Sustained Focus Research Articles

A parametric investigation of binaural beats for brain entrainment and enhancing sustained attention

Binaural beats (BBs) have garnered attention as a highly accessible, noninvasive method to enhance cognitive performance, putatively via brain entrainment. However, the few studies that have directly examined the impact of BBs on sustained attention report inconsistent findings, perhaps due to wide variation in methodology. This study experimentally varied BB parameters while testing the effects of BBs on both sustained attention and brain entrainment. 80 undergraduate participants were randomized to 1 of 16 between-subject conditions in a 2 beats frequency (beta or gamma) × 2 carrier tone (340 or 400 Hz) × 2 onset time (before or with task onset) × 2 background masking noise (present or absent) factorial design. Participants completed a 2-visit within-subjects cross-over comparison of BBs vs. control auditory stimulation. EEG data were collected to validate brain entrainment. Gamma frequency BBs with a low carrier tone and white noise background improved general attention performance but did not reduce the vigilance decrement over time, suggesting BBs may modulate other cognitive aspects rather than sustained focus. EEG results confirmed brain entrainment, though entrainment varied with BB parameters and background noise. Further research should explore the interactions between BB parameters to optimize their use for cognitive enhancement.

Geomorphodiversity and anthropization indices for Italian urban areas

Urban geomorphology analyzes modifications of morphology and topography induced by human activity in cities, urban and peri–urban areas. Urban expansion modifies ecosystems, but global actions for sustainability focus on the biosphere, overlooking the role of abiotic components, embedded in and supported by the geosphere and its ecosystem services.We propose the joint study of indicators of land surface variability and of anthropic modifications. We consider geomorphodiversity, as a discrete measure of richness and variability of abiotic components, and a new index describing the degree of human impact inferred from land cover classes. We suggest that a joint study of the two indicators helps quantifying and understanding the effect of specific land cover changes on areas with different values of geomorphodiversity and the relationships between abiotic parameters and the human presence in urban areas.Public datasets permits study geomorphology simultaneously at the national scale, and the local scale, within individual urban areas. We show that (1) urban development in Italy was fostered in lowlands, alluvial plains or hills, and urban areas with large values of geomorphodiversity host larger numbers of natural areas; (2) different definitions of urban boundaries are essential to investigate different aspects of human impact on the landscape; (3) synthetic scenarios of land use change, corresponding to different values of anthropization, are useful to study the effect on geomorphodiversity.Quantitative geomorphodiversity and anthropization index contain complementary information, and their joint study is an additional tool to plan city development and conservation of natural areas in a broad sense.

Risk factors for re-hospitalization within 90 days of discharge for severe influenza in children

BackgroundInfluenza virus is a contagious respiratory pathogen that can cause severe acute infections with long-term adverse outcomes. For paediatric patients at high risk of severe influenza, the readmission and the associated risk factors remain unclear.MethodsChildren discharged with a diagnosis of severe or critical influenza from October 2021 to March 2022 were included. The disease severity was categorized according to the “2020 edition of the Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of influenza in children”. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, underlying medical conditions, microbiology, treatment outcomes, and 90-day readmissions were retrieved and retrospectively analyzed. Those who tested positive for COVID-19 were excluded. Risk factors independently associated with readmission were identified using multiple logistic regression models.ResultsDuring the study period, 225 children with severe influenza were hospitalized and 14.7% (33/225) of them were readmitted within 90 days. The median length of readmission was 62 (IQR, 31–76) days, and the most common cause of readmission was pneumonia. M. pneumoniae and influenza virus are the most common infections for readmission The children who were readmitted were more likely to have critical influenza and neurological comorbidities compared to patients without readmission. The readmitted children had a significantly higher proportion of natural killer cells and a shorter febrile duration and length of stay on their first admission, compared with those who were not readmitted. Rhinosinusitis (OR = 30.085, p = .008) and high level of natural killer cells (OR = 1.107, p = .012) were independent risk factors and febrile duration (OR, 0.748, p = .018) was a protective factor for 90-day readmission.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that, to reduce the potential readmission of children with severe influenza, a sustained focus on the risk factors including rhinosinusitis and over-activated host immune response during the index hospitalization is needed.

