Sustainable Coastal Management Research Articles

Coastal Geomorphology and Geospatial Beach Profile Assessment for East Coast Monsoonal Coastlines.

The main concern for this research is slope estimation and the beach profiling with verification sensor-based remotely data (high spatial resolution). Thus, surveying and satellite extraction data need to be accurat. It had been proven to support the relationship between coastal erosion with beach slope changes along Kuantan, Pahang. Therefore, the actual coastline can be mapped from last vegetation features and determine physical condition of beach on coastal habitable land where the baseline has been changes due to sea-level rise event. Hence, the aim of this study is to monitor beach profile using high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery and GIS techniques to distinguish slope estimation from different sources in Kuantan, Pahang Site-verification are done to identify beach slope profiling along Kuantan coastline, Pahang. The objectives of this research are i) to generate coastal slope estimation and beach profile in year 2006 and 2014, ii) to quantify the estimated and observed beach slope from IFSAR data and slope site surveying (by NAHRIM) and iii) to visualise in 3-D view of coastal slope profile derived using IFSAR data. The accuracy values provided for the measurements made in open area, undisturbed area with slopes less than 10 %. From early reconnaissance of Kuantan beach, most of the area are flat and sandy profile to which are suitable for this application. Besides, we found out this method are reliable to produce appropriate slope profile along identified areas in selected Pahang coastline. The findings may indicated a better strategy for monitoring coastline changes is needed especially for vulnerable coastal erosion areas for future sustainable coastal management.

Coastalization patterns in the Mediterranean: a spatiotemporal analysis of coastal urban sprawl in tourism destination areas

Under the current climate change scenery, coastalization, i.e. a linear-type of urban sprawl along the coastal zone, has become a key planning and policy concern at a global scale. Such a coastal urban sprawl trend seems to be further intensifying by, among others, mass tourism development in coastal destinations. This is evident by the abundance of relevant examples, being detected, among others, in the Mediterranean region. Taking into consideration the extreme pressure of the coastalization trend on land/marine ecosystems and its impacts on sustainability and resilience objectives, the focus of this research is on the development of a spatiotemporal and data-driven methodological approach that is capable of quantifying the dynamics of coastal urban sprawl. The proposed approach is grounded on a set of spatial metrics and a combination of the multitemporal Global Human Settlement Layer and the Corine Land Cover data; and is tested in four Mediterranean highly-rated tourism destinations in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. The variation of spatial metrics along different time spots and distinct distance buffers from the coast, unveils diversifying coastalization typologies and urban sprawl patterns; and provides input for more informed and place-based policy decisions on sustainable coastal land management. The proposed approach is easily replicable to other coastal regions as well for capturing/quantifying aspects of urban sprawl and coastalization dynamics and supporting relevant evidence-based decision-making.

Variables that induce coastal squeeze, case study: Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico

Coastal squeeze describes a dynamic process in which sea level rise and concomitant variables (e.g., increased storms, coastal subsidence) shift coastal habitats to land. The presence of hard structures of anthropogenic origin along the coasts can also create static artificial margins between land and sea, restricting coastal habitats to a narrow area. Ground level rise with respect to the coastal plain, which can be caused by an interrupted hydro-sedimentary flow, can also form added natural barriers. In particular, the coast of Mexico is vulnerable to sea level rise, however, other faster processes could be inducing coastal oppression/squeeze to a greater extent, such as subsidence, extreme hydrometeorological phenomena, changes in land use and erosion derived from sediment retention in the upper coastal basins. The aim of this study is analyzed coastal oppression along the coast for Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico, by finding its determining variables based on a literature review and analysis of open access databases. The processes analyzed correspond to changes in land use, the incidence of storms and the presence of hard structures, among other factors, which have increased rapidly in the study area in recent years and have caused the loss of coastal ecosystems. Ultimately, this work aims to generate a method that can quantitatively measure the effects of coastal oppression in different coastal areas. The resulting method serves as a tool for decision-making and sustainable coastal management. Keywords: coastal zone, land use change, incidence of storms, Gulf of Mexico, Campeche.

