Sustainable Catalyst Research Articles

Engineering biochar-supported nickel catalysts for efficient CO2 methanation

Carbon dioxide methanation is a promising approach to convert captured CO2 into green natural gas. Developing high performance biochar-supported nickel catalysts promotes a circular economy and the application of sustainable catalysts. Western red cedar biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 400, 500, and 600 °C and loaded with nickel via incipient wetness impregnation. Methanation was done at 400, 500, and 600 °C with the highest methane yield of 59% achieved at 500 °C with 10 wt.% Ni loading. This is comparable to a γ-Al2O3 supported catalyst prepared and tested similarly, which achieved a methane yield of 53%. Biochar-supported catalysts showed deactivation whereby methane yield decreased from 59% to 51% over 5 h, likely due to coking and/or the sintering of nickel. Various space velocities were tested, and results demonstrated that with a space velocity of 37.5 mL/g.min methane selectivity was 89% after 1 h on stream compared to methane selectivity of 42%, which was achieved at a space velocity of 112.5 mL/g.min. This shows that a much higher rate of deactivation is observed at higher space velocities. Increasing the nickel loading from 5 wt.% to 10 wt.% increased methane yield from 40% to 58% after 1 h on stream. The higher loading also showed significantly less deactivation. Future work focusing on the extent and impact of metal-support interactions and metal dispersion on catalytic performance and deactivation during CO2 methanation is recommended.

Heterogeneous photo-Fenton using sustainable catalysts for the decolorization of red dye 6

Heterogeneous photo-Fenton using sustainable catalysts for the decolorization of red dye 6

A Green Route for Sustainable Nanoporous Solid Acid Catalyst Synthesis Using Bio Template and Analysis of Its Progressive Transformation of CO2

Green chemistry approach is a most important area in the modern chemical world. The nano (meso) porous materials have the specific application in separation, adsorption and catalysis. A green template (Egg white) is used as a bio template for the synthesis of nanoporous material to replace the hazardous templates. It is a bio-degradable template; it does not create any environmental issues. The synthesized material is characterized by various spectroscopic techniques to confirm its structural formation. Based on pore size, the catalyst named as AlSiO4-14. The synthesized catalyst (AlSiO4-14) is active at 175oC. This low temperature activity will not produce coke formation at the same time it does not require any regeneration and the catalyst is continuously active for catalytic reactions. The catalytic activity of carbon dioxide decomposition is achieved at lower temperature. The complete carbon dioxide decomposition of AlSiO4-14 is 43 % is a great impact of the material.

Upgrading waste tire to a carbon-based natural gas diffusion electrode for efficient H2O2 production

Carbonaceous material, especially carbon black, is crucial in H2O2 production due to its exceptional catalytic properties. However, the traditional carbon black production process faces the challenges of significant CO2 emissions and high costs. To overcome these challenges, porous carbon nanoparticles (TPCNs) are derived from cheap, sustainable waste tires by a facile pyrolysis process, which is then used to fabricate a natural gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for efficient H2O2 electrogeneration. The obtained TPCNs are amorphous carbon with high graphitization, hierarchically porous architecture, and have high oxygen functional group content of CO, C-O-C, and COOH that are favorable for the high H2O2 selectivity. Hence, the fabricated TGDE exhibits efficient H2O2 electrogeneration of 694 mmol L–1 H2O2 concentration with 62% current efficiency after 60 min electrolysis without aeration. Moreover, this H2O2 production process utilizing waste tire can decrease by 19.6% CO2 emissions compared with that using commercial carbon black. This work proposes a protocol for the high-value reuse of waste tires and provides a sustainable carbon-based catalyst production for efficient H2O2 electrogeneration.

Surface Deposition of Magnesium Ferrite-Based Supports with Bimetallic Gold/Silver Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Reduction of Nitroaromatics.

