Sustainable Coffee Production Research Articles

Application of Spectral Imaging and Vegetation Index in Latin American Coffee Production: A Systematic Mapping

ABSTRACTCoffee production is a crucial economic, social, and cultural pillar in Latin America, facing numerous challenges, including integrating technological advancements such as multispectral imaging. This approach offers multiple advantages for coffee production; however, a knowledge gap in the domain is the need to methodologically review the available empirical evidence to delineate the field and the study region. Therefore, this systematic mapping aims to map the scientific corpus of multispectral imagery and vegetation index implemented in coffee production in the Latin American region. The study followed the PRISMA protocol; 42 primary studies were analyzed to identify key trends and research gaps. The main result of this research is that NDVI emerged as the most widely used spectral index, with applications in estimating critical biophysical parameters such as biomass and chlorophyll content. Other indices such as GNDVI, NDRE, and SAVI also proved valuable in assessing coffee plant health and development. There was an emerging trend to integrate multispectral imaging with machine learning techniques, promising greater accuracy in data interpretation. The study also revealed a concentration of research efforts in selected Latin American countries, particularly Brazil, indicating opportunities to expand research in other coffee‐producing regions. The study's main conclusion is that multispectral imaging, mainly through vegetation index, has emerged as a valuable tool for phenological monitoring and management of coffee production, offering several advantages over traditional methods. Finally, this review contributes to the existing knowledge base and identifies future research directions for applying multispectral imagery to sustainable coffee production in Latin America.

Voluntary sustainability standards and technical efficiency of Honduran smallholder coffee producers

Sustainable coffee production promises to improve production techniques and enhance the socioeconomic conditions of smallholder farmers. Using primary survey data from 659 coffee producers in Honduras, this study assesses the impact of voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) on the technical efficiency of smallholder coffee production. The article uses the Stochastic Production Frontier Analysis model to analyze and compare the technical efficiency (TE) of certified and non-certified coffee producers. To provide reliable comparability between groups, the dataset was balanced using Covariate Balancing Propensity Score (CBPS). The results show that the mean technical efficiency was 52.86% for pooled certified farmers and 55.56% for non-certified smallholder coffee producers. Specifically, the technical efficiency of 4C farmers was 51.58%, 53.82% for the Fairtrade group, 60.56% for RA farmers, and 60.15% for the UTZ group, indicating substantial inefficiencies in the coffee production of the different certified groups. Results from Tobit’s model for the determinants of TE indicated that variables such as the age of the household head, access to credit, and training attendance are among the main factors that significantly drive the technical efficiency of certified and non-certified farmers. Based on the findings, enhancing education opportunities, improving infrastructure for better market access and farm management, and expanding credit access are recommended to improve efficiency in the study area. Honduran smallholder coffee producers have considerable potential to increase output with existing technology by improving their technical efficiency. Therefore, stakeholders’ efforts should focus on enhancing efficiency levels and capitalizing on potential gains for both certified and non-certified farmers, to ultimately improve the farmers’ livelihoods.

Explanatory Model for the Estimation of the Minimum Monoculture Planted Area for Coffee that would allow reaching a Living Income

This study's objective was the construction of an explicative model to determine the minimum area necessary to be planted in coffee, to afford a living income, on monoculture coffee farms. In the sustainable coffee production scenario, the annual net income of families is evaluated in function of the achievement of a decent standard of living for all of its members. The metric which makes this possible is called living income. Unfortunately, among small coffee farmers, there is a large gap between real net income and living income, which is a multidimensional phenomenon, affected by exogenous, difficult-to-control factors, such as area cultivated in coffee and its sale price, in addition to variables derived from productive models employed, such as productivity, costs, and farm food production. Due to it being a multifactorial phenomenon, data mining algorithms were applied (decision tree and random forest), in order to classify those farms that would close the gap between net and living income. Model iterations were performed on a dataset that gathered historical production cost, income, and cultivated area information from farms located in four Colombian departments. It was concluded that the variables which explain the gap in a monoculture coffee system are as follows: Area planted in coffee, productivity, and sale price.