An update on the remote sensing applications for sustainable coastal management

Sea surface salinity, sea surface temperature and oil spills in coastal zone observations are significant geophysical parameters in the Earth’s weather and climate system. These are critical for understanding dispersion and biogeochemical interaction between marine and land ecosystems. Coastal habitats such as wetlands, mangroves, seagrass beds, salt marshes, estuaries, coral reefs and sand beaches provide invaluable benefits to marine life and humans. Natural calamities such as tropical cyclones, coastal flooding and turbidity impact coastal ecosystems. Anthropogenic activities like aquaculture, infrastructure development, tourism services and ship mooring severely affect coastal habitats. The restoration and conservation of these coastal habitats are essential to achieve sustainable coastal management to protect natural resources and the global environment. Traditional methods of sampling and monitoring the marine habitats have various limitations as they are very costly and time-consuming as well as have less spatial coverage making it impossible to investigate the whole ecosystem. With the advancement of earth observation capabilities in recent decades, remote sensing technology has expanded to include a wide range of issues including biophysical parameter inversion and ecosystem process characterization. Remote sensing technology has been extensively utilized to map the coastline and it has the potential to update maps continuously. So, this study provides a comprehensive update on the remote sensing technologies that have been providing immense services to monitor and analyze coastal habitat changes.

Segments of Tourists' Behavioral Responses To Single-use Plastic Waste at Beaches

Though single-use plastic waste remains a global challenge, there is little knowledge on tourists' behavioral responses to single-use plastic waste. Underpinned by the value-belief-norm theory, and with a sample of 603 tourists in Ghana and analyzed with the two-step cluster technique, this study characterizes tourists' behavioral response to single-use plastic waste. Three segments of tourists' behavioral responses to single-use plastic waste emerged, namely leavers, swappers, and unresponsives. The leavers react to single-use plastic waste by leaving the beach and not visiting any beach at the destination while the swappers substitute the beach with others. The unresponsives are unconcerned and do not react to the presence of single-use plastic waste. The three segments are characterized by unique environmental values and some sociodemographic and travel characteristics including sex, age, educational attainment, type of tourists, and repeat visit status. The implications of these findings in the context of sustainable coastal destination management are discussed.

Flood Resilience, Viability, and Growth Response to Seawater Immersion of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.)

A holistic approach to sustainable coastal zone management assigns the development of nature-based and low-cost strategies for coastal protection during extreme meteorological events. This determines the growing interest in plant species with high salt tolerance, and the study of their flood resilience in order to determine their capacity for flooding and erosion control. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), with its vast rhizome system, has the major characteristic features of useful plant stabilisers of coastal sand dunes. This study aims to define the effects of flooding stress caused by storms on viability, survival ability, and growth response of bermudagrass in flooding simulations in order to define its flooding resilience. C. dactylon showed high resilience and tolerance to salt from seawater during flooding simulations. The Critical Decomposition Time of C. dactylon is estimated at 144 h, which is more than the maximum-duration flood recorded for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Untreated rhizomes showed less viability than those treated with seawater in flooding simulations. Changes in resistance, viability, biomass, and vegetative allocation were more significant, with the water as an influencing factor. The temperature of seawater and duration of submergence had no significant effect. As a median value species between psammophytes from the Poaceae family and the Cyperaceae family, bermudagrass can be used as a model plant in flooding simulations.

Consistency assessment of multi-date PlanetScope imagery for seagrass percent cover mapping in different seagrass meadows

