Sustainable Development Research Articles

The Development of MSMEs in India: a Bibliometric Analysis

This paper aims to evaluate the structure and evolutionary trend of research on development in MSMEs in India using a bibliometric examination. An analysis of academic research from 2008 to 2022 was conducted using bibliometric methods, searching for the terms used in emergent technologies. The research is intended to assess the development of micro, small, and medium companies and understand how far this topic has been achieved. Several research methods were applied, including the network method, thematic maps, and coefficients of approaching or intellectual tools. The result of this work can be helpful for new scholars and current trends, based on the study trends to achieve sustainable development goals against poverty, micro MSMEs (Micro Small Medium Enterprises), and unemployment. The highlight of the report stresses on the key issues where researchers are giving more focus which includes innovation and supply chain strategies. The findings from the study serve to enhance our understanding about areas within the extant research literature where less is known, particularly when it comes to advances and barriers that impact Micro, small-and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The present study will imbibe researchers and the experts from industry to have a profound insight into intellectual domains surrounding certain technologies that can facilitate growth of MSMEs in India, as well provide above detailed unattended research scope. The research concerning MSMEs has undoubtedly provided many facts about the growth and development of these enterprises, applicable particularly in India. To describe the research and intellectual progress on the Manufacturing industry, a bibliometric approach was used in this study. A comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis were employed to get trustworthy results.

Does Corporate Governance Moderate the Relationship Between Earnings Management and Financial Performance?

Motivation: This study aims to fill the gap in the corporate governance literature by examining the moderating role of corporate governance on earnings management and financial performance. Idea: The research is conducted in the light of agency and legitimacy theories, looking through how corporate governance practices moderate the relationship between earnings management and financial performance. Data: The database consists of an international sample of non-financial companies, for the time frame between 2020 and 2023. The data are collected from Thomson Reuters Eikon, and the analysed period responds to a thorough approach of the topic under problematic circumstances. In line with prior literature, this analysis includes several corporate governance mechanisms such as number of board meetings, board gender diversity, board size, CEO duality, independent board members, and audit committee independence. Among the control variables could be mentioned firm size, financial leverage, and profit or loss. Corporate governance is examined as a key driver in achieving financial performance, maximising the value created by companies and strengthening their connections with stakeholders. Tools: To test the research hypotheses, investigation is performed through frequency and descriptive statistics, parametric correlations, complemented with panel regression analysis with random effects performed in STATA 18 software. Findings: According to the results, there is strong evidence that financial performance is impacted by earnings management, at the corporate level. Notably, the main findings suggest that board meetings, board size, and board independence may be underlying factors in reducing the adverse effects of earnings management reflected in financial performance. Likewise, corporate governance may contribute to an effective monitoring of earnings management. Muchmore, the findings are in line with the agency theory, which asserts that corporate governance practices lessen managerial resource exploitation necessary for sustainable development and financial performance. Contribution: Relevance of the study resides in grounding a comprehensive overview in the earnings management and sustainability literature, examining corporate governance patterns. This research contributes to the debate of influence exerted by earnings management practices on financial performance extended towards a better understanding of corporate governance outcomes.

Long-term garlic‒maize rotation maintains the stable garlic rhizosphere microecology.