Surface deposition of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MgFe2O4 NPs) with bimetallic gold/silver (Au/Ag) nanoparticles was conducted using the seed-mediated growth method to obtain magnetic-metallic composite catalysts for use in the catalytic reduction of nitroaromatics. Two types of amine-functionalized MgFe2O4 and MgFe2O4@SiO2 NPs were used as magnetic supports for the surface deposition process. The combination of several characterization analyses (i.e., XRD, XPS, TEM, SEM, EDS, and VSM) confirmed the successful syntheses of the MgFe2O4/Au/Ag and MgFe2O4@SiO2/Au/Ag NPs. The catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent revealed that the reaction was completed within 2 min by using MgFe2O4/Au/Ag and MgFe2O4@SiO2/Au/Ag NPs as catalysts. The appearance rate constant of the MgFe2O4/Au/Ag NPs was slightly higher than that of the MgFe2O4@SiO2/Au/Ag NPs. In terms of reusability, high conversion (>80%) of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol was still obtained after 7 and 10 consecutive cycles for the MgFe2O4/Au/Ag and MgFe2O4@SiO2/Au/Ag catalysts, respectively. Interestingly, these two catalysts exhibited the highly catalytic conversion of the chosen nitroaromatic derivatives (i.e., 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and 4-nitroaniline). On the whole, the MgFe2O4/Au/Ag and MgFe2O4@SiO2/Au/Ag NPs could be utilized as suitable and sustainable catalysts for the catalytic reduction of nitroaromatics due to several desirable features (i.e., high activity, facile and rapid separation by a magnet, and good reusability).

Naturally occurring phytic acid: an advanced Brønsted acid catalyst for direct amination reactions of allylic alcohols.

Phytic acid is abundant in various plant-based foods and is considered agricultural waste. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this organophosphorus acid as a sustainable catalyst for the direct amination reactions of allylic alcohols. This approach is successfully performed in air using technical grade solvents, affording allylanilines in moderate to excellent yields. Challenging electron-rich anilines react effectively, and their corresponding Friedel-Crafts side products can be minimised under the optimised reaction conditions. A variety of asymmetrically substituted allylic alcohols are tolerated, while the scope is extended to amide, and C-, O- and S-nucleophiles.

Hydrolysis of Cellulose using boronic-acid multifunctional carbocatalysts

Background Developingeffective and sustainable catalysts for cellulose hydrolysis is crucial for transforming this abundant biopolymer into renewable chemicals and biofuel. Carbonaceous solid acids are promising catalysts for this reaction due to their low cost, chemical and hydrothermal stability, tunable surface, and high affinity for cellulose. MethodsWe developed multifunctional carbocatalysts for cellulose hydrolysis by introducing boronic groups and weak acid sites along with high-density sulfonic acid through borylation of mesophase pitch carbon (MPC) followed by sulfonation. The functionalized MPC was characterized using various techniques, including FT-IR, XPS, SS-NMR, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. Significant findingsThe results of surface characterization revealed the successful introduction of multifunctional groups on the peripheral surface of MPC. This carbocatalyst can effectively hydrolyze pretreated cellulose into glucose, resulting in a maximum yield of 64 % in water at 180 °C for 3 h. Boronic groups and weak acid sites could mediate the interaction of cellulose molecules with catalyst surface to enhance the catalytic hydrolysis. The apparent activation energy for breaking the glycosidic bonds using the functionalized MPC is 99 kJ/mol, which is lower than the one derived from homogeneous acids. Furthermore, the carbocatalyst is recyclable at least four cycles prior to the significant loss for reactivity.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles as sustainable catalysts for efficient synthesis and anti-microbial evaluation of 2-amino-4H-pyran derivatives