Seagrass percent cover is a crucial and influential component of the biophysical characteristics of seagrass beds and is a key parameter for monitoring seagrass conditions. Therefore, the availability of seagrass percent cover maps greatly assists in sustainable coastal ecosystem management. This research aimed to assess the consistency of PlanetScope imagery for seagrass percent cover mapping using two study areas, namely Parang Island and Labuan Bajo, Indonesia. Assessing the consistency of the PlanetScope imagery performance in seagrass percent cover mapping helps understand the effects of variations in the image quality on its performance in monitoring changes in seagrass cover. Percent cover maps were derived using object-based image analysis (image segmentation and random forest) and pixel-based random forest algorithm. Accuracy assessment and consistency analysis were conducted on the basis of the following three approaches: overall accuracy consistency, agreement percentage and consistent pixel locations. Results show that PlanetScope images can fairly consistently map seagrass percent cover for a specific area across different dates. However, these images produced different levels of accuracy when used for mapping in seagrass meadows with various characteristics and benthic cover complexities. The mapping accuracy (OA–overall accuracy) and consistency (AP–agreement percentage) in patchy seagrass meadows (Parang Island, mean OA 18.4%–38.6%, AP 44.1%–70.3%) are different from those in continuous seagrass meadows (Labuan Bajo, OA 43.0%–56.2%, and AP 41.8%–55.8%). Moreover, PlanetScope images are consistent when used for mapping seagrasses with low and high percent covers but strive to obtain good consistency for medium percent cover due to the combination of seagrass and non-seagrass in a pixel. Furthermore, images with relatively similar image acquisition conditions (i.e., winds, aerosol optical depth, signal-to-noise ratio, and sunglint intensity) produce better consistency. The OA is related to the image acquisition conditions, whilst the AP is related to variation in these conditions. Nevertheless, PlanetScope is still the best high spatial resolution image that provides daily acquisition and is highly beneficial for various applications in tropical areas with persistent cloud coverage.

Post Tsunami Land Use Monitoring to Support Sustainable Coastal Management

Monitoring of land use in tsunami prone coastal areas has an important role in disaster risk reduction efforts. This study was conducted to map temporal land use patterns in the post-2004 tsunami Aceh coastal area. The research method was carried out qualitatively, the data were analyzed spatially, by interpreting multitemporal Landsat TM 5 and Landsat 8 imagery to determine patterns and changes in land use. Interpretation and analysis of land use are carried out with supervised classification through the maximum likelihood approach. The results showed that land use patterns in tsunami prone areas, namely around the coast, were still widely used as residential areas. This study shows that over the past 15 years there has been an increase in the number of settlements covering an area of ​​7418.9796 hectares, and there has been a decrease in open land covering an area of ​​6743.73 hectares. While land use in the form of high density vegetation experienced an increase of 672.76 Ha, likewise low density vegetation increased by 459.11 Ha after the tsunami. The growth of settlements in a fairly dense tsunami-prone area can have implications for the high impact / risk if a similar disaster occurs again. Efforts to regulate, monitor, control and evaluate land use appropriately in tsunami prone areas are necessary so that the level of disaster risk can be reduced.

Delineation of sensitive coastal zone of northern Ramanathapuram coast, Tamilnadu, India, using a GIS approach

This research aims to assess the sensitive coastal zones by analyzing the shoreline changes such as accretion and erosion in the eastern coastal part of Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study focused on Mandapam, Pirappanvalsai, Enmanamcondam, Nagachi, Terbogi, Athyuthu, Chitrakkottai, Pathengal, Attangarai, Alagankulam, and Devipattinam villages. Some of these areas are distinguished as highly sensitive ecological zone. The erosion of an area leads to irreplaceable disturbances to nature. Hence, erosion and accretion studies are top priorities when studying the coastal area. In addition to GIS technology, which has been widely used in the past 20 years, the End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) analyses were conducted to better understand the shoreline changes. The stability of the coastal region was analyzed by observing the slope variations of the beach during the profile survey. In the study, we analyzed that the Quaternary deposits of sand are the dominant geological feature of the study area. Coral reefs and salt pans are highly distributed along the coastal stretch. The coast of Mandapam village has been detected as a highly sensitive region, with an average erosion rate of −3.1 m/yr and an average accretion rate of 1.22 m/yr, resulting in high erosion and low accretion. The coast is a steep coast with an average slope angle of 0.24°. This study provides insight into sustainable coastal zone management.

Emerging Downdrift Erosion by Twin Long-Range Jetties on an Open Mesotidal Muddy Coast, China

