Sustainable Energy Production Research Articles

Enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production from engineered Escherichia coli-biohybrid system via intracellular electron redirection

The development of biotic-abiotic photosynthetic systems is becoming one of the most promising strategies towards the thirsty demand for sustainable energy production. However, considerable efforts are still required to further optimize the design and avoid the utilization of high-value substances while achieving highly efficient hydrogen production. Here we show a way to construct an Escherichia coli (E. coli)-quantum dots hybrid system by expressing ferredoxin (Fd), Fd-NAD(P)+ reductase (FNR), and [FeFe]-hydrogenase ([FeFe]H2ase) as a potential biocatalyst. We reveal that electrons originating from the quantum dots could be redirected through the newly established electron transport chain NADH/NAD+-FNR-Fd to [FeFe]H2ase, which contributes a key mechanism to boost the highest H2 production activity (3149.5 μmol gdcw−1h−1) by only using glycerol as the carbon source. Our work sheds light on the advantages of an intracellular biological hybrid system by combining the photocatalytic capacity with the optimized metabolic power to produce biofuels.

Cr-doped tri-metallic nano prism catalyst for efficient alkaline and seawater splitting

Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most promising methods for sustainable production of green hydrogen. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a crucial step in the process of water splitting. However, it exhibits sluggish kinetics and requires a significant overpotential for functioning at reasonable reactionrates. The efficiency of the reaction can be enhanced by reducing the overpotential, lowering the energy barrier, and using an effective electrocatalyst. Transition metal-basedcatalysts are well studied for this purpose. Specially, nickel–cobalt (Ni-Co) based catalysts have been regarded as the best OER electrocatalysts. Therefore, several studies have been carried out to enhance the electrocatalytic efficiency of Ni-Co catalysts. While mixing other transition metals with Ni-Co is a straightforward and reliable method to improve the OER activity of Ni-Co catalysts, there is still a need for a thorough examination of the design of Ni-Co catalysts with various additional elements. Seawater electrolysis, which utilizes abundant water resources that constitute over 97% of the world’s water, is highly appealing for sustainable energy production. To achieve commercial feasibility, scientists are striving to solve challenges, such as corrosion resistance, highoverpotential, and the need for efficient and durable electrocatalysts.In this study, we fabricated a transition metal-based trimetallic catalyst (CNF), consisting of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). Furthermore, CNF was doped with chromium (Cr-doped CNF) and tested for the OER in alkaline freshwater and alkaline seawater. Our Cr-doped trimetallic CNF catalyst demonstrates exceptional performance in both seawater and freshwater, with overpotential of 320 mV and 280 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density, making it a promising candidate for large-scale, sustainable hydrogen production.

Use of biomass from Amazonian agro-industrial waste for the production of energy

This research aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of briquettes made by açaí, cupuaçu, and murumuru waste from agro-industrial activity in a region of the Brazilian Amazon. For the production of briquettes, biomass with different granulometry (48, 60, 65, and 80 mesh) was sent to hydraulic pressure at constant pressure (15t) with various pressing times (15, 20 and 30 minutes). This process occurred without the addition of binders. The obtained outcomes were evaluated for storage time, bulk density, energy density, calorific value, impact strength, water absorption, and mechanical durability. The briquettes produced with açaí and cupuaçu presented good mechanical characteristics compared to murumuru. Concerning the calorific value, the latter showed better results. There was no alteration in the physical and mechanical properties determinant for the material to present favorable energy generation and durability. The açaí briquettes demonstrated better physical and mechanical properties, while murumuru briquettes indicated the best energy properties. Thus, the use of biomass from different agro-industrial wastes from the Amazon proved to be relevant for the elaboration of briquettes, being an alternative in the production of sustainable energy and adding to the reduction of the accumulation of improper waste disposed of in the environment.