A Review of Biochemical Factors Influencing Coffee Disease and Insect Pests Resistance

Coffee is a major crop in over 70 countries, with Ethiopia being one of the top coffee-producing countries in Africa. However, coffee is susceptible to various diseases and insect pests that can significantly reduce yields and affect coffee quality. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the biochemical contents of coffee and their mechanisms of resistance to diseases and insect pests, with a focus on the Ethiopian context. The biochemical contents of coffee, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenes, play a crucial role in its resistance to diseases and insect pests. These compounds can act as antimicrobial agents, inhibiting the growth of fungal pathogens and bacteria, and also exhibit insecticidal properties, repelling ants and other insects that can damage coffee plants.. The review highlights the importance of harnessing the power of coffee's biochemical contents to develop sustainable coffee production practices that can mitigate the impacts of disease and pest outbreaks, improve coffee quality, and promote the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. By understanding the biochemical factors that contribute to coffee's defense against diseases and pests, researchers and policymakers can work towards enhancing the resilience and productivity of the Ethiopian coffee industry, which plays a crucial role in the global coffee market.

Coffee Farmers' Obligations Response to 4C Certification in South OKU Regency South Sumatra Province, Indonesia

The increasing demand for certified coffee has encouraged coffee exporters in Indonesia to try to help and certify coffee in their areas. Sustainable standards and certification can encourage coffee farmers to implement GAP rather than economically, socially and environmentally sustainable coffee production, the standard code coffee community (4C) certification used globally reaches 1,768,272 tons. The study aimed to determine whether farmers agreed to the implementation of 4C coffee certification in South OKU Regency. The sample was made of coffee farmers in South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency located in Pulau Beringin and Runjung Agung Districts, taken randomly and measured using a Likert scale. The study results showed that farmers agreed to implement 4C, which is in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Regarding environmental aspects, several important things are overlooked, especially restrictions on the use of pesticides, considering that farmers are currently accustomed to using insecticides and herbicides.

Assessing the Impact of Voluntary Certification Schemes on Future Sustainable Coffee Production

Coffee production faces major sustainability issues and consumers increasingly look to choose certified coffee as awareness grows. While consumers’ understanding of sustainability issues is limited, independent voluntary certification schemes such as Fairtrade, Rainforest Alliance, and certified organic—three high-profile schemes—can play a role in future-proofing coffee production through standard-setting. These schemes can also inform consumers about sustainability issues from economic, environmental, and social perspectives, thus driving up demand for sustainably grown coffee, and supporting an enabling environment for farmers and coffee-producing countries to improve the status quo. Sustainably grown coffee ensures that farmers sustain production while protecting the environment and the income that farmers rely on to maintain their livelihood. Based on a thematic analysis and synthesis of previous studies, this paper examines the social, economic, and environmental effects of voluntary certification schemes for coffee production. It evaluates the current state of coffee production and explores how certification schemes can be effective in encouraging more sustainable practices among producers. Three major voluntary certification schemes are evaluated to identify the impacts on producers, including key barriers and enablers to comply with sustainability standards and to determine how fit-for-purpose certification schemes are in assuring future sustainable coffee production.

Physiological and Agronomical Response of Coffee to Different Nitrogen Forms with and without Water Stress.

Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient in coffee, with a direct impact on productivity, quality, and sustainability. N uptake by the roots is dominated by ammonium (NH4+) and nitrates (NO3-), along with some organic forms at a lower proportion. From the perspective of mineral fertilizer, the most common N sources are urea, ammonium (AM), ammonium nitrates (AN), and nitrates; an appropriate understanding of the right balance between N forms in coffee nutrition would contribute to more sustainable coffee production through the better N management of this important crop. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influences of different NH4-N/NO3-N ratios in coffee from a physiological and agronomical perspective, and their interaction with soil water levels. Over a period of 5 years, three trials were conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse with different growing media (quartz sand) and organic soil, with and without water stress, while one trial was conducted under field conditions. N forms and water levels directly influence physiological responses in coffee, including photosynthesis (Ps), chlorophyll content, dry biomass accumulation (DW), nutrient uptake, and productivity. In all of the trials, the plants group in soils with N ratios of 50% NH4-N/50% NO3-N, and 25% NH4-N/75% NO3-N showed better responses to water stress, as well as a higher Ps, a higher chlorophyll content, a higher N and cation uptake, higher DW accumulation, and higher productivity. The soil pH was significantly influenced by the N forms: the higher the NO3--N share, the lower the acidification level. The results allow us to conclude that the combination of 50% NH4-N/50% NO3-N and 25% NH4-N/75% NO3-N N forms in coffee improves the resistance capacity of the coffee to water stress, improves productivity, reduces the soil acidification level, and improves ion balance and nutrient uptake.