In the current paper, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) was successfully applied as a sustainable effective and recoverable catalyst for the preparation of 2-amino-4H pyran derivatives 2-11 via one-pot, three-component reaction of 4-formylphenyl-4-methyl benzenesulfonate (1) with malononitrile and active methylene compounds in green solvent water and ethanol in ratio (3:1) in excellent yield (95-98%) and shorter reaction time (5-8 min). The structures of the pyran derivatives were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DEPT 135 spectra. Moreover, the characterization of the catalyst after and before the reaction were studied using X-ray diffraction (X-RD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDX techniques and IR-spectra. It has been indicated that catalyst has the same efficiency. The application of this protocol has many advantages such as eco-friendly, inexpensive, simple protocol and easy recovery of the catalyst. Overall products are designed, synthesized and studied for their anti-microbial evaluation. It has been found that is compounds 2, 3, 7 and 10 are the most active against antibacterial compression with the stander drug Ampicillin. On the other hand, Compounds 2, 3, 8, and 11 displayed the most promising antifungal activities with Amphotericin B.
 KEY WORDS: Nickel oxide nanoparticles, Pyran derivatives, X-Ray diffraction (X-RD), Antimicrobial evaluation, One-pot, Three-component reaction
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 657-670. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.9

Bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Commelina erecta, L.: a mechanistic approach on synthesis, optimization, antibacterial, and antioxidant potential.

The ongoing exploration of economical, sustainable, and environment-friendly methods for synthesizing monodisperse colloidal metal nanoparticles is growing day by day due to their potential application in various fields. The use of plant derivatives in nanoparticle synthesis and their suitability as sustainable catalysts have emerged as significant areas of research. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract obtained from the commonly found weed Commelina erecta, L. Extensive study is conducted to optimize various synthesis parameters such as pH, reducing agent concentration, silver nitrate concentration, and temperature. The plant extract utilized in the synthesis process contained variety of antioxidants, including malic acid, phenol, benzoic acid, and catechol, which played a crucial role in both reduction and capping during the synthesis process, thereby making them suitable for biomedical applications. The optimized synthesis process yielded silver nanoparticles with a particle size of 16.2 ± 3.1nm. These nanoparticles exhibited excellent stability and demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity compared to the standard antibacterial agent, streptomycin. In addition, the silver nanoparticles displayed promising antioxidant activity attributed to the presence of antioxidant functional groups on their surface. This study reports, for the first time, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using antioxidant compounds present in C. erecta, L. plant extract. The antioxidant compounds identified through GC-MS belong to phenols, phenolic acids, and carboxylic acid groups. Furthermore, the exceptional antimicrobial and antioxidant properties exhibited by the synthesized silver nanoparticles offer new possibilities for their potential applications.

Biosynthesis Parameters Control the Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Microbially Supported Pd Nanoparticles.

The biosynthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on microorganisms (bio-Pd) is achieved via the enzymatic reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) under ambient conditions using inexpensive buffers and electron donors, like organic acids or hydrogen. Sustainable bio-Pd catalysts are effective for C-C coupling and hydrogenation reactions, but their industrial application is limited by challenges in controlling nanoparticle properties. Here, using the metal-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens, it is demonstrated that synthesizing bio-Pd under different Pd loadings and utilizing different electron donors (acetate, formate, hydrogen, no e- donor) influences key properties such as nanoparticle size, Pd(II):Pd(0) ratio, and cellular location. Controlling nanoparticle size and location controls the activity of bio-Pd for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, whereas high Pd loading on cells synthesizes bio-Pd with high activity, comparable to commercial Pd/C, for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Additionally, the study demonstrates the novel synthesis of microbially-supported ≈2nm PdO nanoparticles due to the hydrolysis of biosorbed Pd(II) in bicarbonate buffer. Bio-PdO nanoparticles show superior activity in 4-nitrophenol reduction compared to commercial Pd/C catalysts. Overall, controlling biosynthesis parameters, such as electron donor, metal loading, and solution chemistry, enables tailoring of bio-Pd physicochemical and catalytic properties.

Enhanced low-temperature CO2 methanation over La-promoted NiMgAl LDH derived catalyst: Fine-tuning La loading for an optimal performance

LDH-derived Ni-based catalysts are gathering momentum due to their excellent thermal stability but their low-temperature CO2 methanation is limited. In this study, various concentrations of La were introduced into the LDH-derived Ni-based catalysts for CO2 methanation, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. The optimal Ni/La0.2-MgAlOx catalyst presented a CO2 conversion level of 69.0 % at 225 °C, which is over 7 times higher than that of conventional Ni/MgAlOx. The addition of small amounts of La could significantly enhance H spillover to promote the reduction of Ni species, but the oxygen vacancy concentration became the dominant factor causing changes in low-temperature activity as the La contents continue to increase. CO2 was found to be adsorbed at the oxygen vacancies in the form of bidentate carbonates, which are more reactive under an enhanced electron-rich environment. The research offers guidance to design effective and sustainable catalysts for low-temperature CO2 methanation.

