Sustainable Coastal Management Research Articles

Investigation of the applicability of the microwave image to complement the optical image for the preparation of a coastal configuration map

The coastal area, being the transition zone between the sea and land, is a country's most diverse and dynamic zone in terms of its environment and economy. A variety of economic activities revolve around this region. Mapping the dynamic coastal configuration is an essential tool for sustainable coastal zone management. Satellite remote sensing offers excellent resources for monitoring and mapping coastal zones. Microwave remote sensing images, in tandem with optical remote sensing imagery, can be used for mapping coastal configurations. However, both images have some limitations. In this context, the present article explores the integrated use of microwave images to supplement optical images to overcome these limitations and generate a coastline configuration map. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 11, No. 1, April 2024: 47-51

Spatiotemporal distribution of mangrove along the Egyptian Red Sea coast and analysis of hydrological impact on growth patterns

AbstractThis study presents an in-depth spatiotemporal analysis of mangrove ecosystems along Egypt’s Red Sea coast, utilizing satellite imagery and GIS to examine changes from 2003 to 2022. We evaluate the effects of hydrological factors, specifically rainfall and runoff -presented by Stream Power Index-, on mangrove growth patterns. Results indicate a significant increase in mangrove areas, with a notable annual growth rate, despite a reduction in a specific region. This research highlights the integral role of catchment area runoff (R2 = 0.735, R = 0.857, P-value = 0.003 < 0.05, CV = 70.26%), rather than direct rainfall, in mangrove expansion, contributing to the understanding of mangrove resilience and informing sustainable coastal management strategies. The study bridges a significant research gap by mapping decadal mangrove changes, offering insights into the dynamics affecting these crucial ecosystems.

Observations of wave run-up affected by dune scarp during storm conditions: a two dimensional large-scaled movable bed experiment

Artificial dunes serve as essential nature-based defenses against the increasing threats posed by climate change and rising sea levels along coastal regions. However, these man-made dunes are particularly susceptible to erosion during severe storm events, necessitating careful consideration of their design for effective coastal protection. Among the myriad factors influencing artificial dune design, wave run-up stands out as a paramount concern. Not only is wave run-up crucial in assessing the extent of coastal flooding, but it also plays a significant role in shaping shoreline dynamics. During intense storm events, wave run-up amplification leads to substantial erosion of sand dunes, forming dune scarps that resemble cliffs. To address these challenges, we conducted a series of innovative two-dimensional large-scale laboratory experiments using movable beds. These experiments aimed to provide a quantitative understanding of wave run-up characteristics on dune scarps. Additionally, our study explored the feasibility of using existing empirical formulas to predict the 2% exceedance of wave run-up (referred to as R2%) in such scenarios. Our results revealed a consistent trend in R2% values, irrespective of variations in the surf similarity parameter when wave run-up was influenced by a dune scarp. Notably, our findings recommend the adoption of the Stockdon empirical formula, incorporating beach slope from the still water level to the dune scarp toe, as an effective method for predicting R2% during highly erosive conditions. This approach can significantly enhance the design and functionality of artificial dunes, bolstering their capacity to safeguard coastal areas from the impacts of severe storms and erosion, thus contributing to resilient coastal ecosystems and sustainable coastal management.

Satellite-derived equilibrium shoreline modelling at a high-energy meso-macrotidal beach

Modelling and predicting the future of sandy shorelines is a key challenge in coastal research and is critical for sustainable coastal management. However, currently the most skillful shoreline models strongly rely on data to calibrate the free parameters, and are thus restricted to a few well monitored sites in the world. Here we address the challenges and opportunities offered by optical satellite imagery to provide useful information for equilibrium shoreline model calibration on cross-shore transport dominated sites. We focus on Truc Vert beach, southwest France, where previous work showed good equilibrium model skill to reproduce shoreline change from the time scales of hours (storms) to decades. Satellite derived waterlines are extracted over 11 years (2009–2020) and further transformed into satellite derived shorelines (SDS) with different water level corrections (e.g. tide and/or run up) and varying alongshore averaging lengths, and thus different uncertainties, in order to test model performance. Successively the timeseries duration and sampling frequency required for model calibration were also investigated. The model calibrated using the SDS data showed similar skill as the model calibrated using in-situ alongshore averaged shoreline positions, even for the uncorrected SDS dataset which Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are approximately 30 m. Alongshore averaging was found to be the only necessary processing of the SDS data while any other site-specific corrections did not significantly improve model skill. Finally to further investigate the effect of sampling frequency and noise in the dataset we performed an analysis using a synthetic shoreline. Our results suggest that the effect of noise is negligible as long as the sampling frequency remains high (dt ≤ 30 days). Pending further validation, results show the strong potential of using uncorrected SDS dataset for shoreline model calibration at cross-shore transport dominated sandy coasts.