Colombian coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations: a taxonomic and functional survey of soil fungi

Fungi are essential players in the maintenance of global coffee productivity, but their taxonomic and functional diversity in tropical and subtropical soils of Latin America remains largely unexplored. To address this concern, soil fungi were surveyed in six farms in three traditional coffee-growing regions of Colombia (Cauca, Magdalena, and Risaralda). Five farms were organic and newly established (<1 to 15 years) with low shade, and one farm was under long-term conventional management (>30 years old) with higher shade cover. We used amplicon sequencing and functional prediction based on the FUNGuild annotation tool. Fungal community composition diverged among farms, with Mortierella (Mortierellomycota) and Saitozyma (Basidiomycota) among the most prevalent genera. Functional prediction revealed the predominance of saprotroph-symbiotroph and pathotroph fungi. The endophyte and litter decomposer Mortierella genus was dominant within the saprotrophs and symbiotrophs. The pathotroph community was characterized by insect pathogen species belonging to the Metarhizium (Ascomycota) genus. Indeed, M. anisopliae and M. marquandii were identified as indicator species in the conventional long-term shaded farm. This study revealed that coffee plantations studied sustain a diverse fungal community and nurture potentially beneficial species. Further studies are needed to elucidate how particular management practices can nourish beneficial fungi, suppress detrimental species, and promote more sustainable coffee production.

A comparison of life cycle assessment (LCA) of Andungsari Arabica coffee processing technologies towards lower environmental impact.

Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world, with most of the production managed by smallholders. Analyzing the current environmental impacts of coffee production processes and moving the sector towards lower impact systems, including options for industrial ecology (IE) is critical. The aim of IE for Sustainable Coffee Production (SCP) is primarily toward Zero Waste (ZW), while producing high-quality coffee products that could potentially access new environmentally-oriented markets. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied in this study to evaluate the environmental impacts of coffee production, from the farm through to various coffee products, focusing on Global Warming Potential (GWP). Data was obtained from a pilot plant operation at Andungsari Coffee Group – Bondowoso, Indonesia, for coffee production using Semi-wash (SW) and Full-wash (FW) processes, from Coffee Cherry Beans (CB) to Green Beans (GB), and Coffee Powder (CP). The novelty of this work was the assessment of the impact of SW and FW, which are not often distinguished by previous studies, and which offer possibilities for improving the grade of coffee products. Observation and experimental data were used to obtain data from production operations to identify the environmental impact and also the potential feedstocks for the production of biogas and other industrial ecology strategies for developing by-products. For both SW and FW the input of 3 tonnes of CB produced 512 kg CP. The LCA indicated that the GWP for 1 kg CP (CB to CP) from SW was 0.765 kg CO2-eq, and for FW was 0.741 kg CO2-eq. In the future, further consideration of alternative by-products will be undertaken in order to produce a more effective IE system towards SCP.

Developing Coffee Cherry Skin and Coffee Husk by Products as Sustainable Novel Food and Fuel

Coffee plantations can potentially support an integrated sustainable coffee production (SCP) system, particularly through the expanded utilization of by-products. Smallholders mostly manage coffee plantations in Indonesia. Coffee processing cannot avoid waste entirely. However, poor processing will increase waste. This research aims to utilize by-products (coffee skin) to create novel food (cascara) and potential fuel. The raw materials from Cherry skin (CS) and Husk skin (HS) are obtained from wet and dry coffee processes. This research conducts the process of sorting raw cascara and roasting it. TDS and pH are examined to measure the level of extraction, while a group of panelists assess the aroma, taste, and mouthfeel using a series of scaling points for justification. CS does not require sorting. However, HS is sorted into three sizes: 7.5mm, 6.5mm, and 5.5mm, respectively. In this study, 1,000g HS has an approximate size distribution of about 25% 7.5 mm, 15% 6.5 mm, and 20% 5.5 mm; the rest is dust and green beans (GB) coffee pixels. In conclusion, CS and HS were roasted to produce food products (cascara). About 2.5kg of raw HS is needed for 1kg feed HS (7.5mm and 6.5mm). HS measuring 5.5mm or below, and the remaining fraction of dust makes up about 54% of the raw feed and can be used as fuel (briquettes).

