Sustainable Attitudes Research Articles

Melampaui Antropocentrism: Ekoteologi dan Etika Lingkungan dalam Dialog, Sebuah Pendekatan Interdisipliner Untuk Keberlanjutan dan Keadilan Ekologis

The current ecological issue has become a global challenge, one of the triggers of the current ecological issue is the human understanding that considers itself superior and anthropocentric. Responding to these fundamental problems needs to be addressed for the future sustainability of the earth. Interdisciplinary theology is present as an approach that bridges one or more disciplines to direct global issues that are being wrestled with. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods, collection and development of information through literature studies to answer the problem formulation being studied. The description contains ecological problems and interdisciplinary dialogues between eco-theology and environmental ethics to direct anthropocentric attitudes as the root of ecological problems. This research aims to provide new breakthroughs towards sustainability and ecological justice. The results of the study show that interdisciplinary theology provides a relevant and profound foundation for facing ecological challenges and shifting the human paradigm as a ruler of nature towards a wise and sustainable attitude.

Survival of the greenest: how evolutionary motives affect sustainability campaign message persuasiveness

Purpose The growing concern around sustainability highlights the need to change individual consumption behaviour. Using evolutionary theory, the purpose of this paper is to present a framework that demonstrates the process by which a consumer’s ultimate motives (thoughts, emotions, and perceptions that come from the evolutionary motives) impact sustainability campaign message persuasiveness (SCMP). Design/methodology/approach The framework was tested using partial least squares analysis with data from an online survey of 237 consumers. Findings Ultimate motives influence the SCMP through a mediating relationship, via a consumer’s sustainable consumption attitude and behaviour. The perceived sense of urgency around sustainability issues and the consumer’s connection to nature were also identified as key moderators that impact relationships between ultimate motives and consumers’ sustainability attitudes and behaviours. Research limitations/implications Future research could explore the impact of other factors, such as values, social norms, culture and governmental regulations, on individuals’ reactions to sustainability marketing. Practical implications The findings indicate the importance for managers to grasp the multifaceted nature of ultimate motives. By heightening particular ultimate motives, marketers can steer individuals towards sustainable attitudes and behaviours, consequently increasing the probability of favourable reactions to sustainable consumption messages. Originality/value This study addressed the two main limitations of research into SCMP by providing a theoretical grounding and focusing on the drivers of consumer behaviour, instead of campaign messaging aspects (e.g. framing). The empirical analysis, including identifying interactions between ultimate motives, supports the use of evolutionary theory to explain SCMP.

Enhancing wineries’ sustainability through territorial certifications: a case study in Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Purpose As sustainability concerns become increasingly influential in shaping wineries’ strategies at the production and processing stages, this study aims to investigate the anticipated benefits, incentives and constraints associated with a territorial sustainability certification in the wine industry. Design/methodology/approach Focusing on wine producers from the Romagna Consortium (Italy), the research explores the influence of firm characteristics on sustainability attitudes and explores the Consortium potential role in facilitating the ecological transition. Data are collected through an online survey and analyzed by means of factor and cluster analysis. Findings Findings reveal the Consortium capacity to expand its scope, incorporating elements of sustainability, resilience and territorial development. In addition, it emerges that the perception of sustainability among local producers extends beyond environmental concerns, encompassing the economic and social domains. Practical implications Acting as a cluster constituent, the Consortium can stimulate collaborative behavior and promote knowledge dissemination contributing to a mature collaborative environment. A territorial sustainability certification is thus viewed as multifunctional tool, enhancing economic performance and collective reputation, while addressing the numerous environmental challenges faced by the sector. Originality/value The study’s originality lies in its direct engagement with a considerable number of producers in a geographic area boasting a mature wine industry but with limited research focusing on coordinated efforts for improved sustainability performance.