Improved conversion of carbon dioxide to methane via photohydrogenation using Gd2NiMnO6 with a dendritic fibrous architecture

The conversion of diluted CO₂ into high-energy fuels is increasingly central to renewable energy research. This study investigates the efficacy of a Gd₂NiMnO₆ dendritic nanofibrous (DNF) photocatalyst in transforming carbon dioxide to methane through photoreduction. Gd₂NiMnO₆ DNF was found to provide active adsorption sites and control the strand dimensions for metal groups, facilitating the chemical absorption of CO₂. The light-driven photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄ through biomass valorization has become a sustainable focus area, with photocatalytic CO₂ reduction recognized as a key strategy to mitigate greenhouse gases and achieve carbon neutrality. However, designing active sites with enhanced selectivity and efficiency for CO₂ photoreduction remains challenging. Reducing carbon dioxide is especially crucial in the era of petroleum refineries. This work introduces a reusable, magnetically responsive nanocatalyst for the targeted light reduction of CO₂ to CH₄, utilizing eco-friendly methods, mild thermal conditions, ambient pressure, and sustainable dehydrating agents. This approach provides significant economic benefits and compatibility with functional groups, highlighting the potential of combining 3D nanoparticle structures with sustainable chemistry to create highly efficient catalytic systems for CO₂ to CH₄ conversion.

The Evolution of Global Smart Systems and Future Technologies in Human Resource Management Systems

The emergence of Industry 4.0 and growing interest in human resources (HR) analytics has prompted investments in tech-enabled HR management. Drawing on the UTAUT theory, this study aims to explore the strategic positioning and future technological avenues of smart technology-driven HRM by identifying articles using the PRISMA approach and applied bibliometric analysis to extract themes. The analysis reveals three clusters of HR technology-based research themes and six current research themes guiding future research directions. The current study also categorizes five significant gaps in extant research. In addition, the study maps current research themes to the United Nations' sustainable development goal (SDG) initiatives to enable researchers to understand the sustainability focus on technology-based HRM research. The present study argues for the role of technology-led HR research themes in becoming a part of sustainable business models, stakeholders, and systems thinking.

Sustainable Agricultural Innovation in Uzbekistan Through the Helix Models

Uzbekistan is a double-landlocked country with an economy heavily reliant on agriculture, arguably one factor impeding the country’s development. One possible remedy to the agricultural transformation is the Helix Innovation Ecosystem. This research investigates how the pillars of the helix- academia, industry, government, civil society, and environmentalists- can be the catalysts that arise from the groans of collaboration while strategizing theories such as international relations and political case studies. The Green Industrial Revolution will allow Uzbekistan to compete favorably, be market-oriented, and maximize its comparative advantages in agriculture: renewable resources, eco-industrial parks, and energy-efficient greenhouses. Besides building institutional fittings and bridges, improving the interaction among the helix actors will facilitate climate funds in the agricultural sector. In addition, funds from the carbon market will enable socio-economic resiliency. As library-based and secondary data research, the article further acknowledges that these eluding aspects can only be comprehended through field studies that can be compared to other landlocked countries. Finally, this paper argues that balancing the interaction between the various elements of the Helix model will enable Uzbekistan to have a sustainable economic environment and focus more on innovations in the agricultural sector. It can also serve as a guide for other low-income countries with similar development problems.

Belonging in the Law Classroom: Preliminary Reflections from a South Australian Case Study

This article reports the findings of the Belonging in the Law Classroom Project (Belonging Project) – a qualitative research project undertaken during 2022 with the support of an UniSA Early Career Researcher Teaching and Learning Grant. The Belonging Project aims to improve the experience and retention of first-year Law students by better understanding and fostering their sense of belonging in the online or physical classroom. The idea that students can and need to belong to a higher education community has become engrained within higher education policy and practice. Past studies have identified a strong causal link between students’ sense of belonging at University and student retention. This has led to a sustained focus on developing institutional strategies to improve student engagement, largely focused on extra-curricular supports or activities, but less focus on what happens in the classroom to foster student belonging. By focusing on student belonging in the classroom, and enacting dialogic approaches to provide students with opportunities to talk and explore within the classroom setting, as well as connecting with their life worlds and funds of knowledge to help students identify the existing skills and resources that they bring to the law studies, the Belonging Project provides a fresh perspective for teaching staff to understand student retention and engagement This article will explore some of the practical frameworks, exemplars and resources complied during the Belonging Project to provide first year law teachers with building blocks that they can utilise to foster student belonging in their classroom.