Increased efficiency fertilizers in arabica coffee growth in Vale do Ribeira, SP

Controlled-release fertilizers have been increasingly used. This study aimed to evaluate and adapt new technologies applied via soil for sustainable coffee production, in order to generate information that contribute to the technical innovation of the crop for the Vale do Ribeira region. The experiment was set at UNESP, in Registro – SP. The experimental design was in randomized blocks. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with four replications, with plots of six plants. Four doses (200, 300, 400 and 500 kg ha-1) of a mixed fertilizer 20-05-20 were used, with controlled release in six months, intended for coffee trees in formation and production, compared to the dose of 500 kg ha-1 of the conventional mixed fertilizer 20-05-20, ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate with boron, in addition to a control treatment, which did not receive NPK fertilization. The cultivar used was ‘Obatã IAC 1669’ in 3.0 x 0.6 m spacing. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of plagiotropic branches, number of nodes of plagiotropic branches, stem diameter, plant height and yield, in two harvest periods, besides the surface chemical characteristic of the soil. Increasing the dose of the slow-release fertilizer leads to greater plant growth; the coffee plant presents a highly responsive behavior to the increase in fertilizer doses in relation to nitrogen, and the use of the slow-release fertilizer Agroblen (20-05-20) 100% and ammonium sulfate + SS + KCl allows greater yield.

Computer Vision-Aided Intelligent Monitoring of Coffee: Towards Sustainable Coffee Production

Earlier, researchers have employed computer vision-based automatic fruit detection to estimate coffee yield at the time of harvest, however, studies on the on-plant quantification of the coffee fruit are scarce. In this study, the latest version of the state-of-the-art algorithm YOLOv7 (You Only Look Once) was used for the first time. YOLOv7 was trained with 324 annotated images of fruit bearing coffee branches followed by its evaluation with 82 annotated images as validation data (supervised method) and then tested through raw images (unannotated) as test data. Meanwhile, the K-means models were trained which led to machine-generated color classes of coffee fruit for semi-supervised image annotation. Consequently, the developed model efficiently analyzed the test data with an mAP@.5 (mean average precision) of 0.89. Strikingly, our innovative semi-supervised method with an mAP@.5 of 0.77 for multi-class mode surpassed the supervised method which had mAP@.5 of only 0.60, leading to faster and more accurate annotation. While testing the yield estimation of the model in two plots, an average error of 3.78% was recorded between the predicted (pre-harvest) and ground truth (harvest) data for binary class mode. The average error for multi-class data was recorded as 3.87% for green, 3.445% for green-yellow, 5.09% for cherry-raisin, and 2.51% for dry fruits. This AI-based technology when integrated with other tools such as UAV would efficiently remotely monitor coffee field for informed decision about irrigation, fertilizer application and other measures of timely field management, hence advancing precision agriculture. Moreover, this machine learning intelligent model can be tailored for various other fruit farming.

Analisis Peran Petani Kopi Sukamakmur Dalam Mewujudkan Kontinuitas Pasokan Kopi Yang Berkualitas Untuk Home Coffee Roastery Bogor

Indonesia has many rich natural resources, especially plantations and agriculture. This country has great potential and is considered the second largest producer in the world after Brazil. In addition, coffee agrotourism and coffee plantations promote sustainable aspects of tourism. Farmers are the main actors who play a role in increasing crop productivity. With demand for coffee increasing every year, how do farmers maintain continuity of coffee supply? This then became the basis for the birth of research entitled "Analysis of the Role of Sukamakmur Coffee Farmers in Realizing Continuous Supply of Quality Coffee for Home Coffee Roastery Bogor". The aim of this research is to analyze the role of farmers in realizing sustainable coffee production. This research brings qualitative closer. The data collection method was carried out by interviewing informants with direct field observation and documentation. The results of this research are seen from the aspect of farmers from the general community group in Sirnajaya Village, Sukamakmur Regency, who succeeded in producing quality coffee beans to supply at Home Coffee Roastery Bogor, by paying attention to the post-harvest process, special training for farmers, and prioritizing specific quality and quantity. Keywords : Coffee farmer, Productivity, Coffee Industry.