Non-intrusive wave measurement device for accurate analysis and real-time data

This research aims to enhance our understanding of wave climate in ocean wave studies by creating a buoy-based system equipped with gyroscopes and accelerometers. This system allows for accurate measurement and analysis of ocean wave profiles, with primary objectives including the conversion of wave heave motion into electricity and forecasting wave strength for coastal erosion evaluations. The study's main goals encompass the development and integration of gyroscopes and accelerometers into the buoy system, the deployment of the device to collect wave profile data, and the analysis of this data using specialized software. The research culminated in the successful creation of a buoy capable of accurately measuring wave acceleration, velocity, and displacement with an approximate accuracy of 90%. This significant accomplishment advances ocean wave research and offers vital insights for sustainable coastal management, ultimately bolstering our grasp of wave climate and promoting informed decision-making and effective strategies to counter coastal erosion.

Assessment and spatialization of vulnerability of Benin coast to sea level rise using composite/blended approach

Climate change, particularly sea level rise, poses significant challenges to global coastal regions, necessitating a profound understanding of their vulnerability for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study focuses on enhancing scientific insight into West African coastal vulnerability, aiming to assist policymakers and coastal managers in developing sustainable coastal zone management strategies. The methodology employed combines Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques with the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) formula. Parameters such as slope, topography, distance to shoreline, population density, accessibility, land cover, and soil and vegetation types are assessed for their contribution to physical and socio-economic changes induced by sea level rise. These parameters undergo weighting using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The socio-economic vulnerability is quantified using the Community-Based Risk Screening Tool-Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL). The assessment of the Benin coast reveals significant vulnerability, with very high vulnerability (36.69–70.4, indicated by red cells) and high vulnerability (30.84–36.69, indicated by orange cells) observed in all coastal municipalities (Grand-Popo, Ouidah, Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Sèmè-Kpodji), encompassing 40 % and 21 % of the study area, respectively. Moderate (25.69–30.84) and low (10.87–25.69) vulnerability areas are situated at higher elevations inland, covering 35 % and 4 % of the total study area, respectively. No areas of very low vulnerability have been identified. This research contributes significantly to coastal management decisions, adaptation strategies, and climate change policies in Benin by advancing scientific understanding of coastal vulnerability and facilitating the development of sustainable strategies.

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP OF WATER QUALITY ON LAND COVER CHANGE IN BORACAY ISLAND

Abstract. Boracay Island, renowned for its pristine beaches, faced challenges arising from haphazard practices on infrastructure and tourism management. A rehabilitation program was initiated which resulted in a significant reconstruction on its land. This study investigates the impact of Land Cover (LC) change caused by the rehabilitation program on water quality parameters (chl-a and TSM) across three key periods: pre-rehabilitation (2017), rehabilitation (2020), and post-rehabilitation (2022). Utilizing Sentinel-2 imagery, quarterly assessments of chl-a and TSM concentrations are conducted to evaluate water quality. The findings revealed significant variations in chl-a and TSM with significance values of 0.043 and 0.014, respectively, within zone 1 of Boracay Island. Post-hoc test revealed differences in chl-a concentrations between 2017 and subsequent years (2020, p = 0.038; 2021, p = 0.036 ; and 2022, p = 0.039) and between 2019 and subsequent years (2020, p = 0.043; 2021, p = 0.041; and 2022, p = 0.044); as well as in TSM concentrations between 2017 and subsequent years (2020, p = 0.006; 2021, p = 0.008; and 2022, p = 0.023) and between 2019 and subsequent years (2020, p = 0.014; 2021, p = 0.019; and 2022, p = 0.049). However, no significant correlation exists between LC and water quality parameters. It is recommended to refine LC classification through high-resolution satellite imagery, consider extended timeframes, and investigate additional water quality parameters. This study contributes valuable insights into Boracay Island’s environmental transformations, guiding sustainable coastal management in similar contexts.