Socio economic perspectives on fusion power for a sustainable future energy system

In the global effort towards the mitigation of climate change, low-carbon electricity generating technologies play a pivotal role. Nuclear fusion stands as a highly promising option for carbon-free electricity generation in a sustainable, reliable, affordable and socially acceptable future energy system. The EUROfusion work package “Socio Economic Studies” (WPSES) on fusion conducts research aimed at identifying social and economic conditions that can effectively support fusion deployment in future energy markets. Placing nuclear fusion in the broader context of energy and climate issues, the SES research explores fusion as an energy technology contributing to sustainable energy production for the future society. Because of the cross-cutting nature of the research, SES studies can provide decision-makers with scientific evidence relevant for shaping appropriate strategies in favour of fusion. This paper aims to offer the scientific community a thorough overview of EUROfusion SES research, addressing a gap in the current literature.

CURRENT TRENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL (PVT) SYSTEMS: A REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS

This systematic review explores advancements and challenges in photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems, focusing on efficiency improvements, cooling mechanisms, material innovations, Internet of Things (IoT) integration, and cost and environmental considerations. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 45 articles were analyzed to provide a comprehensive understanding of current trends and future directions in PVT technology. Findings reveal that cooling mechanisms, particularly liquid-based and nanofluid-based systems, are essential for maintaining high PVT efficiency under diverse environmental conditions. Material advancements, including phase change materials (PCMs) and nanotechnology, have enhanced thermal management and energy storage capabilities, yet their high costs and environmental impacts remain significant barriers to broader adoption. IoT and smart grid integration have transformed PVT system functionality by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and energy flow adjustments within connected energy networks. However, persistent challenges—including high initial investment costs, environmental concerns related to materials, and the need for adaptable designs—highlight areas for future research. Advancements in adaptive materials, sustainable cooling solutions, and digital automation are essential for developing cost-effective, resilient PVT systems that contribute to global renewable energy goals. This review provides a foundation for future research to address the identified challenges and maximize the potential of PVT systems in sustainable energy production.

A Sustainable Agri-Photovoltaic Greenhouse for Lettuce Production in Qatar

Qatar identified that food supply security, including self-sufficiency in vegetable production and increasing sustainable renewable energy generation, is important for increasing economic and environmental resiliency. Very favorable solar energy resources in Qatar suggest opportunities to simultaneously meet this goal by integrating solar energy generation and food production. This study examines the feasibility of developing a sustainable agri-photovoltaic (APV) greenhouse design. A comprehensive greenhouse with solar energy generation included is developed for year-round operation in Lusail, Qatar. The performance of the system is predicted by integrating meteorological data and MATLAB simulations of system components. Important design considerations included optimizing solar energy generation by fixed solar photovoltaic panels placed on the maximum available surface area of the greenhouse canopy, while balancing crop insolation and energy needs for greenhouse HVAC systems. Electrical energy is also stored in an industrial battery. Results suggest the APV greenhouse is technically and economically viable and that it could provide benefits, including enhancing food security, promoting renewable energy, and contributing to sustainable food and energy production in Qatar.

An Overview of Different Water Electrolyzer Types for Hydrogen Production

While fossil fuels continue to be used and to increase air pollution across the world, hydrogen gas has been proposed as an alternative energy source and a carrier for the future by scientists. Water electrolysis is a renewable and sustainable chemical energy production method among other hydrogen production methods. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis is a popular and expensive method that meets the high energy requirements of most industrial electrolyzers. Scientists are investigating how to reduce the price of water electrolytes with different methods and materials. The electrolysis structure, equations and thermodynamics are first explored in this paper. Water electrolysis systems are mainly classified as high- and low-temperature electrolysis systems. Alkaline, PEM-type and solid oxide electrolyzers are well known today. These electrolyzer materials for electrode types, electrolyte solutions and membrane systems are investigated in this research. This research aims to shed light on the water electrolysis process and materials developments.

