally, governments realize the importance of updating electric energy grids and establishing smart grid systems. The smart grid system (SGS) combines connected networks and the technological era, providing several methods to produce power from multiple sources. This research aims to analyze the UAE’s smart grid system’s development challenges through a survey intended to extract the most significant guidelines and issues affecting the progressive implementation of SGS in Abu Dhabi city, as these issues have not been thoroughly investigated. An in-depth empirical study was conducted to investigate the significant factors affecting the SGS through four aspects: nature, sponsor support, government responsibility, and market expansion. The “Policy Delphi” and a sophisticated survey tool called Qualtrics were adopted by a biased group of opinion specialists. The survey is intended to extract and analyze the most important guidelines and issues affecting the progressive SGS implementation in Abu Dhabi city. The findings of this study illustrated the drivers and barriers that affect the smart grid and the variables that should be addressed to enhance its functionality. Energy efficiency and loss reduction were ranked as the top driver with 32%. Operational and connectivity challenges were cited as the major obstacles to SGS implementation. Finally, the results indicate that smart grid technology can promote economic growth in the country by enabling a sustainable electricity supply.

A green energy circular system with carbon capturing and waste minimization in a smart grid power management

Sustainable electricity production is an energy-efficient strategy aimed at both economic progress and environmental conservation. The power generation sector is the major contributor to global emissions and waste. The scope of circular economy in the power production sector with investments in waste minimization and emission reduction was not discussed in previous studies. In this context, a circular sustainable smart electric supply chain system is introduced in this paper with an aim of maximizing the profit with the minimum amount of emissions and waste generated from the power generation units. The power plant in this system consists of four power generation units that generate electricity from coal, waste, wind, and solar plants. A smart grid management system is used in this system for an efficient power supply according to the demands of the customer, and it enhances the system to distribute the power from renewable energies. In this system, the carbon dioxide from the thermal plants is captured and converted to natural gas to reduce emissions. Municipal and industrial waste is transformed into composite fuel to generate electricity. The profit for each unit and the customer’s demand for electricity depends on the circularity index. Linear demand versus linear and logistical cases of unit profit was considered. This study theoretically and numerically maximizes the profit of the system with optimal power consumption, circularity index of electricity, and green and waste minimization investment as per the carbon cap policy. To find the optimal strategies for maximum profit, an algorithm was developed. Sensitivity analysis is done to determine the fluctuations in the profit, emission cost, waste cost, circularity index, and power consumption due to the variations in parameters. The wise allocation of power generation from each unit and reduce energy loss by installing efficient storage devices will result in a higher profit. A system with the high efficacy of green techniques to reduce emissions, a smart grid to minimize waste, higher taxes to regulate emissions, and a rise in the amount of production of electricity from renewable sources will result in a greener power system that gains more profit than conventional systems. The key findings state that electric supply chain systems can obtain a good profit in a more sustainable manner than conventional systems.

Detection of cyber-attacks on the power smart grids using semi-supervised deep learning models

Modern smart energy grids combine advanced information and communication technologies into traditional energy systems for a more efficient and sustainable supply of electricity, which creates vulnerabilities in their security systems that can be used by attackers to conduct cyber-attacks that cause serious consequences, such as massive power outages and infrastructure damage. Existing machine learning methods for detecting cyber-attacks in intelligent energy networks mainly use classical classification algorithms, which require data markup, which is sometimes difficult, if not impossible. This article presents a new method for detecting cyber-attacks in intelligent energy networks based on weak machine learning methods for detecting anomalies. Semi-supervised anomaly detection uses only instances of normal events to train detection models, which makes it suitable for searching for unknown attack events. A number of popular methods for detecting anomalies with semisupervised algorithms were investigated in study using publicly available data sets on cyber-attacks on power systems to determine the most effective ones. A performance comparison with popular controlled algorithms shows that semi-controlled algorithms are more capable of detecting attack events than controlled algorithms. Our results also show that the performance of semi-supervised anomaly detection algorithms can be further improved by enhancing deep autoencoder model.