Pendekatan Kebijakan Lokal (Local Wisdom): Awig-Awig Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Pesisir Di Provinsi NTB

Coastal resource management in the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province has faced various challenges, ranging from environmental degradation to resource use conflicts. The approach of local policies or local wisdom emerges as a potential solution to address these issues. This study aims to examine how local wisdom can be integrated into coastal resource management policies in NTB. The method used involves observation and literature review. The findings indicate that local wisdom, such as awig-awig in the West Nusa Tenggara Province and interactive communicative strategies in Sumbawa, holds great potential in enhancing ecological intelligence and sustainable coastal resource management.

Detecting Shoreline Changes on the Beaches of Hainan Island (China) for the Period 2013–2023 Using Multi-Source Data

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the dynamic beach landscapes of Hainan Island, which is located at the southernmost tip of China. Home to over a hundred natural and predominantly sandy beaches, Hainan Island confronts significant challenges posed by frequent marine natural disasters and human activities. Addressing the urgent need for long-term studies of beach dynamics, this research involved the use of CoastSat to extract and analyze shoreline data from 20 representative beaches and calculate the slopes of 119 sandy beaches around the island for the period from 2013 to 2023. The objective was to delineate the patterns of beach evolution that contribute to the prevention of sediment loss, the mitigation of coastal hazards, and the promotion of sustainable coastal zone management. By employing multi-source remote sensing imagery and the CoastSat tool, this investigation validated slope measurements across selected beaches, demonstrating consistency between the calculated and actual distances despite minor anomalies. The effective use of the finite element solution (FES) in the 2014 global tidal model for tidal corrections further aligned the coastlines with the mean shoreline, underscoring CoastSat’s utility in enabling precise coastal studies. The analysis revealed significant seasonal variations in shoreline positions, with approximately half of the monitored sites showing a seaward progression in summer and a retreat in winter, which were linked to variations in wave height. The southern beaches exhibited distinct seasonal variations, which contrasted with the general trend due to differing wave impacts. The western and southern shores showed erosion, while the northern and eastern shores displayed accretion. The calculated slopes across the island indicated that the southern beaches had steeper slopes, while the northern areas exhibited more pronounced slope variations due to wave and tidal impacts. These findings highlight the critical role of integrated coastal management and erosion control strategies in safeguarding Hainan Island’s beaches. By understanding the mechanisms driving seasonal and regional shoreline changes, effective measures can be developed to mitigate the impacts of erosion and enhance the resilience of coastal ecosystems amidst changing environmental conditions. This research provides a foundational basis for future efforts aimed at the sustainable development and utilization of coastal resources on Hainan Island.

An examination of point-particle Lagrangian simulations for assessing time-resolved hydroacoustic particle flux measurements in sediment-laden flows.

Accurate modelling and prediction of sediment transport in aquatic environments is essential for sustainable coastal and riverine management. Current capabilities rely on physical process-based numerical models and fine-scale sediment flux measurements. High-resolution hydroacoustic instrumentation has emerged as a promising tool for such measurements. However, challenges arise due to the inherent complexity of ultrasound scattering processes. This study introduces a numerical modelling using a point-particle approach to simulate the echoes backscattered by such instrumentation in sediment-laden flow conditions. The model considers geometric, statistical, particle cloud, and flow-induced effects on sediment velocity, concentration, and flux estimates using an acoustic concentration and velocity profiler as a reference. The model performance is assessed here under unidirectional constant flow conditions in terms of velocity, concentration, and time-resolved sediment flux estimates for a large range of the particles' advection speed and sampled volume sizes. Application to the estimation of the measurement accuracy of sediment flux in these flows is also considered, with a final error on the flux seen to be partially controlled by the residence time of particles within the sampled volumes. The proposed model provides insights into scattering processes and offers a tool for investigating robust sediment flux estimation techniques in various flow conditions.