TURKISH VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF THE SUSTAINABILITY ATTITUDES IN NURSING SURVEY 2

PurposeIt is important to examine the attitudes of future nurses towards adopting a sustainability approach in their nursing practice. This study aimed to test the Sustainability Attitudes in Nursing Survey 2 psychometrically. MethodsThe methodological, descriptive study was conducted in November 2019 on nursing students (n = 286) at a university in Turkey. Data were analysed for reliability and validity tests. Statistics of the linguistic content validity analysis and Exploratory/ Confirmatory Factor Analysis were performed to determine the scale's validity. Cronbach Alpha coefficient, floor and ceiling impacts, Tukey’s test, and Hotelling’s T2 test, test-retest reliability, were determined for the scale's reliability. ResultsThe content validity index of the scale, which consists of five items and a one dimension, is .98. Factor loadings were above 0.30, all the fit indices were> 0.95, χ2/df was 1.58 and the root means square error of approximation was 0.045. Cronbach's α was .75. The floor and ceiling impacts were 0.0% and 3.1%. In Tukey’s test, F was 3.43 and p was 0.064. In Hotelling’s T2 test, Hotelling’s T2 was 265.59 and F was 65.68 (p < .001). Item-total correlation coefficients were between .37- .63. The test-retest correlation coefficient was .39. ConclusionsThe scale is a valid and reliable instrument in the Turkish language. It is advised to use the scale in determining attitudes towards sustainability among nursing students, evaluating the effectiveness of training, and taking student opinions in curriculum revisions. Also, the study allowed cross-country comparisons and it is thought that it can guide studies on the inclusion of sustainability principles in nursing practices.

Climate Change and Entrepreneurship: A Review and Research Agenda

ABSTRACTAs climate change risks intensify, the role of entrepreneurial activities in addressing these challenges and promoting sustainable development becomes increasingly vital. Through a systematic literature review using a bibliometric analysis of 387 studies from Scopus up to December 31, 2023, this study focuses on the intersection of entrepreneurship and climate change. It contributes to academic understanding by offering insights into current trends for entrepreneurs, researchers, and policymakers. Our analysis examines publication trends, leading authors, countries/regions, and common themes to elucidate research efforts on entrepreneurial activities in the context of climate change. Contrary to typical trends in the geographical distribution, the study identifies a significant increase in contributions from developing countries such as China, India, and the Russian Federation. Furthermore, when evaluating entrepreneurship in the context of climate change, we observe a prominence of innovation and sustainability‐focused approaches. The primary finding of the study is the literature's attribution of significant responsibility to entrepreneurship in combating climate change and its consideration of entrepreneurship as a prerequisite for sustainable approaches. By demonstrating a sustainable attitude, entrepreneurs can contribute to the fight against climate change across various domains, ranging from policy to social life, and from collective efforts in the economy to individual endeavors.

Translation and Validation of the Filipino Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (F-SCQ)

Sustainable Development (SD) has undeniably become an important concept worldwide. But sustainability issues are viewed in different contexts and situations. It is believed that cultural context is an important factor that influences human behaviors and values related to society, the economy, and the environment. Language is an essential part of culture. Thus, measurement indicators that are culturally adapted are as important to visualize the efforts toward SD. The present study aims to create a Filipino version of the Sustainability Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ) reflecting the three psychological constructs of knowingness, attitudes, and behavioral items which are related to SD dimensions of social, economic, and environmental. Also, validation of the Filipino SCQ (F-SCQ) by experts and pilot tests as to the conceptual level of the target users and construct validity were done. This study used a cross-sectional, explanatory nonexperimental design with participants composed of 678 male and female aged 18-19 years old. The translation processes go through preparation, translation proper (forward translation), and evaluation (i.e. back translation, bilingual technique, and pretest/cognitive debriefing with 10 target samples) to ensure that the translated instrument is both culturally acceptable and contextually scale relevant to target population. In terms of its factor structure, the results of the second-order factor analysis are as follows: for Sustainability Knowingness, all of the first-order factors (i.e., Environmental, Social, and Economic) were loaded onto a single second-order factor. For Sustainability Attitudes, only the Social and Economic factors were retained; while, for Sustainability Behaviour, only the Environmental and Economic factors were confirmed. Hence, this Filipino version of the SCQ is found to be psychometrically sound and suitable for Filipino adolescents in measuring their sustainability consciousness. Further evaluation is recommended in comparison to the original English SCQ, other age groups; and translation to other Philippine dialects may also be considered in future studies.