Energy Transition in the global South – Editorial for the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management Vol 35

This 35th volume of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management includes work investigating different biomass resource utilisation scenarios for Mexico as well as scenarios for the transition of Thailand. The latter finds significant photo voltaic requirements when factoring in the transition to green hydrogen for transportation. Transportation is also the focal point in a study of Indonesia, finding that cost and emission optimisation are pushing optimum in different directions. Continuing with Indonesia, the country is seeing a rapidly growing electricity demand, and Siregar investigates social, environmental, technical, and economic criteria for the development of the system towards a more sustainable electricity supply. The scenario analyses are largely based on larger societal transitions, but Appiah makes a more concerted effort to investigate the actual investments in renewable energy sources. Lastly, an article focuses on the industrial sector and how energy efficiency may be affected by policies.

Determining requirements and challenges for a sustainable and circular electric vehicle battery supply chain: A mixed-methods approach

Limited transparency on the sustainability of the lithium-ion battery supply chain (LIBSC) could impede a rapid scale-up of the electric vehicle battery ecosystem, which is required for the decarbonization of the transportation sector. A comprehensive and commonly accepted framework to assess the sustainability of this industry is currently missing. To address this research gap, a mixed-methods approach comprising a literature review, several expert interviews, two workshops, and a two-round Delphi study is conducted. 29 aspects concerning the LIBSC's sustainability are derived and prioritized according to their importance and ease of implementation. Furthermore, 30 barriers for establishing the required transparency in the LIBSC are identified. The results show that a broad range of criteria has to be incorporated to comprehensively evaluate battery sustainability. Thereby, greenhouse gas emissions, circularity indicators, and human rights and safety issues are considered the most crucial, while the least importance is attributed to economic aspects. A broad range of barriers to such assessments are identified, many of which stem from the interaction and relationships among supply chain tiers or originate at one tier and affect another upstream or downstream counterpart. Overall, the study's results indicate that assuring compliance with existing sustainability standards might be a feasible and pragmatic approach to cope with the considerable variety of important sustainability aspects. Moreover, the identified barriers imply that meaningful assessments can only be achieved via cross-tier assessments and considerable collaborations among the stakeholders of the rapidly evolving LIBSC.

Genetic Algorithm-Optimized Adaptive Network Fuzzy Inference System-Based VSG Controller for Sustainable Operation of Distribution System

To achieve a more sustainable supply of electricity and reduce dependency on fuels, the application of renewable energy sources-based distribution systems (DS) is stimulating. However, the intermittent nature of renewable sources reduces the overall inertia of the power system, which in turn seriously affects the frequency stability of the power system. A virtual synchronous generator can provide inertial response support to a DS. However, existing active power controllers of VSG are not optimized to react to the variation of frequency changes in the power system. Hence this paper introduces a new controller by incorporating GA-ANFIS in the active power controller to improve the performance of the VSG. The advantage of the proposed ANFIS-based controller is its ability to optimize the membership function in order to provide a better range and accuracy for the VSG responses. Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and change in frequency are used as the inputs of the proposed controller to control the values of two swing equation parameters, inertia constant (J) and damping constant (D). Two objective functions are used to optimize the membership function in the ANFIS. Transient simulation is carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the performance of the controller. For all the scenarios, VSG with GA-ANFIS (VOFIS) managed to maintain the DS frequency within the safe operating limit. A comparison between three other controllers proved that the proposed VSG controller is better than the other controller, with a transient response of 22% faster compared to the other controllers.