Crop rotation is a sophisticated agricultural practice that can modify the demographic structure and abundance of microorganisms in the soil, stimulate the growth and proliferation of beneficial microorganisms, and inhibit the development of harmful microorganisms. The stability of the rhizosphere microbiome is crucial for maintaining both soil ecosystem vitality and crop prosperity. However, the effects of extended garlic‒maize rotation on the physicochemical characteristics of garlic rhizosphere soil and the stability of its microbiome remain unclear. To investigate this phenomenon, soil samples from the garlic rhizosphere were collected across four different lengths of rotation in a garlic-maize rotation. There were notable positive associations between the total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents in the soil and the duration of rotation. Prolonged rotation could increase the maintenance of microbiome α diversity. The number of years of rotation and the soil organic carbon (SOC) content emerged as principal determinants impacting the evolution of the bacterial community structure, with the SOC content playing a pivotal role in sculpting the species diversity within the garlic rhizosphere bacterial community. Additionally, SOC remains predominant in shaping the root-associated bacterial community's β-nearest taxon index. However, these factors do not have a notable effect on the fungal community inhabiting the garlic rhizosphere. In comparison with monoculture, rotation can amplify the interconnectivity and intricacy of microbial ecological networks. Long-term rotation can further maintain the stability of both microbial ecological networks and interactions between bacterial and fungal communities. It can enlist a plethora of beneficial Bacillus species microorganisms within the garlic rhizosphere to form a biological barricade that aids in safeguarding garlic against encroachment by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum, consequently diminishing disease incidence. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the sustainable development of garlic through long-term crop rotation with maize. Our research results indicate that long-term garlic‒maize rotation maintains stable garlic rhizosphere microecology. Our study provides compelling evidence for the role of long-term crop rotation in maintaining microbiota and community stability, emphasizing the importance of cultivating specific beneficial microorganisms to enhance rotation strategies for garlic farming, thereby promoting sustainability in agriculture.

Assessing social risks in Greek and Dutch economies: A product social impact life cycle assessment approach

Abstract Purpose Input–output tables describe monetary relationships between producers and consumers within an economy and have been used to assess the effects on job creation and gross domestic product (GDP). The objective of this study was to apply the social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) to assess direct social risks in national economies and explore whether S-LCA can replace or support beyond-GDP metrics. Methods S-LCA was applied in three ways. First, a hotspot assessment was conducted using the Product Social Impact Life Cycle Assessment (PSILCA) database to assess the direct social risks of monetary outputs of the Dutch and Greek economies in 2018. Classification 1 regarded the comparison of the Dutch and Greek economies based on direct social risks classified as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Classification 2 grouped the calculated social risks into sub-sub-topics of the European Corporate Sustainability Reporting Standards (CSRS) directive. In each classification, the calculated risks were normalized by the total monetary output of the national economy. Results and discussion This study showed that the Dutch economy results in lower normalized risk values for all S-LCA stakeholders and impact subcategories, except for “Respect of indigenous rights” and “Health and safety (Workers).” The main contributing parameters were sectorial monetary output and the risk levels of the indicators. Classification 1 showed that using input–output tables and PSILCA to simplify the calculation of SDGs was partially successful, because the SDGs also consider environmental aspects and PSILCA is limited to social aspects. Classification 2 showed that the Greek economy resulted in higher normalized risk values than the Dutch economy for almost all sub-sub-topics of the CSRS. Conclusions The results indicate that input–output tables can be extended to incorporate social dimensions with S-LCA and PSILCA. However, the nature of the SDGs means that S-LCA is not capable of simplifying the evaluation of countries’ societal progress, but S-LCA combined with PSILCA can assist national governments in taking targeted actions to reach SDG targets and enforce European CSRS directive compliance in the most impactful economic sectors for social performance monitoring and reporting.

Double Materiality Approach and Sustainable Business Model Paradigm: A Three-Fold Analysis

Adopting the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, governments commit to the 17 goals and 169 associated targets in areas of critical importance for humanity and planet, while companies manifest a growing interest in playing a significant role to SDGs prioritisation. Researchers, policymakers, stakeholders, and analysts are all preoccupied about responsible ways of redesigning the business model to mitigate the growing concerns, such as companies’ failures, global multidimensional crisis, and sustainability-related issues. Under the light of institutional theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, the aim of this research is to investigate how environmental, social and governance (ESG) policies and practices included in a sustainable business model may respond to the double materiality approach in order to contribute to a balance among divergent interests of managers, investors, and other stakeholders. The financial materiality is conceptualized using ESG data, that mainly targets investor’s needs. Stakeholder materiality, is concerned with external impact of companies, embodied in societal-level outcomes measured as the number of SDGs addressed in corporate reporting. In this study, company-year data are collected from Refinitiv Eikon database, starting with 2015, until current reporting period and analysed using frequency, univariate and correlation analyses. Based on Levene homogeneity, the ANOVA parametric t-test results are validated by Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon and Krushkal Wallis non-parametric tests. Three main research questions are responded. First, the findings examine and discuss the evolution of sustainability reporting measured with ESG scores, decomposed by the three pillars and ten categories, along with the SDGs prioritisation. Second, statistically significant differences in ESG and SDGs variables reported by various groups clustered on industry-related corporate characteristics are discussed. Third, the significant associations between ESG measures and SDGs are analysed from the double materiality perspective. The study contributes to the academic and practical understanding of the evolving business model under normative dimension of institutional theory, incorporating the decision to engage in current sustainability frameworks and policies.