Facile Synthesis of Silver‐Exchanged Phosphotungstic Acid Immobilized on Sn‐Bi Bimetallic Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Esterification

ABSTRACTMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal supports for the synthesis of porous composite catalysts. In the present study, Sn‐Bi bimetallic metal–organic frameworks (Sn‐Bi‐MOFs) supported silver‐doped phosphotungstic acid (AgPW) catalysts (AgPW@Sn‐Bi‐BDC and AgPW@Sn‐Bi‐BDC (NH2)) were successfully synthesized via a simple in situ impregnation method, which was subsequently applied to catalyze esterification for the production of biodiesel from oleic acid (OA). The physico‐chemical properties of the prepared composite catalysts underwent comprehensive analysis through XRD, FTIR, N2 physisorption, SEM, EDX, NH3‐TPD, Py‐FTIR, TG, and XPS techniques, confirming the successful impregnation of AgPW on the Sn‐Bi‐MOFs framework. Among the catalysts tested, AgPW@Sn‐Bi‐BDC (NH2) exhibited the better catalytic activity than that of Sn‐Bi‐BDC, Sn‐Bi‐BDC (NH2), and AgPW@Sn‐Bi‐BDC, reaching 91.6% of OA conversion with the methanol:OA molar ratio of 20:1 and the catalyst quantity of 0.2 g at 130°C for 4 h. The high activity of AgPW@Sn‐Bi‐BDC (NH2) is attributed to the available multiscale pore structure, high acidity, and the synergistic action of the Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites. Additionally, the esterification with AgPW@Sn‐Bi‐BDC (NH2) followed the first‐order reaction kinetic model, with an Ea of 34.5 kJ/mol. Moreover, the recyclability of the composites was also assessed, demonstrating sustained catalytic activity after four reuses. This approach showed a potential for sustainable and efficient energy production through bimetallic MOFs‐based composite catalysts.

Towards a more sustainable hydrogen energy production: evaluating the use of different sources of water for chloralkaline electrolyzers

Water scarcity is becoming a serious threat for the implementation of energy storage devices based on hydrogen in the inland of dry regions, because of the difficulties in finding appropriate sources of water and the important environmental problem associated with the discharge of rejection saline streams produced during the purification of water. This becomes an opportunity for chloralkaline technology in which the quality of water used is lower than the required in other hydrogen production technologies. This work compares the performance of chloralkaline electrolyzers fed with different solutions of NaCl (from brackish water to brines) with that obtained feeding two natural water samples (seawater and porewater) and three processed waters (rejections streams of the electrodialysis, reverse osmosis of the porewater and a real rejection of the reverse osmosis of a vineyard). All tests were made with a lab-scale 3-D printed cell where, in addition, the performance of Ti/RuO2 and Pb/PbO2 anodes were compared, being always better the results obtained in the tests made with the Ti/RuO2 electrode. Results obtained indicate that efficiencies reached using these alternative sources are lower than those which can be reached using synthetic brines that, in turn, were very near to the standards reached in the chloralkaline industry. In the case of hydrogen production, the maximum values were obtained for seawater, reaching efficiencies proximate to 8.0 mg H2 (Wh)-1. Rejection streams of desalination processes were found to be less efficient, attaining values in the range 2 and 4 mg H2 (Wh)-1. Regarding the production of chlorine and caustic soda, better performances were reached again with seawater (161.7 mg Cl2 (Wh)-1 and 0.092 mg OH- (Wh)-1 ) and with the rejection of the electrodialysis, which also reached sound values of 90.4 mg Cl2 (Wh)-1 and 0.107 mg OH- (Wh)-1. Results obtained are promising and indicate a path that must be further worked for the implementation of a greener water management strategy in the hydrogen -based energy storage technology.