Cultural Sensitivity and Social Well-Being in Embassy Architecture: Educational Approaches and Design Strategies

Over the past two decades, the expanding environmental and ecological crises highlight the need to broaden the concept of sustainability to encompass support for cultural sensitivity and social well-being. This study explores the role of architectural education in fostering cultural sensitivity and social well-being in embassy architecture within a framework of environment–behavior studies. It starts from the premise that the architectural values of a culture are deeply rooted in the relationship between the users, architecture, and surrounding environment. State-sponsored architectural works (e.g., embassies, consulates, cultural centers) built outside the country are viewed as symbolic representations of a nation’s diplomatic and cultural influence. These architectural typologies hold a unique potential to act as bridges for cross-cultural dialogue and foster a collective sense of global citizenship. In order to develop and assess the teaching curriculum, a specific assignment was given to master’s students of the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, with the aim to explore how engineering education can be adopted to motivate students toward sustainable attitudes and design solutions. While traditional diplomatic architecture emphasizes inward-facing, fortress-like design strategies, establishing physical and symbolic barriers between the embassy’s territory and the surrounding context, this research advocates for a more holistic approach oriented toward cultural sustainability, openness, and integration within an urban context. Key findings highlight creative solutions for balancing cultural representation with functional requirements while prioritizing community engagement, environmental responsibility, and user well-being. By demonstrating the two distinctive architectural strategies, this study contributes to the culturally responsive embassy design within the broader context of sustainable architectural education.

Social workers’ perceptions and attitudes of environmental issues and sustainable development as social work practice in Aotearoa New Zealand

INTRODUCTION: Environmental and sustainable social work is gaining momentum in social work due to the rising concern of climate change and environmental degradation. Despite the social work profession being committed to social justice, the perspectives of social workers practising in Aotearoa New Zealand on environmental/green social work are yet to be explored. This study explored social workers’ attitudes and beliefs on environmental justice and sustainable practice. It also examined what factors support them to consider environmental issues in social work practice. METHODS: A survey using an online portal was conducted with qualified social workers to assess their attitudes and knowledge. Descriptive, correlation and regression analyses were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: A total of 102 questionnaires were analysed. The results indicated moderate levels of pro-ecological perspectives and awareness of sustainability attitudes, high level of agreement including Māori and other indigenous tradition and wisdom in ecological justice, strong belief in climate change and the importance of factoring environmental issues in social work practice. While over 80% of the participants thought that environmental issues should be part of social work practice, there are still gaps in translating these into practice. Participants would like to see more environmental issues being integrated into social work education to better prepare graduates entering the profession. CONCLUSIONS: Social work education is urged to incorporate the natural environment, environmental justice and values and skills across the curriculum to advance the social justice mission to reduce the disparity among those who are vulnerable and marginalised.

Integrating Youth Sustainable Knowingness, and Sustainable Attitudes to Cultivate Environmental Citizens According to the SDGS: Does Sustainable Environment Knowledge Moderate the Relationship?

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate how prepared young with sustainable knowingness, attitudes, behaviours, and environmental knowledge could help to playing their role as sustainable environmental citizens in supporting countries with sustainable development goals (SDGs) initiatives. Theoretical Framework: The Connection between Resource-Based Views (RBV) Theory and Youth Sustainability few scholars have identified RBV theory as a vital theoretical focal point for supporting the connections theory among researchers in several areas of discipline. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises 274 participants of students from southern region and this study implementing purposive sampling as to collect the data. Data collection was carried out through online survey using Google Form. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that sustainable environmental knowledge moderated the relationship between sustainable knowingness and sustainable attitudes with environmental citizens among southern regions students in Malaysia. Research Implications: Governments should invest in educational programs enhancing environmental literacy to promote sustainable behaviors among students. These initiatives should focus on ecosystems and conservation, fostering a personal connection to sustainability. Originality/Value: This study enhances literature by promoting outdoor education and environmental health lessons for students, enabling them to understand environmental issues and live sustainably through community-based projects.