ThIRST: Targeted IRrigation Support Tool for sustainable coffee production

The Central Highlands of Vietnam is an important Robusta coffee growing region. However, the region is facing climate change impacts from rising temperatures and irregular rainfall, while Vietnamese coffee farmers predominantly rely on irrigation from heavily depleted aquifers. To continue productive and sustainable growth, this system requires an innovative approach to meet this hydrological challenge. Here we propose a user-friendly tool, which aims to support coffee farmers’ irrigation decisions, through the Targeted Irrigation Support Tool or ThIRST. ThIRST combines seasonal forecasts, on-farm metrics, and farmer’s expertise. The research comprises baseline (n = 400) and endline (n = 237) surveys of coffee farmers in Đắk Lắk and Lâm Đồng Provinces. Through the surveys, farmers’ irrigation needs and the applicability of the tool are evaluated. Despite low smartphone usage for farming advisory, the results show the tool allows coffee farmers to continually achieve water-use efficiency and adapt to climate variability. Involving farmers in the design, production and evaluation of climate services can improve the trust and uptake of agro-advisories and the way this information is communicated.

Socio-Environmental Impacts of Certifica Minas Café Program on Coffee Plantations in Southern Minas Gerais

The Certifica Minas Café (Minas Coffee Certification) is the only public program in Brazil for coffee plantation certification. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental and social impacts, as well as the best production practices on the properties that adopted the Certifica Minas Café certification program. The research sampled 46 certified properties, which were evaluated in the years 2013 and 2015, based on the same criteria used in the official audits of the program. The results demonstrate that certified properties tend to show significant improvements in the criteria for property management and capacity building of rural workers. On the other hand, certification adoption did not show significant changes in traceability and environmental responsibility despite the reduction of agrochemical pollution found on certified farms. The research also pointed out the challenges faced by program managers. However, we affirm that the Minas Gerais certification program is helpful, but adjustments are necessary to meet the objectives of sustainable coffee production.

COFFEE PRODUCTION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Coffee planters face competition with other cash crops and higher production costs. Besides that, the biggest issue in this sector is the labour required to select ripe coffee beans since not all beans in a single stalk of coffee mature simultaneously. Nonetheless, this well-known beverage is facing a sustainability dilemma. This paper uses previous studies on coffee production and sustainability in Malaysia. A continuous drop in global coffee prices has squeezed coffee growers and pushed many of them below the worldwide severe poverty level. This document discusses research on sustainability in the coffee industry, including past study findings, and makes various recommendations. These obstacles must be solved to achieve sustainable coffee production. All types of literature (including grey literature) were searched exploratively by including those published in the past ten years from 2011 to January 2022 and in the English language. The adoption of sustainable production practices is vital for ecosystem and biodiversity protection, as well as assuring long-term supply availability of coffee production in Malaysia. Implementing sustainability in the coffee certificate in Malaysia's coffee production system appears to be the most appropriate approach to addressing these challenges because it can synergise increasing productivity and farmers' income, implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation, and increasing farmer capability and credit access. The originality of this study is its reviews of how to sustain the coffee production in the Malaysian agriculture sector.

Constraints and Opportunities for Increased Coffee Productivity under Climate Change: A Case of Mzuzu Smallholder Coffee Planters Cooperative Union in Malawi