A supramolecular assembly of sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin and viologen calix[4]resorcinol as the master key to sustainable and eco-friendly catalyst for paraoxon hydrolysis

The search for effective ways of paraoxon (POX) degradation becomes an extremely urgent problem, which can be solved by creating effective bioscavengers in the form of three-dimensional macrocycles. In this work, supramolecular interactions in an aqueous medium were studied between (4-sulfobutyl)-β-cyclodextrin, the hydrophobic cavity of which is capable of binding POX, and viologen calix[4]resorcinol, the cationic groups of which are able to facilitate the nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom of the pesticide. A complex of physicochemical methods revealed the nature of the interactions between these cyclodextrin and calix[4]resorcinol, as a result of which the spontaneous formation of nanoparticles occurs. The kinetics of POX hydrolysis reaction using these nanoparticles was studied at room temperature in aqueous Tris-buffer medium by spectrophotometric method. Pure cyclodextrin does not exhibit catalytic activity in the POX hydrolysis, but its presence in a mixture with calix[4]resorcinol leads to a fivefold increase in the hydrolysis rate constant compared to pure calix[4]resorcinol.

Catalytic Supercritical Water Gasification of Canola Straw with Promoted and Supported Nickel-Based Catalysts.

Lignocellulosic biomass such as canola straw is produced as low-value residue from the canola processing industry. Its high cellulose and hemicellulose content makes it a suitable candidate for the production of hydrogen via supercritical water gasification. However, supercritical water gasification of lignocellulosic biomass such as canola straw suffers from low hydrogen yield, hydrogen selectivity, and conversion efficiencies. Cost-effective and sustainable catalysts with high catalytic activity for supercritical water gasification are increasingly becoming a focal point of interest. In this research study, novel wet-impregnated nickel-based catalysts supported on carbon-negative hydrochar obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL-HC) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC-HC) of canola straw, along with other nickel-supported catalysts such as Ni/Al2O3, Ni/ZrO2, Ni/CNT, and Ni/AC, were synthesized for gasification of canola straw on previously optimized reaction conditions of 500 °C, 60 min, 10 wt%, and 23-25 MPa. The order of hydrogen yield for the six supports was (10.5 mmol/g) Ni/ZrO2 > (9.9 mmol/g) Ni/Al2O3 > (9.1 mmol/g) Ni/HTL-HC > (8.8 mmol/g) Ni/HTC-HC > (7.7 mmol/g) Ni/AC > (6.8 mmol/g) Ni/CNT, compared to 8.1 mmol/g for the non-catalytic run. The most suitable Ni/ZrO2 catalyst was further modified using promotors such as K, Zn, and Ce, and the performance of the promoted Ni/ZrO2 catalysts was evaluated. Ni-Ce/ZrO2 showed the highest hydrogen yield of 12.9 mmol/g, followed by 12.0 mmol/g for Ni-Zn/ZrO2 and 11.6 mmol/g for Ni-K/ZrO2. The most suitable Ni-Ce/ZrO2 catalysts also demonstrated high stability over their repeated use. The superior performance of the Ni-Ce/ZrO2 was due to its high nickel dispersion, resilience to sintering, high thermal stability, and oxygen storage capabilities to minimize coke deposition.

Reactivity of Nickel Complexes Bearing P(C=X)P Ligands (X = O, N) Toward Diazoalkanes: Evidence for Phosphorus Ylide Intermediates.