Feasibility Study and Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar PV-Biomass Hybrid Power System: A Case Study of Kajola Village, Nigeria

Efficient and sustainable electric power supply is needed for effective healthcare delivery, provision of quality education system, and building of impactful social/human infrastructures. Unrestricted access to reliable and affordable electricity will improve people's welfare and enhance quality healthcare delivery globally. The need to reduce the harmful impact of Greenhouse gas emissions along with its fossil fuel emissions have necessitated the need for the numerous research interests in low-carbon power generation systems. The feasibility and techno-economic analysis of an off-grid Solar Photovoltaic (PV)/Biomass (BG)/Diesel (DG)/Battery (BB) hybrid system for a rural village-Kajola, Nigeria was conducted in this paper. Renewable energy sources (RES) parameters such as irradiation data, biomass resources, and DG parameters were collected from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’ database, Ekiti State Ministry of Agriculture and manufacturers’ price lists respectively. The load demand assessment of the area was conducted and analyzed through the use of questionnaires. All the relevant data collected were used as input into the HOMER software. The optimal configuration is the PV-BG-BB combination. The Levelized Cost of Energy (COE) is $0.178/ kWh, with renewable energy fraction (RF) of 100%. This means that nearly all of the energy used by the hybrid system to meet the load is generated from renewable sources. The proposed solar PV/Biomass generator/Battery bank hybrid energy system can supply electricity to the village under consideration at an hourly average of approximately 52.7 kW and with an average daily energy need of 483.71 kWh. The study will serve as a template for all electric power system stakeholders and potential investors on the feasibility and optimal design of hybrid renewable energy system for rural electrification.

(Invited) Development and Characterization of Polyoxometallate-Based Systems for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Redox flow batteries are of potential importance to both large scale energy storage and powering the electrical vehicle. It is now accepted that flow batteries are the battery technology with the greatest potential to be one of the key elements in the energy transition to a sustainable electricity supply. Among critical challenges are low volumetric energy density of redox electrolytes, high cost and the maintenance limitations that greatly impede the wide application of conventional flow batteries. In this respect, the redox-active charge-storage material has a significant impact on the performance of a flow battery. The concentration of redox centers and their reaction kinetics have an influence on the available current densities and, thus, the power of the device.Many inorganic and organic electroactive systems have been proposed as alternatives to vanadium species in redox flow batteries. In the study, we explore the concept that highly concentrated solutions of the polyoxometallates of molybdenum and tungsten can serve as model examples of multi-electron systems for all-liquid redox flow batteries and related fundamental investigations. Polyoxometallates are polynuclear inorganic materials with well-defined multi-electron reversible electrochemistry and electrocatalytic properties [1]. Among other important characteristics of heteropolyacids are that they exhibit very strong Brønsted acidity, act as proton conductors, and undergo fast, reversible, multi-electron electron transfers leading to the formation of highly conducting, mixed-valence (e.g. tungsten(VI,V) or molybdenum(VI,V) heteropoly blue) compounds. The polyoxometallate-based redox electrolytes have different chemical identities, and they could be considered as anolytes or catholytes, depending on their redox potentials but, typically, their use would require formation of an asymmetric system with different-type redox species. The scope of existing inorganic and organic electroactive materials can be expanded due the possibility of their functionalization and structural modification. Recent developments in the area of the transition-metal-derivatized polyoxometallates are also promising [2] because they imply the feasibility of formation of the bi-redox polyoxmetallate-based electrolytes. In particular, the systems containing such metals as copper, iron, ruthenium, nickel or tin could of interest. Such features as the feasibility of reversible multi-electron redox processes, the improved potential output and cycling performance, sufficiently high solubility and reasonable stability will be examined here. An alternative approach can be based on the preparation of robust zeolite-type cesium salts of polyoxometallates, Cs2.5H0.5PMo12O40, Cs2.5H1.5SiMo12O40, Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40, and Cs2.5H1.5SiW12O40. It is noteworthy that, at certain contents of cesium (or rubidium), these porous salts are characterized by fast charge propagation. They can be considered for application in a form of colloidal suspensions.While kinetics of electrochemical processes has an influence on the systems’ current densities, the viscosity of the electrolyte and the mass transport dynamics are also affected by the choice of the redox-active material and its concentration. Trying to develop useful electroanalytical diagnostic criteria, we are going to extend the historical concepts of charge propagation in semi-solid or semi-liquid systems developed for mixed-valence redox polymers and polynuclear materials to the development of redox electrolytes. Fundamental electroanalytical approaches utilizing ultramicrodisk electrodes and interdigitated arrays will be adapted to characterization of solid suspensions synthesized in a form of stable colloidal solutions utilizing redox active centers capable of exhibiting fast electron transfers according to electron hopping mechanism. Of additional interest is the dynamics of electron transfer at the electrolyte/electrode interface, considered at the molecular and monolayer scales.[1] I.A. Rutkowska, P.J. Kulesza, “Metal Oxide Cluster and Polyoxometallate Supports for Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Efficient Electrocatalysis” in Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry, Elsevier, vol. 5, pp 207–216, 2018.[2] J. Goura, B.S. Bassil, J.K. Bindra, I.A. Rutkowska, P.J. Kulesza, N.S. Dalal, U. Kortz, Chemistry - A European Journal 26 (2020) 15821 – 15824.