Assessment of Bioenergy Potential in Vindhya Plateau, Madhya Pradesh

Evaluating agricultural residue availability is crucial for assessing sustainable biomass energy production. Crop waste, a byproduct of agricultural production, can be used for soil amendment, animal feed, and energy generation. A survey in seven districts of central India (Bhopal, Damoh, Guna, Raisen, Sagar, Sehore, and Vidisha) was conducted to assess the availability of agricultural residue in the Vindhya Plateau, which comprises about 16% of Madhya Pradesh's geographical area. Agricultural residue availability was determined by selecting a crop, gathering data on yield and generated biomass (including surplus), and estimating the bioenergy potential. The cultivable areas in the selected districts have bioenergy potentials of 19.91, 15.19, 7.88, 21.89, 13.71, 15.09, and 17.21 kJ ha-1 for crops like soybean, rice, wheat, gram, and maize, respectively. The total residue potential, surplus residue potential, and bioenergy potential of the Vindhya Plateau were assessed as 6.08 MT, 2.42 MT, and 40 GJ, respectively. Vindhya Plateau's Raisen district offers the highest biomass potential, making it ideal for bioenergy development and fuel production from biomass.

Rational construction of N-containing carbon sheets atomically doped NiP-CoP nanohybrid electrocatalysts for enhanced green hydrogen and oxygen production

The pursuit of sustainable energy production has directed rigorous research in the field of electrocatalysis, particularly for water electrolysis (i.e., hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER)). This study discloses the rational synthesis of N-containing carbon sheets atomically doped NiP-CoP nanohybrid (NiP-CoP/NCS) via precipitation/calcination. The fabrication method tailored the physicochemical merits for collective contribution to improved green hydrogen and oxygen, elucidated by surface/bulk characterization and theoretical calculations. Thus, the NiP-CoP/NCS had improved HER activity at lower overpotential (ƞ10 = 197.7/274.6 mV), higher exchange current density (jo = 0.71/0.67 mA/cm2), turnover frequency (TOF = 2.63/1.47 s-1), H2 production rate (3601.63/2519.12 µmol/g/h) and superior stability after 24 h in acid/alkaline media, than NiP/NCS and CoP/NCS. Moreover, NiP-CoP/NCS delivered impressive OER activity at reduced ƞ10 (309.1 mV), and Tafel slope (ba = 58.9 ± 3.0 mV/dec), but higher TOF (3.67 s-1) and O2 production rate (3643.96 µmol/g/h) relative to NiP/NCS and CoP/NCS, besides higher stability for 24 h. These were further proved by theoretical calculations. This work indicates a deeper understanding of the fabrication methods of making efficient electrocatalysts for green and sustainable energy conversion.

Advanced multi-component FeCoCuAlMo intermetallic electrocatalysts for efficient and sustainable hydrogen evolution in alkaline freshwater and seawater

Electrolyzing seawater to produce hydrogen is a promising sustainable energy production technology. The current non-precious metal-based hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts demonstrate inadequate catalytic activity and poor stability in seawater electrolyte. Therefore, developing stable and efficient non-precious metal-based HER electrocatalysts is a major challenge for achieving sustainable green energy development. This work reports a multi-component intermetallic catalyst FeCoCuAlMo prepared by arc melting and chemical dealloying methods. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of catalysts with varying atomic ratios (FeCoCu)20(Al70Mo30)80, (FeCoCu)30(Al70Mo30)70, (FeCoCu)40(Al70Mo30)60, and (FeCoCu)50(Al70Mo30)50 in alkaline seawater and alkaline electrolyte was studied. The findings indicate that these catalysts primarily consist of AlMo3 and (Cu0.35Fe0.35Co0.3)Al, among which the dealloyed (FeCoCu)30(Al70Mo30)70 exhibits excellent catalytic activity with overpotentials of 137.54 and 116.91 mV at a current density of 100 mA/cm2 in alkaline seawater and alkaline electrolyte, respectively, outperforming most catalysts. Additionally, it demonstrated long-term stability in alkaline seawater and alkaline electrolyte for 250 and 400 h without significant decay at overpotentials of 236 mV and 276 mV, respectively. This improved performance can be attributed to the unique structure of the multi-component intermetallic compound, which provides good thermodynamic stability and synergistic effects among its constituents, thereby enhancing HER performance. Within this multi-component intermetallic compound, AlMo3 particles serve as the primary conductive medium to accelerate electron transfer, while (Cu0.35Fe0.35Co0.3)Al serves as the main active site, resulting in a stable structure that provides the catalyst with high catalytic activity and good stability. Thus, the (FeCoCu)30(Al70Mo30)70 electrocatalyst is a promising candidate for seawater electrolysis aimed at hydrogen production.

