Suspended Organic Matter Research Articles

Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the common food pathogens which may cause gastroenteritidis in human and animals. The microorganism also causes the economic loss in animal farming and food industry. In this study, the disinfection efficacy of a powder disinfectant containing phosphate compounds as a main ingredient, was evaluated against S. Typhimurium. A bactericidal efficacy test by broth dilution method was used to determine the lowest effective dilution of the disinfectant following exposure to test bacteria for 30 min at 4℃. The disinfectant and test bacteria were diluted with hard water (HW) or organic matter suspension (OM) according to treatment condition. On HW and OM conditions, the bactericidal activity of the disinfectant against S. Typhimurium was 4- and 2-fold dilutions, respectively. As the disinfectant composed to phosphate compounds possesses bactericidal efficacy against pathogenic bacteria such as S. Typhimurium, the powder disinfectant can be used to control the spread of bacterial diseases.

Content of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu was determined in the water, suspended matter, plankton organisms and bivalves collected in the brackish-water lagoon lakes on the coast of the Japan Sea in July 2011-2012, August 2013, and July 2014. The lakes are located in the sparsely populated area of eastern Sikhote-Alin including the Sikhote-Alin biosphere nature reserve. The content of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb has a tendency to decrease along the trophic chain that is conditioned by prevalence of their suspended forms over dissolved ones in the water and decreasing of the surface : weight ratio with size of living organisms. On the contrary, the content of Cu, Zn and Cd is rather stable along the food chain because of prevalence of their dissolved forms and low content in the suspended organic matter.

From Macrobrachium amazonicum ( Heller, 1862 ) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) abundance in monthly collections in the Amazon estuary and on Mosqueiro Island (State of Para, Brazil) between April 2006 and August 2007, we verified that the site mentioned is favorable to the development of the species, since there is a significant number of young and adults specimens throughout the year, whose abundance is significantly higher in the dry season. Icoaraci was the site of great contribution in the total of specimens caught, relating this productivity to the large amount of organic matter in suspension. In this study, we found the largest M. amazonicum specimen ever collected, comparing to those mentioned by available scientific literature. The individual was a female caught on Combu Island with 44.72 mm carapace length or 18.45 cm total length. Relations of body mass (g) vs. carapace length (mm) for males, females and sexes together had negative allometry, which can be associated to the gonadal maturation cycle of the species. All other morphometric relationships showed positive allometry. Keywords . carapace; bio-ecology; population dynamics.

Abstract Aim: Identify large-scale limnological patterns in lateral water bodies of Río de La Plata Basin, considering the influence of river damming and urban conglomerates. Methods Samplings were performed in a broad spatial scale (along 16 latitude degrees) during two seasonal periods (23 sites in summer and 20 sites in winter) for measurements of physical and chemical variables, chlorophyll a and periphyton biomass. Results Geographical distance between sites was significantly correlated with the environmental dissimilarity (Euclidean distance). Reservoir and floodplain associated sites exhibited lower phosphorus concentration. Eutrophic conditions were higher in sites close to urban areas and regions with intensive agriculture and livestock activities, which exhibited higher conductivity, concentration of nitrogen and chlorophyll a. Sites associated to reservoirs had higher periphyton biomass. Inorganic suspended matter was higher in summer whereas organic suspended matter was higher in the winter, due to contrasting rain seasonality in the upper Paraná River sub-basin. No significant correlation between the dissimilarity of the vegetation and the environmental dissimilarity or geographical distance between sites was observed. Conclusions The limnological conditions in the fluvial lateral habitats in the Río de La Plata basin are highly influenced by reservoirs construction, intensive urban occupation and rain seasonality.

Suspended sediment source and propagation during monsoon events across nested sub-catchments with contrasted land uses in Laos

The role of different environmental factors in the formation of zooplankton community in the river ecosystems of the Arpa River catchment basin was investigated. The results of the study showed that zooplankton diversity in the mentioned ecosystems was significantly affected by the river velocity, which caused not only deterioration but also improvement in the status of zooplankton diversity. It was also revealed that the main environmental factors determining the species structure of zooplankton community in the Arpa, Yeghegis and Darb rivers were oxygen saturation, total phosphorus, total suspended solids and organic matter (of terrigenous origin probably).