Spatial heterogeneity of menstrual discriminatory practices against Nepalese women: A population-based study using the 2022 Demographic and Health Survey.

Menstrual discrimination hampers progress toward Sustainable Development Goals. Examining the spatial heterogeneity of menstrual discriminatory practices may present an opportunity for targeted interventions. Here we evaluate geographical disparities in menstrual-related restrictions and assess their association with socio-economic and demographic factors. We used data from the 2022 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey which included 13,065 women aged 15-49 who reported menstruating within the past year. We explored the spatial heterogeneity of menstrual restriction outcomes using the standard Gaussian kernel density approximation method and the spatial scan statistic. The Poisson regression model with robust standard errors was used to assess the association between the different forms of menstrual restriction and the socio-economic, and demographic factors. Overall, the prevalence of women who reported any form of menstrual restriction was 84.8% and was subject to geographical variations ranging from 79.0% in Bagmati to 95.6% in Sudurpashchim. Religious restrictions were the most prevalent (79.8%) followed by household-level restrictions (39.5%) and then Chhaupadi (6.2%). Geographical variations were more prominent for women experiencing Chhaupadi (primary geographical cluster: relative risk = 7.4, p<0.001). Strikingly, women who reside in households led by female household heads were less likely to report experiencing household-level restriction during menstruation (Adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.89, [95%CI: 0.84-0.94], p<0.001) whilst those residing in wealthy households were less likely to report experiencing Chhaupadi (aPR = 0.26, [95%CI: 0.17-0.39], p<0.001; among the richest). Our study demonstrated marked geographical micro-variations in menstrual discriminatory practices in Nepal. Policymakers should implement preventive behavioral interventions in the most vulnerable geographic areas to effectively and efficiently reduce the overall prevalence of menstrual discrimination. It is crucial to prioritize the designing and testing of targeted interventions to determine their effectiveness against Chhaupadi in these high-prevalence settings. Additionally, empowering women appears to be a promising strategy for combating menstrual discrimination within the household.

Dietary intervention of propolis and/or turmeric boosted growth, hematology, biochemical profile, and antioxidant-immune responses and their associated gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Edwardsiella tarda

AbstractImmunostimulant phytogenic feed additives are given great concern for improving fish health, growth, immune responses, and resistance to diseases. This research investigated the impact of dietary propolis (PRO), turmeric (TUR), and their combination on the growth, hematology, antioxidant-immune responses, and their regulating genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during Edwardsiella tarda challenge. For 8 weeks, a total number of 320 fish (20.70 ± 0.14 g) were allocated into four groups at random, each with eight replicates (10 fish each). The first group (1st) was given the basal diet (control) without any supplements. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups were supplemented with 1% PRO, 1% TUR, and the mixture (1%PRO + 1%TUR), respectively. The experimental groups were challenged intraperitoneally with E. tarda at a dose of 0.1 mL (1 × 105 CFU) at the termination of the feeding trial, and the fish survival was estimated for an additional 7 days. The results demonstrated that fish-fed diets supplemented with PRO and/or TUR showed higher body weight, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed intake, and feed efficiency utilization than the control group (P &lt; 0.05). The hematological, protein profile, and antioxidant-immune (total antioxidant capacity, lysozymes, and IgM) parameters were substantially improved in the challenged fish fed on PRO and/or TUR diets compared to the challenged non-fed fish. The lipid profile and malondialdehyde were substantially decreased in the challenged fish fed on PRO and/or TUR diets compared to the challenged non-fed group. Notably, a down-turning of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression with up-turning of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression was noticed in the challenged fish fed on PRO and/or TUR diets compared to the challenged non-fed fish. Noteworthy, dietary PRO and/or TUR improved the fish survival during E. tarda challenge. The mixture of PRO and TUR can be added to Nile tilapia diets to enhance their growth, immune response, and resistance to E. tarda. These outcomes help in the sustainable development of the Nile tilapia culture industry. Graphical Abstract