Engineering Hybrid Transition Metal Dichalcogenide as Highly Active Electrode for Water Electrolysis

AbstractWater electrolysis plays a vital role in green energy systems and there is an absolute need for abundant, affordable, and effective catalysts for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Despite existing challenges, the exploration of transition metal‐based electrocatalysts with superior performance in alkaline water splitting is critical for advancing the hydrogen economy. This study focuses on the electrocatalytic potentials of FeS2, CoSe2, and FeS2@CoSe2 hybrid nanocomposites in response to the increasing demand for sustainable energy production. The prepared materials were synthesized hydrothermally and characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine their structural properties, elemental composition, and morphological features. Notably, the F@C−B nanocomposite exhibited outstanding HER performance, requiring only 97 mV of overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Similarly, the F@C−C nanocomposite demonstrated impressive OER efficiency with an overpotential of merely 302 mV at the same current density. The involvement of the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism was confirmed through Tafel slope analysis, revealing the improved surface‐active sites and reduced charge transfer resistance of the nanocomposite. The FeS2@CoSe2 nanocomposite with synergistic effects, displayed exceptional electrocatalytic properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for overall water splitting. This work introduces a novel approach to developing highly efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts, offering a viable alternative to precious metal‐based counterparts.

Biorefinery-oriented pyrolysis and anaerobic fermentation synergies: Leveraging biomass tar for enhanced chemical production from food waste

The carboxylic platform via mixed culture anaerobic fermentation holds significant potential for biorefinery applications. However, effective and economical methanogenesis inhibition remains crucial for maximizing production efficiency. This study investigates the use of biomass tar, derived from the pyrolysis of rice husk, as a methanogenesis inhibitor to enhance the anaerobic fermentation of food waste and boost the production of reduced fatty acids. The experimental results demonstrated that adding 5.0 g/L of tar achieved the highest hydrogen production, reaching 65.0 mL/g VS. Furthermore, increasing tar concentrations led to higher yields of reduced and longer-chain fatty acids, with butyrate production peaking at 726.8 mg COD (chemical oxygen demand)/g VS (volatile solid) with 30.0 g/L tar, and caproate at 128.6 mg COD/g VS with 10.0 g/L tar. GC-MS analysis identified phenolic compounds and furan derivatives as the primary inhibitory agents, which gradually degraded during fermentation. Microbial community analysis revealed that the tar-based inhibitors effectively suppressed dominant methanogenic archaea, including Methanothrix, Methanobacterium, and Methanosarcina, while promoting the enrichment of chain-elongating bacteria such as Clostridium_sensu_stricto and Clostridium_IV. This study suggests that integrating biomass tar from pyrolysis with anaerobic fermentation can serve as a highly efficient biorefinery approach, fully utilizing diverse organic wastes for sustainable energy production.

Unlocking development of green hydrogen production through techno-economic assessment of wind energy by considering wind resource variability: A case study

Generating hydrogen from renewable energy sources is widely recognized as an effective strategy for addressing critical challenges in the energy sector while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to assess the wind energy potential for electricity and hydrogen production in five locations on Sumba Island using 10 years (2011–2020) of data from the NASA's POWER Project. A wind variability assessment was performed on five wind turbines ranging from 500 kW to 1.5 MW and using electrolysis technology. The results indicated a hydrogen production potential of 25–57 tons per year. Economic analysis of hydrogen production for Haharu reveals an attractive internal rate of return (IRR) of 43% with a payback period (PBP) of 2.25 years and a net present value (NPV) of 1.3 MM USD, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.0241 USD/kWh, and the levelized cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) of 1.01 USD/kg. Sensitivity analysis underscores the critical influence of investment and revenue on project profitability, highlighting their substantial impact on determining a project's success or failure. These findings emphasize the potential of Sumba Island as a hub for sustainable energy production to meet the growing demand for clean and renewable energy sources.