Improving Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit by Assessment

PurposePatients in the intensive care unit suffer from pain caused by life-threatening illness or injury but also treatments such as surgery and nursing procedures such as venipuncture. Unconsciousness following head trauma or sedation stage complicates self-report, and both under- and over-management of pain can occur. Inadequate assessment and treatment might follow from unsuitable pain assessment practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the implementation of a pain assessment tool on nurses` documentation of pain and the administration of analgesia and sedation. DesignQuantitative pre-post design. MethodsThe study was conducted at one intensive care unit at a university hospital and involved 60 patient records and 30 pre-implementations and 30 post-implementations of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT). ResultsAfter implementation, a 38% adherence rate was found. The frequency of nurses’ pain evaluations increased significantly from 1.3 to 2.3 per nursing shift. The implementation of CPOT also improved how often nurses identified pain by use of facial expressions, muscle tension, and cooperation with the mechanical ventilator, whereas focus on vital signs dropped (p = .014). A larger proportion of patients (17%) received paracetamol after the CPOT implementation compared with before (8%). Findings were statistically significant at p < .01. ConclusionsImplementation of CPOT increased the frequency of pain evaluations, and the observable patient behavior was more often interpreted as pain-related. Nurses’ adherence rate to sustained patient behavior focus being modest highlights the essential need for ongoing improvements in practice. Implementation of a new tool must be followed by non-pharmacological and pharmacological pain management steps. Clinical ImplicationsImplementing the CPOT as a pain assessment tool has the potential to enhance assessment practices. However, it is important to note that simply increasing assessment frequency does not guarantee nursing interventions to alleviate pain. This indicates the need for additional steps to be taken in order for nurses to complete the pain assessment cycle and effectively address interventions and reassessments.

The road back to performance: Promise and precarity of tourism development for the lives of Siem Reap dancers

Visitors at an evening event in Cambodia’s Angkor National Park gasp as red light reveals dancers framed by the windows of an ancient temple. Apsaras come to life, hyperextended fingers moving through a sequence of offering. While they embody celestial beings of the past for cultural tourism productions, these Siem Reap performers are in a position of precarity in Cambodia where tourism development plans simultaneously create performance opportunities and relocate the homes of artists living in the Angkor Protected Zones. The COVID pandemic left the province economically adrift. To bring hope back, massive development projects were completed that project to serve up to 18 million visitors (up from 6 million pre-Pandemic). These are just the beginnings of the Siem Reap Tourism Development Master Plan 2021–2035 which aims to increase the quality of tourism through a stronger infrastructure, new tourism products including performance activities, and a focus on sustainability. While the return of tourism and the re-emergence of touristic performance productions is a sign of hope for Siem Reap’s dancers, the focus of sustainability has been a source of precarity, particularly for those living in the Angkor National Park area where thousands of residents have been “voluntarily relocated.” This article uses poetry and prose to examine the relationships that tourism performers have with the land and with development in Siem Reap amidst the glimmers of tourism resurgence post-pandemic bringing attention to the tensions between a global interest in sustainability and the impacts of tourism development policies on locals.

A new model for the diagnostic assessment services trajectory for neurodevelopmental conditions.

The Canadian province of Québec faces several issues regarding the accessibility and quality of diagnostic assessment and the efficiency and continuity of evaluation, support, and intervention services for children with neurodevelopmental conditions (NDCs). To address these issues, the Ministry of Health and Social Services mandated a research team to initiate the development of a reference trajectory, i.e., a proposed model pathway based on national and international best practices and research, for the diagnostic assessment of NDCs in children aged 0-7 years. The present study focused on the development of a logic model to operationalize the diagnostic services trajectory using a community-based participatory research approach and informed by implementation science. This involved representatives from multiple stakeholder groups (e.g., parents, professionals, physicians, administrators, researchers). Project steps included an analysis of best practices from a literature review on diagnostic trajectories, focus groups and interviews with stakeholders, and a validation process to ensure the appropriateness of the final model. The integration of existing research and stakeholder input resulted in a logic model for a new diagnostic services trajectory for children aged 0-7 years suspected of NDCs and identified key ingredients that should be present in its future implementation. The proposed model for a diagnostic services trajectory is expected to address several systemic issues identified previously. Its implementation will need to be evaluated to ensure its sustained focus on the needs of families and its ability to promote their quality of life, well-being, and involvement.