Nickel carbenes are attracting attention for the development of more sustainable catalysts, among others, for cyclopropanation. Intramolecular trapping of a nickel carbene intermediate with an olefin incorporated in a P(C=C)P Ni pincer complex had previously allowed the isolation of a nickelacyclobutane intermediate and a detailed characterization of its reactivity. Herein, we report the reactivity of related nickel pincer complexes bearing a ketone P(C=O)P or an imine P(C=N)P with diazoalkanes as the carbene precursor. The observed reactivity suggests, in both cases, the reaction of the transient nickel carbene with one of the phosphine arms to form phosphorus ylides that subsequently react with the unsaturated backbone. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to shed light on the mechanisms of these reactions.

Critical Review of Pd-Catalyzed Reduction Process for Treatment of Waterborne Pollutants.

Catalyzed reduction processes have been recognized as important and supplementary technologies for water treatment, with the specific aims of resource recovery, enhancement of bio/chemical-treatability of persistent organic pollutants, and safe handling of oxygenate ions. Palladium (Pd) has been widely used as a catalyst/electrocatalyst in these reduction processes. However, due to the limited reserves and high cost of Pd, it is essential to gain a better understanding of the Pd-catalyzed decontamination process to design affordable and sustainable Pd catalysts. This review provides a systematic summary of recent advances in understanding Pd-catalyzed reductive decontamination processes and designing Pd-based nanocatalysts for the reductive treatment of water-borne pollutants, with special focus on the interactions and transformation mechanisms of pollutant molecules on Pd catalysts at the atomic scale. The discussion begins by examining the adsorption of pollutants onto Pd sites from a thermodynamic viewpoint. This is followed by an explanation of the molecular-level reaction mechanism, demonstrating how electron-donors participate in the reductive transformation of pollutants. Next, the influence of the Pd reactive site structure on catalytic performance is explored. Additionally, the process of Pd-catalyzed reduction in facilitating the oxidation of pollutants is briefly discussed. The longevity of Pd catalysts, a crucial factor in determining their practicality, is also examined. Finally, we argue for increased attention to mechanism study, as well as precise construction of Pd sites under batch synthesis conditions, and the use of Pd-based catalysts/electrocatalysts in the treatment of concentrated pollutants to facilitate resource recovery.

Surface‐modified NiFe2O4 nanoparticles for the production of biodiesel from fatty acids and microalgae lipids Dunaliella salina

Development of a new and sustainable catalyst is necessary to the society for providing economical technology. Surface modification of nanometal oxides is one of the rapidly growing methods for developing a sustainable catalyst with attractive properties than their parent oxide. In this work, surface‐modified nickel ferrites have been carried out using 4,4′‐biphenyldisulfonic acid (BPDSA) as the linker. Thus, obtained modified material has been characterized using different techniques such as DLS, FT‐IR, TGA, XRD, VSM, and XPS. This well‐characterized, stable, robust, recyclable material offers a good conversion in the fatty acid, that is, oleic acid esterification in the presence of methanol in a short period of time (3.0 h). Based on the kinetic study in the oleic acid esterification, it fits in the pseudo first‐order kinetics, and activation energy was found to be 60.0 kJ/mol. Further, the potentiality of our catalyst was also tested in the transesterification of various raw materials like mustard oil, olive oil, almond oil, and neem oil. In addition, it provides an excellent conversion with microalgae lipid extraction for the production of biodiesel. The kinematic viscosity of the methyl oleate (biodiesel) has been found to be 5.0426 mm2/s at 25°C whereas the dynamic viscosity is 6.0511 mPa, which is nearly the same as biodiesel obtained from Dunaliella salina, microalgae lipid.