Hydropower generation potential and prospective scenarios for sustainable electricity supply for the period 2022–2042: A case study of the NIN zone of Cameroon

Hydropower is the sole renewable energy source on the grid in Cameroon, accounting for approximately 62% of this supply as of 2019. So far, hydropower is the most attractive source of grid electricity in the country, with a technically exploitable capability of around 115 TWh per year. However, the actual hydropower output (943 kW) is quite low, corresponding to about 7% of the country’s technically exploitable potential. The South Interconnected Network (SIN) zone, home to a technically exploitable potential of 83 TWh per year, produces 98.00% of the country’s hydroelectricity, while the North Interconnected Network (NIN) zone generates the remainder. Nevertheless, with its technically exploitable capability of around 7.5 TWh per year, the NIN zone has the potential to alleviate the energy poverty of its population and forecast sustainable energy-consuming projects (SECP), including electricity export (EE) to neighboring Chad and Nigeria. The present study is aimed at exploring short, median and high scenarios based on projected Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) of the national real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which are translated into electricity demand (ED) expected over a 20-year period (2022–2042). High scenario is an optimistic status that displays an AAGR of the GDP projected at 6.40%, equivalent to projected ED (PED) of 6.61%, while median scenario is a more conservative status, with realistic assumptions aligned with an AAGR of the GDP anticipated at 5.0%, corresponding to PED of 5.79%. Low scenario, more likely in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic, is the most pessimistic status, with an AAGR of 3.60% matching a PED of 3.60%. To achieve the objective of this study, a comprehensive review on economically exploitable hydropower potential (EEHP) sites in the NIN zone is performed, while under construction hydroelectric plants and projected ones are highlighted. Finally, the intended special contribution of this research is to shed light on hydrologic and energetic parameters of prioritized hydropower sites which match PED, under the best-case scenario of SECP expected by the end of the 20-year period in the zone.

Analysis and optimizes of hybrid wind and solar photovoltaic generation system for off-grid small village

As an effective means of providing power to remote and off-grid areas of developing countries, where rural electrification problems are most common, hybrid renewable energy systems are considered. HOMER simulated and configured wind turbine, photovoltaic, battery bank, and converter for the electricity demand of the Mander rural community, which has 37 families with household sizes of 7 members, as a remote village in Northern Iraq in this article. The hypothesis project was also evaluated using the parameters Net Present Value and Simple Payback Period. Daily energy consumption of 173,120 kWh and peak electricity consumption of 32,14 kW were measured for the outcome of the selected site. The proposed system produced 68,458 kWh/yr (13.7 percent) by the wind turbine, PV created 432,354 kWh/yr. (86.3 percent), and 265 operating batteries with a total operating cost (TOC) and costs of energy (COE) of $9,195 and 0.365 $/kWh, respectively. This survey emphasized the role of solar photovoltaic and wind turbine as hybrid renewable energy systems HRESs in the sustainable supply of electricity in rural areas of northern Iraq.