Sustainable Development In Turkey Research Articles

Institutionalising English as a foreign language teachers for global sustainability: Perceptions of education for sustainable development in Turkey

In recent years, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has been emphasised, specifically in English language teaching. Therefore, investigating English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions of ESD is a fundamental first step in developing effective EFL curricula and teaching policies. Consequently, this study delved into the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), examining its role in EFL teaching methodologies and identifying the challenges faced in integrating ESD within the Turkish educational context. In-depth interview data (IDI) was collected from 28 in-service Turkish EFL teachers. Utilising qualitative content analysis (QCA) with open, axial, and selective coding, we found out that Turkish EFL teachers’ perceptions of ESD are multifaceted and shaped by the interdisciplinary nature of EFL teaching, which is fed by Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). The findings showed that EFL teachers: (1) conceptualised ESD as being related to learning for sustainable practices addressing social, economic and environmental dimensions, and linked ESD to a lifelong learning process that should be implemented at all education levels and supported by critical thinking and problem-solving skills; (2) thought English classes provide ideal venues to teach multiple topics including sustainability, thus reported it as a key responsibility for them to instil in their students, and (3) felt that ESD has yet to be sufficiently reflected in EFL curriculum due to some obstacles such as narrow focus on ESD, limited contact hours of English and lack of parental awareness of ESD. The findings mainly emphasised the significance of an extensive and holistic coverage of ESD at all education levels through engaging and hands-on in-class activities. Further practical suggestions are also provided regarding how EFL teaching policies may be developed to better integrate ESD.

Anatolian Acorn Oak's Economic Potential in the Application to the Textile and Leather Industries

The Anatolian acorn (Quercus ithaburensis Decne) is a promising resource for a variety of industries in Turkey and the world. It has the potential to serve as a bio-mordant, natural dye for textiles and leather, providing an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes and reducing dependence on chemicals and petrochemicals. The commercial viability of the acorn and its export potential make it a valuable resource for supporting regional trade and boosting the local economy, with the potential to create new job opportunities. In addition, the acorn has a unique colour range, fastness, and antimicrobial properties, making it a desirable choice for manufacturers looking for a sustainable alternative. Overall, the Anatolian acorn holds great potential as a natural dye and a valuable resource for supporting regional trade and sustainability goals. The development and commercialization of this resource could play a significant role in the future of sustainable development in Turkey and the world.

Urbanization and climate change: Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and STIRPAT analysis for Turkey

Urbanization and CO2 emissions have become major environmental concerns that are closely related to climate change and sustainable economic growth. The goal of this paper is to investigate the long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, urbanization, and achieving sustainable development in Turkey from 1990 to 2020. The STIRPAT hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis are employed in the article. The findings indicate that there is a long-run relationship between the variables of the STIRPAT model: the coefficient of economic activities and urbanization affects CO2 emission positively. This means that urbanization and the expansion of economic activity have a significant impact on environmental degradation. These results are also confirmed by the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) that is detected for Turkey.

The evaluation of renewable energy alternatives for sustainable development in Turkey using ‌intuitionistic‌ ‌fuzzy‌-TOPSIS method

This study analyzes the best renewable energy options in Turkey's sustainable development using the IF-TOPSIS method. The study aims to rank Turkey's preferences for renewable energy investments at the optimum level according to the sustainable growth constraint and determined criteria. This method gives optimum results in decision processes where the criteria and options are numerous, the available information is complex, and the degree of hesitation of decision-makers increases. The IF-TOPSIS method has been applied with seven options (wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, wave hydraulics, hydrogen) and 25 criteria to select the best renewable energy source for sustainable development in Turkey. According to the application results, the study's main finding is that the best renewable energy source for Turkey's sustainable growth is “solar energy.” Another important finding is that Turkey's essential “evaluation of the criteria” for renewable energy is “capital/investment cost."