Improvement of the hydrogen evolution reaction and photocatalyst activity of ZiF-8 coated with RGO

The need for sustainable energy production is critical because of the considerable impact on the environment associated with the use of fossil fuels. In this study, we examine the physicochemical properties, photocatalytic performance, and electrochemical hydrogen evaluation of ZiF-8 coated with RGO, which were prepared using the ultrasonication method. All samples were examined with x-ray diffraction and exhibited a cubic phase. With an increase in RGO concentrations, the direct optical bandgap transition experienced a decline from 5.6 to 3.62 eV. As the concentration of RGO increased, a higher quantity of RGO was added resulting in the formation of a single layer of amorphous RGO on the surface. This layer of amorphous RGO played a key role in enhancing the electronic conductivity of the samples. The RGO coating effect on the photocatalytic performance since the efficiency of dye removal increased from 67% to 99% in 120 minutes. ZiF-8 combined with 8% RGO (ZiF-8@8%RGO) has a noticeably smaller arc radius compared to pure ZIF-8 and ZIF-8 with 4% RGO. The pure ZiF-8 is a typical n-type semiconductor. The ZiF-8@8%RGO demonstrated the highest rate of hydrogen evolution. These results suggest the feasibility of using ZiF-8@8%RGO for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation.

Techno-economic and environmental assessment of green hydrogen and ammonia production from solar and wind energy in the republic of Djibouti: A geospatial modeling approach

This study conducts a thorough economic and technical analysis to assess the viability of green hydrogen and green ammonia production using renewable energy sources in the Republic of Djibouti. We explore the economic competitiveness of utilizing wind and solar power for sustainable energy production through various measures including levelized cost of energy (LCOE), hydrogen (LCOH), and ammonia (LCOA). Our analysis incorporates sensitivity assessments and Monte Carlo simulations to predict financial feasibility and environmental impact, focusing on CO2 emission reductions. A cost mapping of electricity, green hydrogen, and green ammonia from solar and wind resources was created to find Djibouti's most cost-effective production sites. The feasibility of exporting green ammonia to neighboring countries with high fertilizer demand was also evaluated using rail and truck transport scenarios. Key findings demonstrate that Moulouhlé, endowed with robust wind and solar resources, presents a strategic site for deploying renewable energy technologies. Wind energy, with a lower LCOE of 0.066 $/kWh compared to solar's 0.093 $/kWh, emerges as a more cost-effective solution for both hydrogen and ammonia production. Notably, wind-powered hydrogen production costs are 2.25 $/kgH2, significantly lower than solar-powered costs at 4.17 $/kgH2. In terms of green ammonia, wind power achieves production costs of 399.76 $/tonNH3, outperforming solar power which stands at 537.11 $/tonNH3. Additionally, our study evaluates the logistics of exporting green ammonia, determining rail transport as a more economically viable option than trucking. This research not only underscores Djibouti's potential as a leader in green energy exportation but also aligns with global decarbonization efforts, showcasing significant CO2 savings—154.94 Mt annually from wind. This work emphasizes the importance of strategic resource utilization in Djibouti, offering insights critical for stakeholders in making informed decisions about investing in renewable energy infrastructures. The outcomes suggest a promising future for regional energy sustainability and economic resilience, fostering a transition towards low-carbon energy systems.