ABSTRACTEstuarine systems are characterized by complex physicochemical and hydrological changes occurring across multiple scales, which determine spatiotemporal variation in distribution and abundance of consumers and their resources. However, little is known about the effects of these biophysical interactions on the interannual dynamics of estuarine food webs. In this work, a five-year stable isotope data set was used to investigate interannual variability in trophic links between basal production sources (seagrass, macroalgae, saltmarsh, particulate organic matter in suspension and in the sediment) and an omnivorous fish (Jenynsia multidentata) in a subtropical estuary emptying in the Southwestern Atlantic. The isotopic variability (δ13C, δ15N) of basal sources and the consumer was analysed seasonally on a mudflat from 2010 to 2014. Jenynsia multidentata showed significant interannual variation in their trophic links with primary producers. In most seasons and years, the consumer relied heavily on benthic-associated food resources, but shifted to pelagic food resources during certain seasons. A ‘green tide’ caused by a massive bloom of vicariant macroalgae occurred on the mudflat, but our findings suggested that the carbon-derived portion of this basal production source was not assimilated by J. multidentata. Instead, seagrass was the most assimilated benthic basal food source in most seasons and years. These results suggest that the intensity of benthic and pelagic trophic pathways sustaining estuarine consumers are not static, but change in response to intra- and interannual variation in the availability of basal production sources. Our findings reinforce the need to account for interannual trends in availability of resources when modelling estuarine food web dynamics.

Urban runoff (UR) is a promising new resource that may alleviate growing tensions in numerous arid and semi-arid regions of the world. However, it is precisely in these zones that the available UR quality characteristics are scarcer. This work aims to evaluate a wide set of parameters to establish a detailed approach to both the quality of UR in a midsized city in Central Mexico and the feasibility of using UR to recharge aquifers. UR from an institutional land use site was sampled during wet and dry seasons and assessed for suspended solids, organic matter, nutrients, microorganisms, metals, and persistent organic chemicals (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH). The results were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods to identify relationships among the variables, the sampling sites and the seasons. The soil erosion and the leaching of materials due to the water flow through vegetated areas were identified as the most influencing factor on the quality of the site runoff in both dry and wet seasons. Additionally, data were more heterogeneous during the dry season, and higher pollutant concentrations were found both during the dry season and in more pervious zones. We consider UR a promising water source for recharging aquifers in arid and semi-arid zones if a program is implemented that can integrate an adequate runoff treatment system, soil protection, and other non-structural measures.

Trophic ecology of Atlantic seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri: Intertidal benthic microalgae support the subtidal food web off Suriname

Spectral characteristics of CDOM (Chromophoric dissolved organic matter) in water columns are a key parameter for bio-optical modeling. Knowledge of CDOM optical properties and spatial discrepancy based on the relationship between water quality and spectral parameters in the Yinma River watershed with in situ data collected from highly polluted waters are exhibited in this study. Based on the comprehensive index method, the riverine waters showed serious contamination; especially the chemical oxygen demand (COD), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were out of range of the contamination warning. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total suspended matter (TSM) with prominent non-homogenizing were significantly high in the riverine waters, but chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was the opposite. The ternary phase diagram showed that non-algal particle absorption played an important role in total non-water light absorption (>50%) in most sampling locations, and mean contributions of CDOM were 13% and 22% in the summer and autumn, respectively. The analysis of the ratio of absorption at 250–365 nm (E250:365) and the spectral slope (S275–295) indicated that CDOM had higher aromaticity and molecular weight in autumn than in summer, which is consistent with the results of water quality and the CDOM relative contribution rate. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the environmental variables OSM (Organic suspended matter) had a strong correlation with CDOM absorption, followed by heavy metals, e.g., Mn, Hg and Cr6+. However, for the specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), the seasonal values showed opposite results compared with the reported literature. The potential reasons were that more UDOM (uncolored dissolved organic matter) from human sources (wastewater effluent) existed in the waters. Terrigenous inputs simultaneously are in relation to the aCDOM(440)-DOC relationship with the correlation coefficient of 0.90 in the summer (two-tailed, p < 0.01), and 0.58 in the autumn (two-tailed, p < 0.05). Spatial distribution of the CDOM parameters exhibited that the downstream regions focused on dry land have high CDOM molecular weight and aromatic hydrocarbon. Partial sampling locations around the cities or countries generally showed abnormal values due to terrigenous inputs. As a bio-optical model parameter, the spectral characteristic of CDOM is helpful in adjusting the derived algorithms in highly polluted environments. The study on organic carbon and pollutants in highly polluted waters had an important contribution to global carbon balance estimation and water environment protection.