Downdrift shoreline recession associated with the construction of a shore-crossing hard structure represents one of coastal erosional hotspots that must be addressed for an integrated, sustainable coastal zone management. To prevent siltation within the navigation channel, two rubber-mounted jetties were installed at the Sheyang River mouth on the open mesotidal muddy coast in Jiangsu province, China, in October 2013. The north jetty is 7.9 km long, while the south jetty is 7.8 km long. The net longshore sediment transport is from the north to the south due to flood-tide dominance. As disclosed by high-resolution satellite images, a 36-km-long downdrift shoreline stretch had experienced remarkable retreats at alongshore varying rates by March 2019. The eroding shoreline planform does not resemble a classic “S” shape, a crescentic shape, or a parabolic shape but an irregularly indented curved shape. Transect topographic survey also reveals an almost immediate response of the downdrift coast from the original accretionary scenery to an erosional regime, with the erosion front translocating downcoast at a much faster speed than a normal speed of 1–1.5 km/yr. Using FVCOM and SWAN, 2DH process-based numerical simulations are performed to simulate the flow, the sediment transport, and the yearly-magnitude accretion/erosion distribution in the jetty-affected area by a representative tidal force and an annual-magnitude wave force. The results demonstrate that the reciprocal tidal flow is predominantly responsible for the muddy sediment accretions at downdrift intertidal and surf zones shallower than a 4.0-m isobath, whereas big wind waves play a decisive role in triggering and developing the downdrift erosional process. The predicted spatial extent of the downdrift erosional segment matches closely the actual eroding front. The loss of the net annual longshore sediment transport volume, i.e., 3.08 million m3 due to the blockage by the twin jetties is recovered from a much larger spatial extent than the 36-km-long retreating shoreline stretch. With regard to the Bruun model, the one-line model, the headland-bay model, and the 2DH numerical model, the potential maximum recession length and the planform shape of the downdrift erosional shoreline arc are further elaborated to gain new insights into the spatial and temporal impact of a hard structure on the adjacent shoreline and flat (beach).

Factors influencing coastal land cover change and corresponding impact on habitat quality in the North-western Coastline of Guinea-Bissau (NC-GB)

Coastal zones are transitional and inter-connected areas between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Changes in coastal zones will inevitably have implications on coastal habitat quality which provide appropriate conditions for individual and population to live. Habitat quality is degraded either directly or indirectly as a result of land use increases and the intensification of natural hazards. Moreover, quantitative assessment studies to clarify the impact of coastal land cover change on habitat quality have rarely been implemented. Therefore, we first combined the Habitat Quality Model (HQM) with Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), to investigate the main factors influencing coastal habitat quality change and estimate the habitat degradation index over the four decades in the NC-GB. The results indicated that, between 1979 and 2020 a complicated series of land cover change occurred in the study area, affecting a total area of nearly 377 km2. All the coastal land cover displayed geomorphological alteration of 12.52% erosion, 39.61% accretion and moderate changes of 47.74%. The conversion of saltmarsh, coastal forest and mangroves into cultivated, residential and sand dune were the main responsible for coastal habitat quality change. Saltmarsh was the most degraded with 38% in 1979 to 51% in 2020, followed by coastal forests 25%–37% degraded. Mangroves showed significant improvement of 12%–5% degraded, respectively. The study concluded that anthropogenic factors were the main processes driving change in the quality of coastal habitats. Therefore, measures should be taken to control the two main land conversion such as cultivation and residential. These findings support the clear definition of priorities for sustainable coastal zone management, in order to decrease vulnerability and increase resilience of the coastal communities.

Assessment of Sea Level and Morphological Changes along the Eastern Coast of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the climate risk-prone countries in South Asia facing tremendous challenges to combat sea-level rise and its associated coastal morphological changes. This study aimed to determine the interaction of the sea-level rise and morphological changes, particularly at Cox’s Bazar and Kutubdia Island along the eastern coast of Bangladesh. Available hourly tide gauge data, daily temperature, daily rainfall data, and 15 LANDSAT satellite images for the period of 1983–2016 were analyzed to examine the sea level shore morphological change and associated climate change phenomenon. First, we identified the historical nonlinear sea-level trend using Hilbert-Huang Transformation (HHT) based on the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) technique. We divided the study period into three distinct sea-level change periods of 1983–1993, 1993–2003, and 2003–2014 based on nonlinear sea-level trend analysis. The study revealed that the sea level on the east coast of Bangladesh had a moderate rising trend during 1983–1993, slight decrease during 1993–2003, and steep rising trend during 2003–2014. We also observed that a sea-level change within a particular period impacted the shore morphological change after approximately two years, such that the average sea-level change during the period of 1993–2003 might have affected the shore morphology for 1996–2005. Alarming shore erosion was found for the period of 2005–2016 compared to the previous periods of 1989–1996 and 1996–2005 for both Cox’s Bazar and Kutubdia Island. The shore morphology of some segments was also substantially affected due to the geometric shape of the land, significant waves, and shore protection works. This study encourages policymakers to minimize the threats of sea-level rise and ensure sustainable coastal management strategies are introduced to sustain the vital eastern coast of Bangladesh.