Critical care nurses’ experiences on environmental sustainability: A qualitative content analysis

BackgroundIntensive care units (ICUs) are the primary producers of greenhouse gas emissions within hospitals, due to the use of several invasive materials. Nurses represent a large portion of the healthcare workforce and can be pivotal in promoting sustainability practices. Several international reports have suggested that nursing can help achieve the sustainable development objectives set by the United Nations. AimsThe purpose is to explore behaviour related to environmental sustainability in intensive care nurses. Study designA qualitative content analysis comprised of in-depth interviews involving 27 ICU nurses, who were each asked the same open-ended question. The transcripts collected were then analyzed and organized by a team of independently-working researchers. The analysis of the extrapolated concepts was carried out following the Neem M. (2022) method. The study is supported by a grant from the Centre of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, Rome, July 2024. FindingsThe main recurring themes are as follows: (1) concepts of environmental sustainability in ICUs, (2) critical issues related to sustainable intervention in the ICUs (3) proactive environmental sustainability attitudes in ICUs. Time to know, define criticality, and improve is the conceptualization of sustainable behaviors experienced by ICU nurses. ConclusionsTaking the time to know and define the critical issues for implementing sustainable behaviours in the ICU, turned out to be the key to enforce the mindset of green nursing thinking. Implications to clinical practiceSustainability behaviours need to be proposed and verified by ICU managers by creating sustainability teams and promoting a good working environment, founding the progression to green ICUs by focusing on health impact education and mindfulness.

Juegos serios para la enseñanza-aprendizaje en educación ambiental

The need to shift to a responsible consumption model, encourage citizen participation, recycling habits, and water conservation, makes it vital to seek innovative ways for environmental education. Therefore, in this study, the serious games Save the Earth Planet ECO Inc. and Eco Ego were implemented in the teaching-learning process of high school students at Unidad Educativa Mariano Benítez, with the aim of promoting sustainable attitudes and behaviors, and raising awareness about environmental management and care. A quantitative, descriptive, and explanatory methodology with a quasi-experimental approach was followed. Before and after the use of these video games, a survey was conducted to measure participants’ opinions and perceptions of learning in environmental education. As a result, the application of serious games succeeded in promoting more sustainable attitudes and behaviors towards the environment among the participants, leading to reflective learning, meaningful experiences of reconnection with nature, and the strengthening of their commitment and participation in ecosystem protection.

Retraction Note: Green supply chain, green leadership, consumer preferences, sustainability attitudes, and sustainable business advantage: a case of Vietnamese textile industry.

Retraction Note: Green supply chain, green leadership, consumer preferences, sustainability attitudes, and sustainable business advantage: a case of Vietnamese textile industry.

Enhancing sustainability education through critical reading: a qualitative study in a Spanish primary school

This research explores how picturebooks can enhance ecocritical awareness and sustainable attitudes among 97 primary school children aged 8–9 in a Spanish school. The study includes 24 reading sessions in three formats: individual, small group, and adult-mediated. The selection of the corpus for children’s readings aligns with theoretical studies focusing on an ecocritical approach to children’s literature, a scholarly perspective that has gained prominence in recent decades. Results indicate that adult-mediated sessions are more effective than individual or small-group readings, fostering greater emotional and cognitive engagement. While students generally showed an ecocentric perspective, an anthropocentric view of sustainability persisted. The study highlights that, although guided reading is beneficial, a more integrated and multidimensional educational approach is needed to cultivate a regenerative consciousness. The educator’s role is crucial for guiding students toward deeper, more meaningful ecocritical understanding.

Heterogeneities in willingness to pay for circular affordable housing: insight from young users

Circular affordable housing (CAH) is crucial to advancing sustainability, but the lack of empirical evidence on users’ active attitudes towards circularity limits its applicability. To fill this gap, this study utilizes discrete choice experiments to thoroughly explore young users’ preferences and willingness to pay for a circular business model (CBM) in affordable housing by considering Dutch and Taiwanese cultural contexts. The analyses highlight the four key attributes that an acceptable CBM for young users in affordable housing should possess: the incorporation of a certain proportion of reused materials, provision of green facilities, availability of furniture services, and effective energy-saving and waste management. Furthermore, young users are willing to allocate 2.5–5% of their monthly income to support the implementation of CBM, which is beneficial for the adoption of CBM in ongoing affordable housing projects worldwide. The attribute preferences of young users in Taiwan and the Netherlands differ due to varying socio-economic characteristics, sustainability attitudes, and distinct cultural patterns within both societies. Consequently, this paper offers recommendations for governments to expedite the development of CAH.