Bibliometrical analysis of postgraduate theses on sustainable development in Turkey

Bibliometrical analysis of postgraduate theses on sustainable development in Turkey

An Analysis of the Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Sustainable Development

The development and welfare efforts of countries are transformed over time and creates sustainable development with an approach that considers environmental factors. If the processing of raw materials is based solely on economic benefits, it will hinder environmental and social development in the long run. Thus, the importance of sustainable development is emphasized once again with the circular economy structure. On the other hand, foreign direct investment (FDI) comes to the fore as sustainable development strategy, especially in developing economies. In this context, it is aimed to reveal whether there is a relationship between FDI and sustainable development in Turkey between 1990-2018. Unit root test, co-integration and VECM based causality analyses are included in the estimation of the relationships between these variables by using the Eviews10. The significance of causality relationship is also questioned with variance decomposition and impulse-response analysis. According to the findings, there is a cointegration relationship between the variables and they act together in the long run. In addition, there is one-way relationship from FDI to per capita GDP and per capita energy consumption; bidirectional causality between per capita GDP and per capita energy consumption; one-way relationship from FDI to sustainable development index.

Investigating Early Childhood Preservice Teachers’ Personal Teaching Efficacy and Outcome-Expectancy Beliefs Regarding Education for Sustainable Development in Turkey

This study investigates teaching efficacy beliefs of Turkish early childhood preservice teachers toward education for sustainable development (ESD), as well as their personal efficacy and outcome-expectancy beliefs regarding ESD. The study also examines whether or not significant life experiences, year of undergraduate study, and taking courses regarding sustainable development influence students’ ESD teaching efficacy beliefs. In the pilot study the structure of the Turkish version of the Education for Sustainable Development Teaching Beliefs Scale (EfSD-B) was explored within a sample comprised of 158 early childhood preservice teachers. Then, 541 early childhood preservice teachers participated in the main study and completed an adapted version of the EfSD-B scale. The study results revealed a moderate sense of ESD teaching efficacy with its two constructs. Further, the participants’ responses did not significantly correspond with significant life experiences, taking ESD or sustainable development course, and preservice teachers’ year in undergraduate study.

Assessing the renewable energy investment risk factors for sustainable development in Turkey

In the wake of Paris agreement, global economies have been putting their full efforts in mitigation and adaption to limit the global temperature within 2 °C higher than the pre-industrial level. Redirection of investment flows to renewable energy technologies (RETs) is paramount to achieve the goals set in global climate agreement. The Turkish government is determined to attract investment in RETs for cleaner energy production and sustainable socio-economic development in Turkey. However, it is very challenging to substitute environmentally harmful traditional energy systems with renewable energy production and supply. Investing in and developing renewable energy projects (REPs) are posed to various inherent risks. Assessment and analysis of risk factors of renewable energy investments (REIs) are indispensable for a practical and profound policy guideline for mitigation. This study provides a Multi-Criteria Decision Methodology (MCDM) based three-stage decision framework to assess and examine the risk factors of REIs in Turkey. The first stage is the identification of risk factors of REI using the Delphi method. The second stage is the assessment of identified risk factors of REI by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The third stage is the evaluation and prioritization of strategies to overcome risk factors of REI projects by using Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (FWASPAS). The Delphi method unveiled 6 major risk factors with 23 sub-risk factors. Results of AHP analysis unfolded economic & business risk as a major risk factor. The FWASPAS analysis concluded a comprehensive and explicit explanation of the RET choices to be the most suitable of six strategies to deal with the investment risk factors for sustainable development in Turkey.

Is development possible without cultural policies? Rethinking creative industries and sustainable development in the case of Turkey

This study aims to reconsider the cultural and creative industries’ role within the sustainable development of Turkey. Although Turkey is one of the most important countries in cultural and creative industries ecosystem, she’s facing some significant problems such as insufficient creative human sources, lack of well-tailored cultural policies and maybe most importantly, the culture’s implicit role in the sustainable development of Turkey. For a proper understanding of cultural policies’ role on sustainable development, especially in the developing countries, the present article inquiries primarily UNESCO’s cultural policies and culturally sustainable development notion. Then, the present study will be headed towards a re thinking of creative industries and sustainable development nexus in the case of Turkey. In this sense, this article explains the challenges and jeopardies in the creative industries within Turkey’s creative ecosystem. My study would conclude that the development of creative industries mainly relies on remarkable groups of creative entrepreneur’s endeavours rather than “appropriate” cultural policies in Turkey. While cultural and creative industries have been evaluated as new sources of employment and welfare for countries, the present study argues that these industries need a “well –tailored” cultural policy and the inclusion of culture into development paradigm. In this sense, towards a sustainable development in Turkey, this study would offer some recommendations for Turkey’s newly established creative industry policies.