Geochemical characteristics of strontium isotopes in a coastal watershed: implications for anthropogenic influenced chemical weathering and export flux.

Coastal watershed are essential in transporting dissolved loads from terrestrial biogeochemical process of surface environment to the adjacent oceans. The solute chemistry of coastal river water contains significant information about environmental processes under the impact of both natural lithology and anthropogenic pressure. In this study, strontium (Sr) isotopes and water chemistry data of the Jiulongjiang (JLJ) river water were analyzed in detail to trace the contribution of bedrock weathering, and quantify Sr flux to the East China Sea (ECS). The dissolved Sr contents ranged 0.07–0.90 μmol L−1 and greatly fluctuated where tributaries encountered, and 87Sr/86Sr values relatively fluctuated between 0.7140 and 0.7514. Silicate weathering was identified to be the predominant contribution of riverine dissolved loads. Strontium flux to the ocean in dry season was estimated to be 689.2 tons per year, implying an essential influence on oceanic strontium evolution. In accordance with forward model, the silicate weathering rate and CO2 consumption rate were 55.7 tons km−2 per year and 16.9 × 105 mol km−2 per year, respectively, slightly higher than world average. Considering anthropogenic impacts alongside the river, the integrated effect of lower runoff and longer retention time of river water in dry season may aggravate weathering processes. Although CO2 sink by silicate weathering in JLJ seems less than the sink in world’s central reservoirs, it should still be taken into consideration for coastal carbon budget. These findings highlight the use of geochemical characteristics of strontium and its isotopes in identifying weathering process and output flux to the ocean, which provides basic data for sustainable coastal water resource management.

Assessment of Coastal Landscape Along Kelantan Coast Using Geospatial Techniques

Abstract The social and economic development from the coastal area benefits human life. However, growing human and environmental pressures at coastal areas also bring significant impacts on coastal erosion and coastline changes. Nowadays, geospatial technology which utilized remote sensing and GIS techniques has been widely used to detect coastal erosion for controlling the development and coastal region sustainability. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the coastal erosion and accretion for the potential risk zone based on the characteristics of the landscape and land use land cover (LULC) at the Kelantan Coast using land use classification and GIS spatial interpolation techniques. In this study, the vulnerability level of the coastal profile at the Kelantan coast was determined from the beach profile survey and the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method. Then, the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) along a 1 km buffer zone were classified by performing a supervised classification method on Sentinel 2 satellite images year 2020. The effect of these parameters on coastal erosion was determined from separated five management units (MU 1, MU 2, MU 3, MU 4, MU 5) along the Kelantan Coast based on the Malaysian Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). It is found that MU 3 (0.8%) and MU 5 (0.6%) were the area with the lowest average slope profile percentages which is located at Pantai Sabak and Pantai Kemayang respectively. Thus, the infrastructure, LULC and coastal communities in Pantai Sabak and Pantai Kemayang were potentially vulnerable to erosion. This finding supports the significant use of geospatial techniques of important decision-making to protect and mitigate steps toward sustainable coastal management along the coastline.

Coastal landform changes on the east coast of Sri Lanka using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques

Coastal landforms are constantly changed due to both natural and anthropogenic forces. An attempt is made to analyze short-term coastal landform changes on the east coast of Sri Lanka using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Such landform changes can be classified as either negative (e.g. erosion) or positive (e.g. accretion) impacts. Surface reflectance images of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI/TIRS) were analyzed for extracting spatial and temporal changes, based on cross-shore profile analysis and geomorphic change detection. In this study, we developed a novel script model built-in ArcMap for image pre-processing and processing. This model covers six functioning areas of mosaic, land feature extraction, cloud layer generation, vectorization, cloud masking, and smoothing. The green band and mid-infrared images were selected due to the largest reflectance difference between water and non-water bodies. These images have proceeded with modified normalized difference water index (i.e. algorithm of the script model for extracting water and land features). We also quantified the landform changes such as net shoreline movement, shoreline change envelope, endpoint rate, and linear regression rate, using a digital shoreline analysis system (i.e. statistical software combined with ArcMap™). Therefore, landform changes were classified as erosion (>–2.5 m/year), minor seasonal changes (−2.5 m/year to +2.5 m/year), accretion (>+2.5 m/year), based on the annual variations of endpoint rate (i.e. the distance between the oldest and the youngest shorelines to particular time interval). We visualized spatial and temporal coastal landform changes along the east of Sri Lanka, and also identified short-term landform change drives such as tsunamis, cyclones, and anthropogenic activities (e.g. engineering constructions). These landform changes were observed with a global positioning system (GPS)-based field survey. The understanding of such impacts can be directly applied to sustainable coastal zone management.