Working toward transformation: educational leaders' use of continuous improvement to advance equity

IntroductionThis comparative case study explores how educational leaders in three networked improvement communities (NICs) situated in the same school district use a continuous improvement (CI) approach, improvement science, to address equity-focused problems of practice. The district that is the focus of this study represents a critical case for understanding educational leaders' use of CI approaches as a lever for equity-focused school reform because the system and state in which it was situated had made ongoing investments in both advancing equity in schools and using various CI approaches.MethodsData collection and analysis focused on interviews with four district leaders and eight school leaders, observations of ~24 h of NIC meetings and planning meetings, and document collection. I draw on sensemaking theory to understand the factors that supported and/or constrained educational leaders' use of CI to advance equity, including more dominant and transformative equity work.ResultsAll educational leaders in the study described and were observed attending to equity as they engaged in CI. The district's sustained investments in equity-focused reform, the use of Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, data use, and NIC facilitation each acted as important factors that shaped this process.DiscussionAdvancing equity is long term work that involves addressing deeply rooted beliefs, changing policies and practices, and redesigning systems. Study findings suggest that districts may be more successful in leveraging CI to advance equity when they combine this action-oriented approach with a sustained focus on disrupting oppressive mindsets, values, and beliefs that can hinder transformational change.

Gamification for sustainable consumption: A state‐of‐the‐art overview and future agenda

AbstractUnsustainable consumption is a pressing issue requiring innovative solutions. Gamification is a promising approach with the potential to drive a shift toward sustainable consumption. This study delivers a state‐of‐the‐art overview of gamification as a strategy for sustainable consumption, shedding light on its role at the intersection of environmental sustainability, sustainability education, sustainable behavioral changes, sustainable living, sustainable tourism, and workplace sustainability, underscoring that sustainable consumption (e.g., energy) is not only personal but also professional. This study also offers a rich organizer of antecedents (game mechanics, incentives and mechanisms, social dynamics, sustainability focus, and user experience), mediators and moderators (psychographic and socio‐cultural), controls (demographic and contextual), and outcomes (behavioral changes, consumption patterns, and psychographic shifts), alongside relevant theories and methods, to provide a finer‐grained, toolbox‐like understanding of gamification for sustainable consumption. This study concludes with avenues for future research to drive new frontiers where gamification can contribute to sustainable consumption, and by extension, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production.

Integrated Framework for Enhancing Liveability and Ecological Sustainability in UAE Communities

Urban growth is vast in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) due to economic development, and there is a need to consider liveability and sustainable ecosystems for future urban expansion. Promising strategies for sustainability focus on minimizing a building’s effects on the environment and improving residents’ quality of life, which is important in the desert and when confronting the issues of water and climate change. Sustainable practices that impact the livelihood of people in the UAE include factors such as walkable areas, open space, policing, healthcare, education, housing, and ensuring friendly transport that enhance the overall quality of life of residents in the region. Recognizing and appreciating the UAE’s cultural values is crucial when incorporating these aspects, allowing references to the nation’s character when creating communal areas. The primary research included quantitative surveys of three identified communities, composed of fifty participants each, where the findings indicate partial to full compliance, with 85.7% of the liveability indices being about public transport and green space. Through this analysis, liveability and sustainability principles need to be trialed and incorporated into future urban development to embrace the ecology as well as the inhabitants. To realize these targets, the proposed study adopted a four-part approach. Initially, an analysis of related studies concerning the UAE or the Gulf area was carried out to obtain important liveability and quality-of-life factors. A total of 6 dimensions and 51 indicators were extracted from the literature to inform the next stage. Subsequently, the authors identified and evaluated the design of three chosen communities in various cities in the UAE concerning liveability and sustainability indices. Consequently, a conceptual redesign of a typical community was made, illustrating the improved quality of life and sustainability. Lastly, a survey with respective facets from an urban planning architect and environmental scientist cum environmental economist was conducted to evaluate the practicality of the proposed design. This research gives a comprehensive picture of how liveability and sustainable ecosystem concepts need to be implemented in the UAE urban context and offers a direction to develop lively, context-specific, culturally attached, and sustainable urban environments for the present day and for the future.