Mangrove area degradation and management strategies in Indonesia: A review

Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. This study aimed to review the impact of land use change and mangrove degradation on coastal areas and analyze the problems and strategies of mangrove management in Indonesia. Journal data sources were obtained from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was used in the study. The results indicate that economic activities such as mining, industry, and ponds are the main cause of mangrove damage, which in turn leads to increased disasters, CO2 emissions, and decreased community income. To address this issue, mangrove management strategies that take into account social, economic, and environmental factors are necessary. Successful mangrove restoration requires increased inclusion, community capacity, budgeting, and stakeholder involvement. Government policies regulating sustainable spatial planning, law enforcement, and institutional frameworks are crucial components of mangrove management. The study's results are expected to serve as the foundation for developing sustainable coastal management strategies that enhance the safety of coastal communities from disasters and improve their welfare.

Coastal vulnerability assessment to multi hazards in the exposed coast of Southeastern Coastal Region of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a maritime nation situated on the northern side of the Bay of Bengal (BoB), blessed with substantial natural resources and opportunities. However, natural disasters and climate-induced hazards are threatening these opportunities as well as destroying the recourses. Coastal vulnerability assessment aids in the prevention of loss of life and resource devastation since it provides forewarning of impending calamitous consequences and facilitates taking mitigative measures. The study has endeavored to make a composite coastal vulnerability index (CVI) for the exposed coast of the southeastern coastal region of Bangladesh, combining physical and social vulnerability indexes using several physical and social parameters. The CVI was developed by using nine physical parameters, namely (a) Coastal Elevation, (b) Coastal Slope, (c) Annual Average Rainfall, (d) Storm Surge Height, (e) Soil Salinity, (f) Average Wind Speed, (g) Rate of SLR, (h) Soil Permeability, (i) Mean Tidal Range and six social parameters namely (a) Literacy rate, (b) Household Structure, (c) Land Use Land Cover (LULC), (d) Population Density (e) Number of Disabled People and (f) Number of Population (Age: <5 & >65). With the aid of field and secondary data, thematic layers of each physical and social parameter were prepared by defining five distinct vulnerability classes (i.e., very high, high, moderate, low, and very low) and assigning vulnerability ranks. The final CVI was estimated using geospatial techniques such as GIS and remote sensing, coupled with Physical Vulnerability Index (PVI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), and relevant values were categorized into five distinct groups as before. The findings show that 25.9% of the exposed coast in the southeast coastal region, which comprises Banshkhali, Chakaria, Maheshkhali, and Cox's Bazar Sadar is high to very high vulnerable to multiple hazards. Comparatively, 28.29% have been classified as moderately vulnerable, and the remaining 45.8% in the areas of Hathazari, Mirsharai, Sitakunda, Sandwip, and Chittagong City (Kotwali), Kutubdia show that they are very low to low vulnerable to such multi-hazards. Based on this vulnerability assessment result, sustainable coastal management policy-making and development planning can be taken to mitigate the risk and loss of the southeastern coastal region due to climatic hazards and natural disasters such as floods and storm surges. The outcome information will also help to make an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) plan for the proper and sustainable utilization of the coastal resources. Additionally, it will assist as ground information to establish a framework for prioritizing community resilience-building initiatives or developing appropriate adaptation strategies to lower catastrophe risk.

Application of Shore Sediments Accumulated in Navigation Channel for Restoration of Sandy Beaches around Pärnu City, SW Estonia, Baltic Sea

Sandy beaches high in recreation value make up 16% of the over 4000 km long shoreline of Estonia. The shore processes associated with climate change have remarkably accelerated over recent decades. Many sandy shores have suffered from strong erosion, including an excellent former beach at Valgeranna. The jetties, which were built in the 1860s to protect the navigation channel of Port Pärnu from clogging, have prevented natural sediment transport along the coast from south to north. At the same time, the sandy beach in Pärnu is expanding, and part of the sand accumulates with strong storms also in between the jetties, reducing the width of the shipping channel. The channel needs regular dredging, but, so far, the dredged sediment has been taken far away to the open sea and accumulated on the seabed. The current paper addresses the possibilities of using that sand for beach restoration in destructed and eroded areas. An overview of the applied methods and measurements during field studies is given. The results of modelling the processes of wave activity and sediment transport are discussed. The recycling of shore sediments is an important measure in sustainable coastal zone management. Different options and scenarios are analysed in order to find the most reasonable ways to bring sand back onto beaches and stabilize natural processes. Support from the state by working out respective laws and regulations would be motivating as well.