Evidence-based educational interventions to reduce intergroup bias among young children in conflict zones

Biases towards conflict out-groups pose significant barriers for conflict resolution. These biases can perpetuate social divisions, hinder positive intergroup relations, and impede long-term peacebuilding efforts. Therefore, intervening early, before biases are fully formed, is necessary. This article reviews existing knowledge and presents a research synthesis of effective educational interventions aimed to improve intergroup attitudes of young children (preschool and elementary school age) living in conflict zones towards the conflict out-group. The literature review includes interventions that have been implemented to address intergroup bias among such children. This review identifies effective strategies in existing literature and highlights areas for further research and development. These interventions provide practical strategies to reduce intergroup bias among children and foster positive intergroup relations; as such, they hold significant implications for educators, practitioners, and policymakers working in conflict zones. However, more longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of interventions and their impact on sustained attitude change. Moreover, interventions should be tailored to specific conflict contexts, considering cultural nuances and local dynamics. Overall, the present article may contribute to our understanding of how to effectively intervene and moderate intergroup biases and negative attitudes among children living in conflict contexts before biases become stronger and more fully formed in adulthood.

Behind the designs: An exploration of sustainability attitudes among interior design students in Jordan

This research is an attempt to understand where interior design students in Jordan and the Middle East Region stand in the sustainable thinking process through education and practice and if their education on sustainability and environmental issues is enough or if it needs more development in terms of interior design programs curriculums to be more effective sustainable interior designers. The survey instrument was used to assess the attitudes of interior design students toward ecological responsibility and environmental sustainability; a modified New Ecological Paradigm Scale (NEP) was used in this research. Students enrolled in interior design programs at a Northern Jordanian university were surveyed. The sample comprised 160 interior design students from different levels of an interior design program at a public university in Jordan. In the study’s sample, the students showed more interest in the negative effect of human usage of many of the planet's resources and how this will impact the planet's ecological system. This attitude provides insight into the students’ minds regarding where they have those ideas. As design students, this can motivate them to take a proactive stand toward sustainability, which may be done through their projects in the future. However, many participants did not understand sustainable practices and strategies. This can be due to the lack of sustainability training at the university level.Based on the NEP score distribution in each section, it can be concluded that students support the concept of sustainability and reject the destruction happening to the planet. This data shows an increased awareness of environmental and ecological problems, which can positively push design students and future designers to adapt sustainable design strategies to their projects.

Tax Knowledge Analysis of Millennials and Generation Z for Sustainability Development in Indonesia

Sustainable development is increasingly recognized as essential for addressing global challenges, including economic inequality and environmental degradation. As younger generations come of age, their knowledge and attitudes towards sustainability become crucial in shaping future policies and practices. In Indonesia, the millennial and Generation Z cohorts represent a significant portion of the population, and their understanding of tax knowledge and its implications for sustainability development has not been extensively studied. Tax policies are pivotal in funding sustainable initiatives, yet their effectiveness largely depends on public comprehension and engagement. Despite the critical role of taxation in financing sustainability, there is limited research on the tax knowledge of Millennials and Generation Z in Indonesia, particularly in how this knowledge influences their views on sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the level of tax knowledge among Millennials and Generation Z in Indonesia and assess how this knowledge impacts their perspectives on sustainability development. The goal is to identify gaps in tax education and its correlation with sustainable practices. The analysis reveals varying levels of tax knowledge within these generational groups, with notable discrepancies affecting their understanding of how tax policies contribute to sustainability goals. Findings indicate that while both cohorts exhibit some awareness, there are significant gaps that hinder their effective participation in sustainability efforts. This research introduces a novel approach by linking tax knowledge directly to sustainability attitudes among Indonesian Millennials and Generation Z, offering new insights into the intersection of taxation and environmental stewardship. The study underscores the need for enhanced tax education tailored to younger generations to bridge knowledge gaps and foster greater engagement in sustainability initiatives. Policy recommendations include integrating comprehensive tax education into curricula and public awareness campaigns to better align tax knowledge with sustainable development objectives.