Energy diversity and nuclear energy for sustainable development in Turkey

This study aims to investigate the effects of using nuclear and renewable energy on the economic growth of Turkey. In the last fourteen years, average growth of Turkish economy is up about 4.85%, annually. In relation to this, Turkish electricity demand has increased annually about 6%–8% during this period. This demonstrates the need for a sustainable energy policy to meet energy demand. Electricity sources of Turkey are mainly thermal and renewable. Natural gas and coal dominates to the other thermal sources. Turkey imports substantial amount of natural gas and coal mainly from Russia, Iran etc. This external dependence on energy resources has led to a continual increase in the current account deficit of Turkey. Therefore, Turkey needs to reduce its external dependency and find some new sustainable energy sources. Nuclear power generation in Turkey will reduce the dependency on energy generation in a significant way. In this study; Turkey’s established power capacity and electricity generation have been investigated. The current state of the renewable energy resources of the country and the potential resources available and the nuclear energy in Turkey have been examined in detail.

Trends on energy policy and sustainable development in Turkey

ABSTRACTTurkey relies on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydraulic for its energy, and considers all the new and renewable energy resources like wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass to meet the energy demand in the country. The fossil fuels are limited and their use with ordinary technologies results in an energy generation at noneconomical prices and damages the environment. Turkey’s energy strategy is multidimensional. The Strategic Plan 2015–2019 is intended to meet the growing energy demand for the country under the plans of a sustainable development. In accordance with the European Union (EU) policies, the renewable energy sector is highly encouraged. Thus, Turkey intends to produce 30% of its electricity demand from the renewable resources by 2023. In the future, it is expected that renewable energy technologies will help reduce environmental costs, and renewable energy systems will also be operated in a sustainable manner.

Utilization of energy from waste potential in Turkey as distributed secondary renewable energy source

Running out of fossil fuels and rising of environmental issues pressurize energy policies in the direction of increasing renewable energy utilization. As a part of full-recycling scheme, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be accounted as an alternative and prevalent source of renewable energy for smart grid applications. This study presents a case study investigating the future of dry combustion in Turkey and gives some projections on Energy from Waste (EfW) utilization potentials as secondary local generators. EfW potential of MSW incineration plants is modeled depending on MSW mass function. An empirical formula for prediction of EfW potential of Turkey is derived by curve fitting to yearly MSW data. Dependence of EfW potential on human population is modeled and thus spread of EfW potential over the territory of Anatolia landscape is illustrated. Analyses reveal that EfW has a potential to be local source of renewable energy for future smart grids due to the fact that EfW exhibits energy generation distribution correlated with city population. We concluded that EfW incineration plants can act on sustainable development of Turkey by serving as a consistent, distributed, near-field generators integrated to waste management systems of cities.

Assessment of the turkey’s electric power policies in terms of sustainability

This study, using statistical data published by the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, analyzes key parameters such as installed capacity and energy demand growth rates, investment plans and emission rates, taking into consideration the expected increase in use through the year 2023. The results of the analyses were compared to relevant data from around the world. The weight of domestic - and especially renewable - resources in investment plans for the next 10 years was discussed. Recommendations for an investment plan to support sustainable development in Turkey are listed. Consequently, the lack of investment in domestic and renewable energy projects decreases the competitive power of Turkey vis-?-vis Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development countries in terms of many parameters. For a sustainable development, the country must make significant changes in its foreign-dependent energy production policies. Any future policies must encourage supplying local resources to meet the continuously increasing demand. Qualifications for incentive mechanisms applied to investments in renewable energy should be developed. The impact of the private sector on the installation of new plants must also be increased by quickly completing the privatization process.

The Role of Geothermal Energy in Sustainable Development of Turkey

Energy can strongly act a key role in socio-economical development of Turkey. Turkey's energy needs are always increasing because Turkey has a rapidly growing economy and population. Although Turkey has numerous renewable energy sources, Turkey meets 12.8% of total demand from its own indigenous sources and unfortunately 87.2% of that from oil and gas supplying countries. This disastrous reality makes Turkey a big energy importing country. Otherwise, Turkey, in fact, can provide all energy demand from its abundant domestic sources itself. Although Turkey has the seventh big geothermal energy potential of the world, it exploits only 1.2% of all energy demand from geothermal energy. In this study, the role of geothermal energy in sustainable development of Turkey is particularly emphasized. To do this, potential and utilization of geothermal energy in Turkey are firstly presented in detail, and then importance and future developments of geothermal energy in Turkey are underlined.