Attitudes of European Citizens Towards Climate Change: A Gender Analysis

The present paper analyses attitudes and perceptions regarding climate change (CC) among European citizens, emphasizing their pivotal role in fostering public engagement and endorsement towards the advancement of mitigatory measures and sustainable lifestyles in accordance with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. This study delves into the degree of concern among European citizens regarding CC and their inclination towards assuming personal accountability in its alleviation, scrutinizing these facets through the lens of gender attitudes. Utilizing data from the European Social Survey and information on attitudes and perceptions pertaining to CC, the analysis incorporates various variables encompassing socio-economic status, demographics, individual perceptions of societal dynamics, and governmental policies. Employing econometric methodologies, the results confirm that individuals exhibiting trust in scientific authority manifest heightened concerns towards CC. Moreover, those expressing contentment with national governance display augmented levels of concern regarding CC. Gender differentials are also discernible, with females exhibiting greater apprehension towards CC compared to males. Furthermore, advanced age and higher educational attainment correlate with heightened levels of CC concern. Additional findings indicate that females tend to exhibit greater proclivity towards assuming self-responsibility, while individuals harbouring trust in scientific authority evince heightened levels of personal accountability, particularly when content with economic stability and the efficacy of the country's healthcare system. Additionally, older individuals displaying trust in scientific expertise tend to exhibit greater proclivity towards assuming personal responsibility. The findings underscore the imperative of comprehending the gendered ramifications of climate change and advocating for collective endeavours to combat this pervasive global challenge.

The impact of green bond for achieving sustainable development goals

The impact of green bond for achieving sustainable development goals

Enhancing the SDG 6 Index: Implementing New Directions and Trends in Priorities of Integrated Water Resources Management Principles in the Republic of Korea

Enhancement of water and sanitation management acts as a significant component of global development as it is part of the United Nation’s sixth Sustainable Development Goal. Due to peculiar geographical and climatic attributes of the country and sincere efforts toward implementing IWRM, South Korea has improved its position in the SDG 6 index. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the advancements that have been made in the IWRM of South Korea from 2018 to 2023 concerning policy changes, technical advancements, and societal engagement. Thus, this paper, through surveys and literature review, examines the measures that have been taken in the recent past to address the hydrological vulnerabilities resulting from climate change, as depicted by the UN Environment Program. Centrally, since South Korea has become more sensitive to climate change effects, and thus hydrological issues, the findings will assist in the improvement of current IWRM processes and help them achieve the SDG 6 goals. This study implies that there should be sustainable water management practices that balance natural and human interferences amidst prevailing climate change effects.

Investigating household food waste in Indonesia: An extended norm activation model

Consumers waste significant amounts of food. Food waste presents a substantial problem for the environment, society and economy. Addressing the food waste challenge is crucial for fostering sustainable behavior and achieving the Sustainability Development Goal 12.3 agenda. Norms are a significant determinant in motivating consumers to prevent food waste and could be activated by other factors. Religiosity has the potential to influence norms related to food waste behavior. This study investigated how religiosity affects the intentions of consumers to minimize food waste. The interplay of religiosity, personal norms, subjective norms, and intention to avoid food waste was examined by the extended norm activation model. Data were obtained from Muslim consumers in Indonesia. Structural equation modeling evaluation showed that religiosity positively affects the intention to prevent food waste. The intention to avoid food waste is more closely associated with personal norms compared to subjective norms. Personal norms mediate the religiosity and food waste reduction intention relationship. Consumer awareness activates personal norms by making them feel accountable for food waste’s negative impact. These findings provide insights to stakeholders in developing policies to mitigate the food waste issue.