The translation of transformative policy ambitions in funding research for climate change

Abstract This paper addresses how research and innovation (R&amp;I) policy responds to global challenges, which demand fundamental transformations of societies and economies. The paper presents the case of a transnational, European funding call (SOLSTICE) for climate change research led by social sciences and humanities. Both the development of SOLSTICE and the research community’s responses are analysed in relation to the transformative R&amp;I policy literature, identifying potential future avenues for improving the transformative outcomes of this type of funding. The study concludes that unlocking the value of transformative R&amp;I policy concepts and approaches depends on wide stakeholder engagement in the funding instrument design phase and an active and sustained focus on achieving societal outcomes during project implementation. In addition, barriers to the effectiveness of (European) transnational funding programmes are identified, particularly when policies target community-level socio-technical transitions to address global challenges.

FP2020 and FP2030 Country Commitments: A Mixed Method Study of Adolescent and Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health Components.

Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) was established in 2012 with the goal of expanding contraceptive access. By 2020, 46 countries had made commitments to FP2020. A sustained focus on adolescents and youth (AY) began in 2016. During the commitment formulation process, substantial support was offered to countries to develop AY commitments based on sound data, research evidence, and programmatic experience. This study assesses how country commitments under FP2020 and FP2030 have evolved over time with respect to improving attention to and focus on the needs of adolescents and youth sexual and reproductive health (AYSRH). We analyzed the content of FP2020 and FP2030 country commitments focusing on AY (aged 10-24 years) using a scoring guideline we developed to measure the AY commitments in terms of completeness, clarity, and quality. This analysis shows that FP2030 commitments better articulate strategies and activities to reach AY with contraceptive information and services when compared to FP2020 commitments. FP2030 commitments are stronger in some areas on AYSRH, such as commitment to establish national or local policies, strategies, and guidance for AY programming, specifying the target audience of the AY commitment, and partnering with AY or youth-led organizations in commitments. However, more work remains to be done by countries to dedicate a budget for achieving AY objectives, including measurable targets for monitoring progress, identifying and addressing the root causes that impact AY access to and use of contraception, including child marriage and gender-based violence, and reducing financial barriers to access contraception.

A multi-method approach to assessing consumer acceptance of sustainable aquaponics

Aquaponics is a sustainable production method of co-cultivating fish and vegetables in a water-recirculating system that resembles a natural ecosystem. For aquaculturists to embrace aquaponics technology, understanding marketing positioning for both aquaponic fish and vegetables is crucial. While prior research suggests highlighting aquaponic fish's environmental benefits may improve consumer perceptions, marketing strategies for aquaponic produce remain underexplored. This research addresses consumers' concerns and identifies key communication elements that enhance consumers' sensory liking and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for aquaponic produce. Employing a multi-method approach, we conducted a taste test of 191 consumers (Study 1) to assess consumers' actual tasting experience of aquaponic produce and a choice-based conjoint analysis of 986 consumers (Study 2) to quantify their WTP. The results show that innovative aquaponics has no adverse effect on consumers' sensory liking when properly defined with a sustainability focus. Strategically aligning aquaponics benefits message focus (eco-friendly versus clean-and-safe) with consumer motivational factors (environmental concern versus health consciousness) increases sensory liking and WTP. Environmental-conscious consumers have a greater sensory liking for aquaponic produce promoted as eco-friendly but not clean-and-safe. Environmental- and health-conscious consumers have a higher WTP for eco-friendly focused aquaponic than field-grown produce. Health-conscious consumers have a higher WTP for clean-and-safe focused aquaponics. While consumers generally value local and small family farm aquaponics attributes over an organic attribute, the effect varied by their motivational factors. These findings provide insights for aquaculturists to strategically position aquaponics, supporting the transition towards more sustainable food production and consumption amid growing global food demands.