Revealing the roles of the dual active-sites on a polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework in catalyzing Knoevenagel condensations

The efficient catalysis of Knoevenagel condensations under mild conditions is a significant way for obtaining olefin compounds, which can be used to produce a wide range of biologically active heterocyclic chemicals and fine chemical raw materials. Herein, a novel polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework (POMOF), [Co(bix)(H2O)]{V2O6} (VMOF-1, bix = 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene), is synthesized and structurally characterized. After removal of the coordinated water molecules of CoII ions by vacuum drying, VMOF-1a with both Lewis acid and Lewis base catalytic active-centers is achieved. VMOF-1a as the heterogeneous catalyst for the conversion of benzaldehyde and malononitrile to high value-added olefinic compounds under mild conditions, exhibits excellent conversion and selectivity, good recyclability and broad substrate applicability. Experimental and theoretical studies have revealed that CoII ion and {V2O6}2− unit in VMOF-1a synergistically catalyze the Knoevenagel condensation reaction: (1) {V2O6}2− is used as a Lewis base to pull out the proton of the active methylene group on malononitrile; (2) CoII ion acts as a Lewis acid to activate the carbonyl oxygen on benzaldehyde. Furthermore, it is demonstrated for the first time that the Lewis acid sites in POMOF can play the role of stabilize the alcohol hydroxyl anion intermediates generated during the reaction process, which further elucidates the reason for the high catalytic activity of VMOF-1a in the Knoevenagel condensation. This study provides theoretical guidance for the design of efficient and sustainable catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation.

Microwave-Assisted Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Fructose Using Sulfamic Acid as a Green Catalyst

The development of safe-by-design synthesis of valuable chemicals from biomass derivatives is a key step towards sustainable chemical transformations in both academia and industry. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a biomass derivative chemical of high commercial interest due to its wide range of chemical and biofuel applications. In this scenario, the present work contributes to a methodology for producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) through fructose dehydration reaction under microwave irradiation. The proposed protocol uses a simple sodium chloride–saturated aqueous-i-PrOH biphasic system and catalysis of sulfamic acid, a low-cost solid Brønsted–Lowry inorganic acid, which presents pivotal features of a sustainable catalyst. A 23 full factorial design was applied to achieve the highest conversion and 5-HMF yield, allowing the identification of the main factors involved in the process. Under the optimized conditions, fructose at the concentration of 120 g L−1 was converted with 91.15 ± 6.98% after 20 min at 180 °C, using 10 mol% of catalyst. 5-HMF was produced in 80.34 ± 8.41% yield and 73.20 ± 8.23% selectivity. Thus, the present contribution discloses a new optimized methodology for converting the biomass derivative fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).

Vitamin B12 in Photocatalysis - An Underexplored Frontier in Cooperative Catalysis.

Vitamin B12 (VB12) is a flexible and sustainable catalyst both in nature and the reaction flask, facilitating varied organic transformations of high value to both enzymatic processes and synthetic chemists. Key to this value is the breadth of reactivity it possesses, capable of both ionic, 2 electron chemistry, and radical, 1 electron chemistry. In particular, the ability to generate carbon-centered radical intermediates via photolysis of organocobalt intermediates formed from alkyl electrophiles opens the door to powerful new radical transformations challenging to achieve using classical photoredox or ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis. While this unique photocatalytic reactivity of VB12 has been increasingly leveraged in monocatalytic schemes, recent reports have demonstrated VB12 is able to function as the photocatalytic component in cooperative schemes, driving diverse reactivity including remote elimination of alkyl halides, regioselective epoxide arylation, and regioselective epoxide reduction. This concept briefly overviews the enabling photochemical properties of VB12 and recent applications in cooperative catalysis, providing a framework for the continued development of new cooperative catalyst systems using this powerful photoactive complex.

From Waste to Catalyst: Transforming Mussel Shells into a Green Solution for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil

This study introduces an innovative approach to sustainable biodiesel production using mussel shell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst for converting Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel. By repurposing waste mussel shells, the research aims to provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for environmentally responsible biodiesel production, aligning with global standards. The study involves characterizing the catalyst, optimizing reaction conditions, and achieving a remarkable 99.36% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield, marking a significant step toward cleaner and more economically viable energy sources. Biodiesel, recognized for its lower emissions, is produced through transesterification using mussel shell-derived CaO as a sustainable catalyst. This research contributes to cleaner and economically viable energy sources, emphasizing the importance of sustainable energy solutions and responsible catalytic processes. This research bridges the gap between waste management, catalyst development, and sustainable energy production, contributing to the ongoing global shift towards cleaner and more economically viable energy sources.