The Socio-Cultural Impact of Rural Tourism in India: A Regional Analysis with Special Reference to Kerala in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Socio-Cultural Impact of Rural Tourism in India: A Regional Analysis with Special Reference to Kerala in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Fragility, Health and the Risk Paradigm: A Health-Sensitive Framework.

Recognising that fragile contexts present a significant challenge to the Sustainable Development Goals, this paper examines the relationship between fragility and health, proposing a health-sensitive conceptual framework for understanding the impact of fragility on health outcomes. Through a comprehensive literature review and comparison of existing fragility frameworks, the study identifies five key characteristics of fragility: alignment with the risk paradigm; multidimensionality; systems perspective; state-society relationship; and appreciating fragility in relation to 'contexts' rather than 'states'. In doing so, the paper highlights the need for a multidimensional approach to fragility that includes a distinct health dimension in addition to political, security, economic, social, environmental domains. Rather than proposing a way to score or measure fragility, the authors argue in favour of a nuanced and dynamic understanding of fragility based on the interactions between the different dimensions of fragility, emphasising the impact on/interactions with health.

The influence of policy advocacy and education on medical staff’s adaptation to diagnosis related groups payment reform in China: an analysis of the mediating effect of policy cognition

IntroductionIn recent years, China has been carrying out the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) payment reform, which has an impact not only on payment methods and medical expenses, but also on the behaviors of medical staff. Some of these behaviors are unexpected by policymakers, such as turning away critically ill patients, disaggregating hospitalization costs, setting up disease groups with higher points, and so on. This phenomenon attracted the attention of some scholars, who put forward a few positive intervention measures, mainly including policy advocacy and system improvement. The scholars believed that the former was more feasible. However, there is a lack of research on the effects and influencing processes of these interventions. Therefore, this study aims to explore the influence of policy advocacy and education on medical staff’s adaptation to DRGs payment reform in China and the role of policy cognition in this process, in order to provide experiences for the smooth implementation and sustainable development of DRGs payment system.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 650 medical staff in five large general hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China, to understand their participation and feedback on policy advocacy and education, their adaptation to the current DRGs payment reform, and their cognition of relevant policies. After descriptive statistical analysis, partial correlation analysis, multiple linear regression models and bias correction Bootstrap sampling method were used to analyze the mediating effect of policy cognition factors.ResultsAll respondents had participated in organized collective policy advocacy and education activities in the past year, but the degree of satisfaction and recognition was not very high. 59.5 percent said their adaptation to the DRGs payment reform was average. Nearly half did not regularly pay attention to and participate in the management of the medical costs of patients with DRGs through compliance. And they had a low understanding of the specific rules of DRGs payment and did not form a high policy identity. The mediating effect values of policy cognition were 0.148, 0.152, 0.108, and 0.057, respectively, when the frequency and quality of policy advocacy and education influenced medical staff’s adaptive perception and adaptive behaviors.DiscussionThe organized collective policy advocacy and education can promote medical staff’s adaptation to DRGs payment reform by improving their policy cognition, and the action paths are diverse. Policymakers and hospital managers need pay attention to this phenomenon, and formulate demand-centered, value-oriented whole-process advocacy and education strategies while constantly improving the DRGs payment system. All of these provided a basis for further research and practice of positive intervention in DRGs payment reform.

Sports poverty alleviation: concept and model innovation for the development of Chinese sports towns in the new Era

In recent years, sports-themed towns have emerged as a key component in China's rural revitalization and poverty alleviation strategy, integrating sports, culture, tourism, and health industries to drive regional economic and social development. However, the literature often overlooks their long-term impact on social, cultural, and community development. Research aims to explore the concept of “sports poverty alleviation” and propose a new development model for sports towns in China, focusing on economic growth as well as social and cultural enhancement, public health, community integration. The study employs mixed methods, including documentary analysis and empirical research, to evaluate the effectiveness of various sports town models in poverty alleviation. Findings reveal that while these towns successfully boost short-term economic growth, especially through tourism and events, their sustainability is challenged by homogenization and a lack of competitiveness. Many towns fail to capitalize on local cultural and natural resources, and while they contribute to immediate economic benefits, they often lack long-term employment and integration strategies for local communities. Successful cases like the Mashan model demonstrate how integrating local resources and cultural identity with sports industries can lead to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The research concludes that a more holistic approach to the development of sports towns in China is needed. Economic benefits should be complemented by a focus on social, cultural, and community development to ensure long-term success. The proposed innovative development models offer practical solutions to enhance the uniqueness and sustainability of sports towns, contributing to China's rural revitalization and poverty alleviation efforts.