Enhancing Sustainability in Transportation Education: A Multimodal Curriculum Approach

This research critically examines the integration of sustainability principles into transportation education, focusing on multimodal curriculum development. Qualitative research methods are employed to investigate the perspectives of 39 cadets studying multimodal transportation, logistics, transportation safety, and law and road management at a transportation institution. The findings reveal varying levels of awareness and integration of sustainability in education, with participants highlighting the need for a more comprehensive and practical curriculum. Participants also emphasize the importance of industry collaboration, research, and policy advocacy in enhancing sustainability focus. The research underscores the urgency of preparing future professionals for the globalized, environmentally conscious transportation industry. By incorporating participants' suggestions, educational institutions can enhance sustainability education and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient transportation sector.

Enhancing flow states in neurodivergent individuals through cognitive network integration

This article explores the concept of &amp;ldquo;flow&amp;rdquo; in the context of neurodivergence, focusing on the interaction between the default mode network (DMN) and task-positive networks (TPNs), particularly in conditions such as autism spectrum condition (ASC) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Flow, a state of deep immersion and focused engagement, is associated with enhanced performance and satisfaction across activities. The DMN, typically active during rest and self-referential thinking, interacts uniquely with TPNs during flow states, creating a dynamic balance crucial for sustained focus and reduced self-referential thinking. Neurodivergent individuals often exhibit distinct DMN activity patterns, which affect their capacity for achieving flow. For instance, individuals with ADHD may experience flow in stimulating tasks, whereas those with ASC may achieve it in areas of deep interest due to their intense focus. This paper examines the expertise-and-release model in creative flow and transient hypofrontality as a potential mechanism facilitating flow in neurodivergent individuals. It also proposes strategies to enhance flow through personalized cognitive training, specialized task environments, and technology-assisted interventions, aiming to harness neurodivergent strengths and accommodate unique cognitive profiles. This comprehensive analysis deepens understanding of neurodiversity and offers practical applications for improving quality of life and performance in neurodivergent populations.

Impact of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Audits in Cancer Screening Programs in Lombardy Region: Supporting Equity and Quality Improvement.

Health disparities related to socio-economic factors impact access to preventive health interventions. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model, a multidimensional approach to health promotion, has been adapted to optimise cancer screening programs in Lombardy, Italy, addressing these disparities. This study evaluated the application of systemic audits based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model across Lombardy cancer screening programs. A systematic region-wide audit was performed in 2019, and follow-up audits were performed in 2022-2023. Data were collected using structured analysis methodologies, including epidemiological, behavioural, and organisational assessments. The 2019 audit showed strengths in participation and quality standards but identified challenges in cervical cancer screening coverage and waiting times for assessments. Improvements plans included the digitisation of processes and stakeholder engagement. The 2022-2023 audits reported increased coverage for breast and colorectal screenings, but a slight decline in participation rates and examination coverage. Organisational improvements were noted, yet gaps in training and equity-targeted actions remained. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model audits led to notable improvements in the quality and equity of cancer screening programs in Lombardy. Sustained focus on digital integration, continuous re-training, and targeted equity interventions is essential for further progress.

Becoming a homeroom teacher: spatial and temporal dimensions of identity formation

ABSTRACT Despite sustained focus in recent years on teachers’ identity construction, alongside researchers’ increasing acknowledgement of the roles of time and space in identity formation, a paucity of work explores the role of spatial – temporal dimensions in the formation of teachers’ identities. In this study we examine how teachers’ professional identities are constructed and practiced in relation to space and time. Our analysis is grounded in theories that conceptualise space and time as entangled with social relations, and it draws on semi-structured interviews with 142 homeroom teachers, who work in primary, middle and high schools in Israel. We argue that teachers’ identity construction is a spatially and temporally embedded process. We show how participants’ identity is constructed through temporal structures of formal, longer-term ‘cycles’ (e.g. the school year) and through mostly informal, shorter-term ‘moments’ (e.g. critical incidents), as well as through significant spatial structures such as the classroom and the staffroom. We also show how school trips – a space-time outside the boundaries of school grounds and timetables – facilitate formative experiences. Our findings show how teachers’ professional identity is part of the production and reproduction of these space-time constructs, which are constructed around interactions and relationships with others.