Relationship between nursing students’ global climate change awareness, climate change anxiety and sustainability attitudes in nursing: a descriptive and cross-sectional study

BackgroundAs a major global health threat, climate change is an important issue for nurses who play a pivotal role in health protection and improvement, and in the development of climate-smart healthcare systems. Sustainability attitudes in nursing should be developed together with awareness and concern for climate change.AimThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nursing students’ global climate change awareness, climate change anxiety, and sustainability attitudes in nursing.MethodsThis descriptive, correlational study was conducted with 289 nursing students at a state university. Data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Global Climate Change Awareness Scale, the Climate Change Anxiety Scale, and the Sustainability Attitudes in Nursing Survey. Mean and percentage distributions, the Independent Samples t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The STROBE checklist was used to report this study.ResultsGlobal climate change awareness of the nursing students was at a moderate level, and the levels of climate change anxiety and sustainability attitudes in nursing were above average. There was determined to be a moderate positive correlation between climate change awareness and sustainability attitude in nursing, between anxiety and sustainability attitude in nursing, and between climate change awareness and anxiety. Climate change awareness and anxiety explained 25.1% of the sustainability attitude in nursing.ConclusionsThe study provides evidence of the relationship between nursing students’ global climate change awareness and anxiety, and sustainability attitudes in nursing. It can be recommended that climate change and sustainability awareness-raising content are integrated into the nursing curriculum. The development of a sustainability attitude in nursing will contribute to the development of sustainable and low-carbon healthcare practices.

Exploring the interplay between adult sustainability attitudes, psychological wellness, affinity for nature, and interest in scientific topics

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the psychological concept of nature attachment and its relationship with pro-environmental views and psychological wellbeing. Understanding the general public's involvement in scientific matters is also crucial for comprehending scientific research. The researchers set out to chart the connections between adults' affinity to environment, their interest in science, their views on sustainability, and their mental health. In particular, the research set out to investigate the interplay between these factors by testing theory-based hypotheses using structural equation modelling (SEM). A stratified population was created using the probability corresponding to size sampling technique. The population was divided into strata based on relevant characteristics, and systematic sampling was employed within each stratum, taking into account its size relative to the overall population. The study included 436 participants, ranging in age from 19 to 75, who were citizens. The findings of the study revealed a direct relationship between adult nature attachment and adult scientific curiosity. Furthermore, adult scientific curiosity was found to have a direct relationship with sustainability attitudes and psychological wellbeing. Additionally, the analysis indicated that participant attitudes towards sustainability were somewhat and indirectly mediated by adult interest in scientific subjects. The study provided valuable insights into the connections between adults' interest in scientific concerns, connection to nature, sustainability attitudes, and psychological wellbeing. The results demonstrated that individuals who exhibited higher levels of nature attachment and scientific curiosity were more likely to hold favourable sustainable perspectives and report better mental health. The present research contributes to the corpus of expertise by outlining a paradigm that emphasises how scientific involvement affects the views of individuals and welfare.

Sustainable Digital Transformation: Its Impact on Perceived Value and Adoption Intention of Industry 4.0 in Moderating Effects of Uncertainty Avoidance.

Industry 4.0 is a significant technical revolution that combines big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cyber-physical systems to improve manufacturing productivity. This study investigates the impact of digital trust and sustainable attitude on perceived value and the intention to adopt Industry 4.0 technologies. It also examines the moderating role of uncertainty avoidance in these relationships. Data were collected from 189 employees of leading manufacturing companies in Indonesia that are recognized for their Industry 4.0 practices. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) methodology with SmartPLS software to test the proposed hypotheses and explore the moderating effects. The findings reveal that both digital trust and sustainable attitude significantly influence perceived value. However, these factors do not directly affect the intention to adopt Industry 4.0 technologies. Uncertainty avoidance moderates the relationship between digital trust and adoption intention. Specifically, in environments with high uncertainty avoidance, digital trust becomes a critical factor influencing the decision to adopt Industry 4.0 technologies. The study provides valuable insights for organizations aiming to implement Industry 4.0 initiatives. It highlights the importance of fostering digital trust and considering cultural dimensions, such as uncertainty avoidance, in their technology adoption strategies.