The wedge clam Donax trunculus L., 1758 as a bioindicator of microplastic pollution

This study describes the use of D. trunculus as a bioindicator of microplastic (MPs) pollution due to beach urbanization related to the development of the Taghazout Bay tourist resort in Morocco. In six sites located on the coast, MPs densities ranged from 1.75 to 5.93 items per gram of D. trunculus wet weight. MPs contamination was significantly influenced spatiotemporally by the urbanization degree in the area. The shapes found were fibers (90.5%) and fragments (9.5%). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis reported two polymers: polyethylene (65%) and polypropylene (35%). MPs colors were dark and light, with a predominance of light blue (23.8%). The species ingested different sizes of MPs, mainly the 0.1 and 0.5 mm fractions. Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM/EDX) revealed weathered MPs with chemical elements adhered to their surface (Cu, Fe, Mg, S, Cl, etc.). The results of this study recommend the use of D. trunculus as a new bioindicator of MPs pollution following an urban change in the coastal scenery. Also, a sustainable coastal management must be implemented in the study area.

Future sediment exchange between the Dutch Wadden Sea and North Sea Coast - Insights based on ASMITA modelling

The sediment exchange between the Dutch Wadden Sea and the North Sea coastal zone is of key importance to Dutch coastal management. Net sediment import from the coastal zone to the Wadden Sea results in coastal erosion which needs to be compensated through nourishments. At the same time net sediment import is the source of sediment for the intertidal flats in the Wadden Sea to adapt to sea level rise (SLR). Understanding the current and future sediment exchange is therefore essential for sustainable coastal management. Insights in the sediment exchange directly influence the coastal nourishment strategies applied to the Dutch coasts.Projections of the future sediment exchange between the Dutch Wadden Sea and the North Sea are established using the aggregated morphodynamic model ASMITA for five sea level rise scenarios, viz. the present rate of 2 mm/yr and accelerated rates of 4, 6, 8 and 17 mm/yr in 2100. The differences in the projected import rates between the five sea level rise scenarios until 2100 are not as large as the differences in sea level rise rates may suggest. For the Eastern part of the Dutch Wadden Sea, where the morphology is near its dynamic equilibrium, the projected import rate in 2100 varies with a factor 3 (300%), for sea level rise rates from 2 to 17 mm/yr (factor 8.5, 850%). In the western part of the Dutch Wadden Sea, where the morphology is still far from equilibrium due to the closure of the Zuiderzee, the projected import rate in 2100 varies a factor 1.45 (145%) for these sea level rise rates. For the total Dutch Wadden Sea this is a factor 1.7 (170%). The projected increase of the import rate until 2100 with respect to the present situation (2020) is up to a factor 1.45 (145%) for the highest sea level rise scenario, which is significant but not substantial.

Ecological carrying capacity and sustainability assessment for coastal zones: A novel framework based on spatial scene and three-dimensional ecological footprint model