Insight into Kedah State’s Coastal Perils: Tsunamis, Floods, and Sea Level Increase

Coastal hazards refer to various natural processes and events occurring at coastlines and are driven by a combination of geological, meteorological, and oceanographic factors, posing risks to human activities, infrastructure, and the environment. Efforts to mitigate the consequences of these hazards are essential to minimize the potential risks and ensure the sustainability of the nearshore communities. Such efforts are developing early warning systems, constructing protective structures, proper land-use planning, and sustainable coastal management practices. In the last decade, coastal hazards become more severe due to the climate change consequences which directly contribute to sea level rise, storm intensification, and flooding. Therefore, investigating the coastal hazards in a specific region is of utmost importance to understand the degree of hazard and prepare effective mitigation strategies. This study specifically delves into the examination of coastal hazards along the mainland of Kedah and the coastal areas of Langkawi Island. It involves a comprehensive analysis of historical incidents and the prognosis of future scenarios. The study focuses on three primary natural hazards: tsunamis, floods, and the rising sea levels. Particularly, it scrutinizes significant past occurrences, notably the devastating tsunami of 2004. Additionally, projections regarding sea level increments for 2030, 2050, and 2100 are presented and deliberated upon. The paper concludes by suggesting recommendations for appropriate coastal management practices and effective mitigation strategies.

POIs-based public preferences mapping on imbalanced supply-demand of recreation services can support sustainable coastal beach management

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) based on nature experiences substantially contribute to public health and human well-being. However, CES’s supply-demand methodology remains scarcely explored on the coastal beach, and the demand relating to public preferences has not been sufficiently unveiled in spatial assessment. Here, we selected recreation services as a lens of CES and applied the knowledge of multi-source big data to better reflect public preferences. Point of Interests (POIs) refer to particularly valuable or interesting places. We proposed to integrate POIs and social media data (Weibo check-in) to quantify the demand for beach recreation services (BRS). We also used socio-ecological indicators to quantify the BRS’s supply. The supply-demand balance of BRS was further identified by quadrant analysis and coupling coordination degree. Our methodology was applied to a typical coastal zone, Shenzhen Dapeng New District, in the Greater Bay Area of China. Over 80% of the beaches in the study area exhibited an imbalanced or barely balanced supply-demand of recreation services. We found that POIs density had a significant influence on a balanced supply-demand of BRS. Multi-source big data (POIs and Weibo check-in) provided an efficient, low-cost, and across-scale approach for public preference mapping than traditional questionnaire surveys. The proposed CES’s supply-demand framework can identify coastal beaches with imbalanced recreation and support sustainable coastal management. Coastal beach management prioritizes not only waste prevention and sufficient safety signs but also proper infrastructure development that contribute sustainably to the human well-being of nature experiences.

Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon stock of mangrove forests on Belitung Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Henri, Farhaby AM, Supratman O, Adi W, Febrianto S. 2023. Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon stock of mangrove forests on Belitung Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6761-6769. Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services for people and nature, including climate change mitigation. This study analyzed species diversity, biomass value, and estimated carbon stocks in mangrove forest ecosystems on Belitung Island, Indonesia. The data collection method is carried out by creating a linear plot consisting of several circular subplots. Data analysis was carried out to determine the frequency, density, important value index, biomass (above-ground and below-ground biomass), and carbon content. The results of research on mangrove ecosystems on Belitung Island obtained ten species of mangroves dominated by Rhizophora apiculata Blume found in all research sites. The density of mangroves in the four locations (&gt;1,500 trees/ha) is very dense. In contrast, the location in Juru Seberang (1,349 trees/ha) is categorized as moderate because it is the location of previous reforestation. Rhizophora apiculata has an important value index at the tree (161.24%) and sapling (149.24%) levels. Mangroves on Belitung Island have a total biomass value (225.08 t ha-1), estimated carbon content (112.54 t C ha-1), and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption of 413.02 t CO2 ha-1. Sustainable coastal ecosystem management can significantly reduce carbon emissions from the land use sector and maintain ecosystem services in these coastal habitats, considering Belitung Island as one of the archipelago areas.