Automatic Classification of Defective Photovoltaic Module Cells Based on a Novel CNN-PCA-SVM Deep Hybrid Model in Electroluminescence Images

In today’s world, the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) power plants has facilitated sustainable energy production. Maintenance and fault detection play a crucial role in ensuring the continuity of energy production. Manual inspection of electroluminescence (EL) images of PV modules requires significant human resources and time investment. This study presents a method for automatic fault detection of PV cells in EL images using hybrid deep features optimized with the principal component analysis (PCA) feature selection algorithm. A lightweight and high-performance model that combines the strengths of convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures is proposed. Firstly, data augmentation techniques are employed due to the imbalance between defective and functional classes in the dataset containing EL images. In experimental studies conducted by integrating the PCA algorithm into MobileNetV2, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3 CNN models, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score values of 92.19%, 92%, 90% and 91%, respectively, were achieved. When the results were analyzed, it was observed that the proposed method had an effective performance in detecting faults in PV panel cells.

Efficacy of machine learning algorithm in estimating oxyhydrogen gas generation system: Electrolyte concentration and current influence on sustainable energy production

Hydrogen gas has emerged as a promising and ecologically friendly substitute for fossil fuels, providing a long-term energy alternative. This research study applies machine learning regression models for estimating the volume of HHO gas generated using two distinct electrolytes with varying concentrations, namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The efficiency of the HHO gas production system hinges on various factors, such as the type of electrolyte and electrode, distance between electrodes, applied current and voltage. This investigation employed a comprehensive array of 29 multiple-regression algorithms to predict gas production. Notably, the input data for these algorithms were directly fed from the collected experimental data without any preprocessing. The input variables include the electrolyte concentration, current, and voltage, while the output is the estimated production of HHO gas. The findings of this study revealed that the multilayer perceptron (MLP) regression algorithm yielded the highest correlation coefficients, registering values of 0.9945 for NaOH and 0.9942 for KOH, respectively. Root relative squared error, relative absolute error, root mean squared error, mean fundamental error, and correlation coefficient were the metrics used to determine the model performance in predicting the volume of HHO gas produced. Furthermore, the experimental analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between the concentration of the electrolyte solution and the current with the rate of HHO gas production. Notably, the study identified that operating the cell at 40 A with KOH resulted in the maximum productivity of 0.9 litres per minute (LPM) of HHO gas, representing a 16 % increase compared to NaOH. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning regression models in optimizing hydrogen production and highlight the advantages of KOH as an electrolyte in this context.

Green integrative large scale treatment of tannery effluent, CO2 sequestration, and biofuel production using oleaginous green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05: An ecotechnological approach

In this present investigation, the freshwater microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 was used to demonstrate multiforius environmental applications viz., bioremediation of tannery effluent, carbon sequestration, and green renewable biodiesel production from treated microalgal biomass. The microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 was exhibited unique heavy metal reduction capabilities and reduced significant amount of heavy metals viz., 96.62% of copper (Cu2+), 99.9% of chromium (Cr3+), 98.36% of zinc (Zn2+), 98.71% of cadmium (Cd2+), 97.96% of lead (Pb2+), 98.88% of Cobalt (Co2+), and 98.76% of nickel (Ni2+). The biosorption capacity rate (qmax) of heavy metals reduction and highest R2 of 97.84% exhibited at 12 days of effluent treatment by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The phytotoxicity analysis was tested againt treated tannery effluent using Vigna radiate, Sapindus muukorossi seeds and 98.45%, 99.05% seeds were germinated. The Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 microalga was utilized 98.45% of CO2 by biofixation kinetics, 372 mg g−1 of lipid, 3.65 mg mL−1 of biomass and 4.64 mLg−1 of biodiesel were produced. The produced biodiesel was confirmed and identification of 18 fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) compounds using GCMS. The recognition of 17 functional groups was identified using FTIR analysis and the microalga Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 potential for sustainable and renewable green energy production. The potential future application of Nannochloropsis oculata TSD05 is to increase lipid production and biodiesel yield. Scaling up the bioremediation process can also validate these microalga's feasibility for use in wastewater treament. Enhancing heavy metal biosorption and carbon sequestration efficiency through genetic engineering could also maximize environmental benefits.