The role of coal in energy policy and sustainable development of Turkey: Is it compatible to the EU energy policy?

This paper aims to assess the current and future role of coal in energy strategy of Turkey, and evaluates the compatibility of policies to the EU energy policy and strategy. Coal is regarded as the most important indigenous energy source in Turkey together with hydropower to strengthen the supply security of the country. Turkish government set targets to fully utilize coal reserves of the country in next decades. However, the country is also in the process of becoming an EU Member State, hence, it is expected that the energy policies have to comply with the EU. Moreover, Turkey ratified Kyoto Protocol in 2009, thus the country should limit CO2 emission together with other greenhouse gases. The probable obstacles that Turkey may face due to the utilization of coal were determined as CO2 emissions, lack of technology and application in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and health and safety issues. It is concluded that coal is a very important domestic energy source for Turkey but new policies have to be developed and adopted immediately, and more realistic targets for the country should be set accordingly.

The role of hydroelectric power and contribution of small hydropower plants for sustainable development in Turkey

Turkey is a rapidly growing country regarding its economy and population and therefore has a large and continuously increasing energy demand. Turkey mostly meets its energy demand from imported fossil sources. However apart from petroleum and natural gas, Turkey has almost all kinds of energy resources and hence it would not need to meet its energy demand through import. In addition, Turkey has very large potential of hydraulic energy but to date only one-third of this significant economical potential could be used. This ratio seems insufficient when compared with that of European countries. In this paper the role of hydroelectric power, its potential and its present status are investigated in detail for Turkey. Especially the small scale hydropower plant is emphasized as Turkey's renewable energy source. Furthermore the water resources of Turkey are examined.

Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Development in Turkey

Energy is an essential factor in overall efforts to achieve sustainable development. Countries striving to this end are seeking to reassess their energy systems with a view toward planning energy programs and strategies in line with sustainable development goals and objectives. Turkey's demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly. Since 1990, energy consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 4.3%. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.

Global warming and renewable energy sources for sustainable development in Turkey

Turkey, with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing power markets of the world for the last two decades. It is expected that the demand for electric energy in Turkey will be 300 billion kWh by the year 2010 and 580 billion kWh by the year 2020. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.

An analytical approach to sustainable development in Turkey

AbstractSustainable development is meeting the expectations and necessities of the current era and future generations without making any sacrifices. The focus of the sustainable development concept is humankind. Humankind has the responsibility of protecting the environment it lives in, as much as it has the right to continue living a healthy productive life in harmony with nature. These responsibilities will be the main elements in determining continuity. With these aspects in mind, the research deals with the basic criteria predicted by Meadows on sustainable development. These criteria are divided into three: ‘sustainable’, ‘critical’ and ‘destructive’. The first element evaluated in these predicted criteria is the increase in population. From the pace of the population increase observed in Turkey, it can be said that Turkey affects the sustainable development in a ‘destructive’ way. Other criteria, such as economic development, deforestation rate, the area of the forests and the density of the population show an inclination towards the ‘critical area’. Turkey, in terms of its agricultural development, self‐sufficiency rate and urban population, is to be found in the sustainable development range. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

The role of coal in energy production—Consumption and sustainable development of Turkey

Energy is one of the indispensable factors regarding the assurance of social prosperity and economic development of a country. The developing countries struggle to obtain energy sources reliable in the long term to complete their economic development, and the developed countries struggle to get them to keep their present prosperity levels. Coal seems to continue its indispensable position among the other energy sources for many years because of its production in more than 50 countries, the least effect it has from the price fluctuation and its usage lifespan of more than 200 years. The countries that are aware of it have investments in mining fields in the countries rich in coal reserves, and they continue investing considerable amount of money. In the projections of Turkey in 2020, the primary energy consumption is estimated to be 298 Mtoe, the production is estimated to be 70 Mtoe, the ratio of production to consumption will reduce to the level of 23.5%, and this situation will cause serious risks for sustainable development. In other words, Turkey will have to import 76.5% of the energy that it consumes in the 2020s. However, Turkey can reduce the rate of the external dependency to the level of 50% by using the hard coal reserve of 1.3 billion tons, the lignite reserve of 8.058 billion tons and renewable source of great potential.