Coastal Dune Restoration: A Checklist Approach to Site Selection

Coastal dune systems around the world have been severely degraded by human activities, especially in the last century. This has resulted in severe structural and functional damage to these dynamic yet fragile transitional ecosystems and a net loss of important ecosystem services, especially in the face of climate change threats. The implementation of measures for sustainable coastal management and the restoration of degraded ecosystems are urgently needed. In this context, we revised and used several indicators and indices on the geomorphology, biology, and ecology of the dune systems along the Venetian coast to define the current conservation status and assess the feasibility of dune restoration measures. The application of the indices provided important information about the sites and the measures needed to improve the functionality of the coastal dune systems. In addition, the indices provided useful insights for the implementation of management strategies aimed at ensuring the current and future provision of ecosystem services by coastal dune systems and promoting their sustainable use by translating scientific knowledge into management and restoration practices, which has been a bottleneck in ecosystem conservation and restoration so far.

Analysis of coastline extraction indices using Sentinel-2 and Google Earth Engine, case study in Bali, Indonesia

Coastal zone is the most dynamic environment and requires regular monitoring to maintain sustainable coastal resource management. Employing remote sensing technology to monitor changes involves an essential process referred to as coastline extraction. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of five commonly employed techniques for coastline extraction: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Water Ratio Index (WRI), and Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI). These methods are evaluated by automatically delineating sandy beaches and coastlines using highresolution imagery from the Sentinel-2 satellite for Bali, Indonesia. The Otsu algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal threshold value. Compared to the other indices, the results indicate that MNDWI proved to be the most effective in highlighting water bodies, with the average distance from the validated point of MNDWI being 12.9 m and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 7.11, whereas NDVI demonstrated a high level of proficiency in detecting coastal vegetation. This study highlights the potential of utilizing both Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for efficient coastline monitoring. This study also provides scientific evidence supporting the reliability and accuracy of coastline extraction through spectral water indices.

Strategic for Mitigating Urban Disasters on the Northern Coast of Banda Aceh City, Indonesia

Many cities in Indonesia are situated in hazard-prone areas—along coasts or on floodplains, on top of or near seismic faults, in the shadow of volcanoes, and in areas prone to tropical cyclones and extreme storms, including tsunamis. The northern coastal area of ​​Banda Aceh city is currently still vulnerable to natural disasters that endanger settlements there, such as tidal waves, coastal abrasion, strong winds, and tsunamis. Alue Naga village is a representative of this phenomenon: The village remains arid without optimal greening even after reconstruction efforts following the tsunami on December 26, 2004, and even though Banda Aceh city Spatial Planning documents designated Alue Naga village as a protected area for developing natural tourism. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies aimed at mitigating the impacts of natural disasters on such settlements as Alue Naga. By referring to settlement standards based on disaster mitigation, research studies were carried out of current land use including canopy cover, current community livelihoods, and efforts to balance coastal forestation protection needs with support for farmers’ aquaculture in reducing the risk of natural disasters. The results showed that coastal and river boundaries in the study area were not optimally protected with either soft or hard mitigation techniques, and the housing infrastructure provided for disaster mitigation was also not optimal. There is still low canopy density in the study area, and it is recommended that layered canopies be planted at the coastal areas to break the tidal waves, buffer backflow, prevent coastal abrasion, and support silvofishery in the pond areas. A sustainable coastal city management considering the disaster risk should, therefore, be incorporated within the decision making for the protection of the coastal city area.

Navigating Coastal Futures: A Keynote Report from the 2nd International Congress on Coastal Research (ICCR’2)

The Second International Congress on Coastal Research (ICCR’2) report provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge discussions and innovative research outcomes aimed at addressing the urgent challenges of coastal resilience and sustainability. Featuring keynote speeches from global experts, the congress highlighted critical issues such as climate change impacts, water governance, and sustainable coastal management practices. This document synthesizes key findings, challenges, and opportunities discussed, advocating for an interdisciplinary approach and international collaboration to enhance the resilience of coastal ecosystems against the backdrop of global environmental change. The report underscores the congress's pivotal role in shaping future directions for coastal research, policy, and practice.