Coffee contributes significant income to economy of Malawi. Most smallholder farmers produce coffee cherry yield below 500 kg per hectare due to various challenges. Information on coffee farming household demographic characteristics, constraints and opportunities for high productivity, knowledge on climate change and indicators, and practices for adapting to effects of climate change on coffee is scarce. A survey was implemented in five coffee growers’ cooperatives under Mzuzu Coffee Planters Cooperative Union. Respondents (n = 372) were randomly selected and interviewed using a questionnaire. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Mean Derived Scores (MDS) were calculated in Microsoft excel. 74.7% of respondents were male, and belonged to male headed households (87.1%). Respondents (80.4%) were above 40 years old. Only 3.5% were in age category of 18-30. 87.6% of respondents were married. Mean number of individuals in a household was six. Majority of farmers (62.1%) attended primary education. Only 1.65 attended tertiary education. Pests and diseases was the major constraint to high coffee cherry yield productivity (MDS = 4.4). Favourable environmental conditions can contribute towards high coffee productivity (MDS = 4.6). Unpredictable rainfall was the first indicator of climate change (MDS = 5.0). Death of plants (MDS = 5.5) and low cherry yield (MDS = 4.6) are important effects of climate change on coffee. Farmers intercropped coffee with shade trees (MDS = 5.0) to adapt to effects of climate change. Government and development partners should promote minority groups, and agroforestry systems such as intercropping coffee with bananas in order to adapt to effects of climate change and ensure high productivity and sustainable coffee production.

Volatile fingerprinting, sensory characterization, and consumer acceptance of pure and blended arabica coffee leaf teas

Coffee leaves contain several bioactive compounds and have been traditionally consumed as a medicinal infusion in the East for centuries. Coffee production generates large amounts of leaves as by-products, which are often wasted in most producing countries because of the low acceptability in the West. Nevertheless, processing and blending coffee leaves may increase aroma and flavor complexity. This study evaluated the volatile and sensory profiles and consumer acceptance of coffee leaf teas compared to two among the most consumed teas (black and maté teas) in Rio de Janeiro. Infusions were made with one experimental and one commercial coffee leaf tea (CLT), two black teas (BT), and one toasted maté tea (TMT) for volatile (GC–MS/MS) and sensory profiles. As an attempt to improve coffee leaf tea acceptance, CLT were also blended (50%) with BT or TMT. Acceptance, Check All That Apply (CATA), and Projective Mapping sensory tests were performed with untrained assessors aged 18–49 (n = 100). Volatile data were standardized by centering and normalization. Sensory data were treated by ANOVA/Fisher test, PCA, and AHCMFA, considering differences at p < 0.05. Ninety-two volatile compounds distributed in 12 classes were identified in different samples. CLT, BT, and TMT infusions shared 19 compounds, including 9 potential impact compounds for aroma and flavor: α-ionone, β-ionone, hexanal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, trans-linalool oxide, linalool, and dihydroactinidiolide. The most cited flavor attributes for CLT infusions were herbs/green leaf, woody and refreshing. For TMT and BT, herbs/green leaf, woody, burnt, and fermented were the most cited. These attributes agreed with the volatile profiles. CLT shared 22 compounds with TMT and 28 with BT. Considering pure infusions, TMT presented the highest mean acceptance scores (6.7), followed by Com. and Exp. CLT (6.1 and 5.8, on a 9-point-hedonic scale, respectively). Blending with TMT increased mean acceptance of Exp. CLT (6.4), while blending with BT, downgraded the mean acceptance of Com. CLT (5.3). In Projective Mapping, CLT was considered to have a higher sensory resemblance with TMT than BT. If produced adequately, CLT was shown to have good market potential to support sustainable coffee production and promote health.

SDGs trade‐offs associated with voluntary sustainability standards: A case study from the coffee sector in Costa Rica

AbstractThe transition toward a more sustainable agricultural production has become an essential step in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs), launched by the United Nations in 2015. Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) have been proposed as a useful governance tool for guiding this transition. Thus, this article uses a case study from the coffee sector in Costa Rica to assess the contribution of VSSs to the achievement of the SDGs. We rely on panel data from coffee producers captured between 2017 and 2019 to carry out this assessment. Results of the statistical analysis suggest that VSSs alone are not enough to promote a transition to a more sustainable coffee production, as trade‐offs between the contributions of VSSs to the different SDGs emerge. If the VSSs are to promote sustainable practices among producers while ensuring socioeconomic benefits for producers, workers, and their families, implementation modifications are required.

Copper and silver nanoparticles control coffee rust: decrease the quantity of sprayed active ingredients and is an alternative for sustainable coffee production

Copper and silver nanoparticles control coffee rust: decrease the quantity of sprayed active ingredients and is an alternative for sustainable coffee production