The ecological carrying capacity (ECC) assessment in coastal zones is essential for sustainable coastal management, but there remains a lack of a more effective assessment method to be applied across broad contexts. In this study, we proposed the concept of spatial scene, a geographical unit with a coordinate position, and high unification in social-economic attributes, land cover, ecological function, and externalities, to substitute for the land use/land cover (LULC) in the traditional three-dimensional ecological footprint (EF3D) model, thereby establishing a novel framework for coastal ECC (CECC) assessment. The coastal zone of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) was chosen to examine the applicability and reliability of our framework. Results showed that the CECC estimated by spatial scene in the study area reached 0.1877 gha per capita, totaled 3.99 million gha in 2019, and the scenes of marine capture and forest provided the largest CECC. The per capita ecological footprint size (EFsize), ecological footprint depth (EFdepth), and EF3D reached 0.1684 gha, 14.35, and 2.42 gha, respectively, representing unsustainable development in the GBA coastal zone. The EF3D mainly distributed in scenes of grassland, forest, industrial, marine capture, coastal intertidal and offshore (CIO) port-shipping, traffic station, dryland, and CIO industrial-urban, while only the scenes of services and CIO tourism-entertainment were within CECC and therefore sustainable. Hong Kong, Huizhou, and Dongguan had the largest per capita EF3D. Compared to our results, the CECC and EFsize estimated by the traditional EF3D model were respectively 18% and 6% lower, while their EFdepth and EF3D were respectively 21% and 13% higher, which should be attributed to the significant differences in classification standard and scale between spatial scene and LULC. Our results showed higher correlations and more significant relationships with total gross domestic product (GDP), marine GDP, and main energy EF than those based on the traditional LULC, indicating a better reflection of the economic development status, energy consumption structure, and marine economic development modes by our framework. It is recommended to accelerate the industrial transformation and upgrading, and strengthen the conservation of ecological, agricultural, and marine space, in order to promote the sustainable development of GBA coastal zone. Our study revealed that our framework is capable of serving as a more effective and accurate method for assessing CECC and sustainability.

Decadal beach-dune profile monitoring along a 230-km high-energy sandy coast: Aquitaine, southwest France

Large-scale coastal monitoring programs are challenging to maintain over time but are necessary to understand and further predict complex coastal evolution and resilience. The 230 km-long Aquitaine coast is a high-energy meso-macrotidal coast composed of beach-dune systems showing dramatic morphological changes at seasonal and interannual scales. This study investigates the alongshore variability in beach-dune response based on a unique 11-year dataset of 41 spaced transects surveyed yearly in spring. The dataset is completed by interspersed autumn LiDAR surveys for seasonal analysis. Several beach-dune morphological descriptors are developed, such as beach-dune volume, beach width and different shoreline proxies delimiting the intertidal zone, the beach face and the dune face. The Aquitaine beach-dune system is characterised by a north-south gradient, from chronically eroding dunes backing low-elevation dissipative beaches in the north, to slowly accreting dunes backing wide beaches in the south, through a range of intermediate beach-dune states. Time- and spatially-averaged shoreline (dune foot position) trend is −0.5 m/year (erosion), with local variations ranging from −5.9 m/year to +2.1 m/year. During the 2013–2014 winter widespread erosion was observed, with the shoreline eroding by 13 m and 8 m on average along the Gironde and Landes coasts, respectively. This dataset provides insight into the timing, magnitude and spatial variability of beach-dune recovery from the outstandingly erosive 2013–2014 winter. We also show that local beach-dune volume is a good proxy for long-term shoreline trend. It is advocated that such large-scale coastal monitoring by means of single beach profiles spaced and distributed along 10–100 km of coast is a cheap and efficient approach to address coastal changes at regional scale, which can bring complementary information to aerial photographs interpretation to determine long-term shoreline evolution trend and thus contribute to support sustainable coastal management and planning.

Optimalisasi Tata Kelola Berkelanjutan Destinasi Wisata Pantai Tete: Studi Kasus Area Pantai Militer

Sustainable Tourism Management has now become one of the main targets in environmental conservation. Including coastal tourism management through Ecotourism. The purpose of this study is to describe the evaluation of proper governance in optimizing the potential of Tete beach in Bone Regency of South Sulawesi to become a sustainable tourist destination. This study uses descriptive qualitative approach and uses observation, interviews, and documentation in collecting the data. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling. The steps in analyzing the data are data processing, data analysis, and interpretation of results. The results show that the governance and the management of Tete Beach are not properly conceptualized. And so far, Tete beach management is still not optimal. These affect the local community income. Tete beach is commonly used as a military training are by TNI. Therefore it is necessary to have good planning in developing Tete beach to become a sustainable mainstay tourist destination. Eventually, good coordination is needed from the regional government, the TNI, the private sector, and the local community to increase the income of local community.
 Keywords: Optimization, Sustainable Coastal Management, Tete Beach.