The effect of awe in wildlife tourists on animal-friendly behavioural intentions: a serial mediation model of connectedness to nature and empathy

ABSTRACT Wildlife tourism is experiencing rapid growth as people's desire to connect with nature intensifies, making the improvement of tourist behaviour in wildlife destinations a crucial research issue. In light of this, the current study, grounded in the appraisal theory of emotion, scrutinises how awe, connectedness to nature (CN), and empathy impact animal-friendly behavioural intentions (AFBI) by establishing and appraising a model incorporating serial mediation and moderation. The results reveal that awe positively influences AFBI, with CN and empathy serving as serial mediators. Furthermore, the extent to which awe, CN, and empathy affect AFBI is amplified at higher levels of animal welfare literacy. This research represents a beneficial attempt to investigate AFBI and its internal mechanisms. Destination management organisations (DMOs), tourism product and service designers, marketers, and policymakers can derive valuable practical insights from this study to enhance sustainable development in wildlife tourism.

“Addressing energy poverty in BRICS economies: insights from panel data analysis and policy implications for sustainable development goals”

“Addressing energy poverty in BRICS economies: insights from panel data analysis and policy implications for sustainable development goals”

Status of “African research and its contribution to global health research: a review and an opinion”

Abstract Aim Research is key to the development of any nation, with health research being of high value to society. Research provides data that is useful for the generation and provision of knowledge needed for policy making, planning and strategic management to develop nations. Despite the African population accounting for nearly 14% of the world’s population, little published research originates from African scholars. Purpose The purpose of this article is to highlight the reasons for the lack of robust research by scientists from African low-and-middle-income countries and to emphasize the inequity experienced by African scientists in global health research. Possible solutions to the dearth in African global health research are equally explored. Findings Insufficient research has led to poor growth, development and advancements in health in Africa. A significant gap in African-led and published research, lack of mentorship, inequitable access to research funding and grant eligibility, and increased dependency on foreign organizations have contributed to the lack of sustainability and failure of African research. Conclusion Research is crucial for national development, especially in health. However, African researchers are underrepresented in global publications. To optimize research, local needs and African researchers must be prioritized, and research systems in African institutions must be strengthened. Additionally, the international community must respect, be transparent, and support research development in Africa. These efforts are essential for fostering a robust research environment, addressing global health challenges, and promoting sustainable development across Africa and LMICs.

Analysis of Energy-Related-CO2-Emission Decoupling from Economic Expansion and CO2 Drivers: The Tianjin Experience in China

Cities are key areas for carbon control and reduction. The study of the decoupling between CO2 emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) and the drivers of CO2 emissions in cities facilitates the reduction of CO2 emissions to safeguard the development of the economy. This paper first calculates the CO2 emissions in Tianjin, China, from 2005 to 2022, then uses the Tapio decoupling index to quantify the decoupling status, and, finally, explores the energy-CO2-emission drivers through the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model. The findings indicate that (1) the decrease in CO2 emissions from industrial products and transport is the main reason for the decline. (2) During the period under investigation, the predominant condition observed was a state of weak decoupling. (3) Given the economic-output effect is the primary and substantial driver of energy CO2 emissions, it is essential to harmonize the interplay between economic-development approach and CO2 emissions to foster sustainable development in Tianjin. The industrial structure plays the most critical role in hindering the reduction of CO2 emissions; therefore, optimizing industrial structure can help achieve carbon reduction and control targets. These findings enrich the study of CO2 emission factors and can also interest urban policymakers.

“What is going on in global goals projects, is agenda filled?” Highlighting circular economy literature within sustainable development goals–review-based

“What is going on in global goals projects, is agenda filled?” Highlighting circular economy literature within sustainable development goals–review-based