The Japan Trench is located under the eutrophic Northwestern Pacific while the Mariana Trench that harbors the unique hadal planktonic biosphere is located under the oligotrophic Pacific. Water samples from the sea surface to just above the seafloor at a total of 11 stations including a trench axis station, were investigated several months after the Tohoku Earthquake in March 2011. High turbidity zones in deep waters were observed at most of the sampling stations. The small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene community structures in the hadal waters (water depths below 6000 m) at the trench axis station were distinct from those in the overlying meso-, bathy and abyssopelagic waters (water depths between 200 and 1000 m, 1000 and 4000 m, and 4000 and 6000 m, respectively), although the SSU rRNA gene sequences suggested that potential heterotrophic bacteria dominated in all of the waters. Potential niche separation of nitrifiers, including ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), was revealed by quantitative PCR analyses. It seems likely that Nitrosopumilus-like AOAs respond to a high flux of electron donors and dominate in several zones of water columns including shallow and very deep waters. This study highlights the effects of suspended organic matter, as induced by seafloor deformation, on microbial communities in deep waters and confirm the occurrence of the distinctive hadal biosphere in global trench environments hypothesized in the previous study.

Effect of flood events on transport of suspended sediments, organic matter and particulate metals in a forest watershed in the Basque Country (Northern Spain)

Fabric filtration is a new trend in waste water reuse applications. In an attempt to improve the waste water quality resulting from a compact unit composed of an up-flow anaerobic reactor to obtain waste water effluent quality which is complying with the law 48/1982 for discharge in agricultural drains, and which can be used safely for unrestricted irrigation, this research study aims at testing the performance of four different fabric materials at the bench scale level at different operating conditions in order to identify the optimum operating conditions for the selected material. In this research, nonwoven fabrics and woven fabrics were tested as separation media. The effect of different water heads (pressure) and flux rates were tested to evaluate the fabric material removal performance. Two parameters were used to evaluate the removal of suspended solids and organic material namely; TSS and COD. Based on the results of this research study, nonwoven fabrics were found to be promising as separation media for the waste water and more effective than woven fabrics. Low flux rates and low water heads showed better results compared to high flux rates and pressure. The selected fabric material will be tested at the full scale real wastewater resulting from a village existing in a rural area in Egypt.

Pelareh Dairy Industry (PDI) is located in the west of Iran. The aim of the present study was to assess the quality and quantity of PDI wastewater and compare the results with the regulations. PDI has a wastewater treatment plant that consists of sewage collection system, screening system, equalization tank, clarification tank, anaerobic system for pretreatment, activated sludge processing, disinfection, and solids drying beds. In this research, seven quality parameters, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), nitrate (NO 3 ), total suspended solids (TSS), phosphate (PO 4 ), temperature (T o c), and pH, were measured as qualitative variables. Thus, 20 samples were collected from influent and effluent zones. Wastewater samples were collected using random grab sampling during peak hours. Based on the results, the average (SD) COD concentration of the raw wastewater in wet season and dry season was 2152.22 (1384.00) and 1813.38 (518.33) mg/l, respectively. The results revealed that the removal efficiency of BOD 5 , COD, and TSS at the studied plant was 89.22%, 88.79%, and 71.72%, respectively. Based on achieved results, the pollution load of PDI effluent wastewater was determined and presented. Based on the obtained results, the pollution load based on BOD 5 variable was 15.71 kg/day. The obtained results indicate that the treatment plant was not efficient enough to be considered as a treatment process for the removal of suspended solids and organic matter.

Alteration of physical and chemical characteristics of clayey soils by irrigation with treated waste water

Due to their high filtration rates, exotic freshwater bivalves remove suspended organic matter from the water column, transferring resources to the sediment and increasing water clarity, which alters ecosystems. While there is a considerable amount of data on filtration rate of exotic bivalves, comparison between species is often invalid due to the utilization of different protocols for assessing filtration in experimental conditions. In this study, we quantified and compared for the first time the filtration rates of the zebra and quagga mussels and of two invasive Corbicula lineages (forms R and S) as a function of chlorophyll a concentration and season. The highest filtration rate observed was for the zebra mussel in fall and at high algal biomass. The incipient limiting level (ILL), defined as the chlorophyll a concentration at which the maximum filtration rate is observed, was observed in spring and summer in Corbicula species, and in summer and fall in Dreissena species. Overall, filtration rates presented a large range of variation, depending on chlorophyll a and season. Overall, Corbicula form S was observed as the best adapted to low food concentration. Moreover, Corbicula can switch to pedal feeding which gives them a competitive advantage at low chlorophyll a concentrations.

ABSTRACTA progeny stock was established by using gold-lip breeders collected from Indonesia to understand the growth characteristics of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima in Beibu Bay, China. The shell height and shell length of the stock were measured from April 2011 to September 2013. Water parameters, such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, and suspended organic matter, were monitored during the experimental process. Results showed seasonal trends in water temperature and suspended organic matter. Shell height and shell length were significantly related at different ages (P < .05). The estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters were SH∞ = 178.75 mm and K = 0.41 per year for shell height, and SL∞ = 152.74 mm and K = 0.50 per year for shell length. The growth performance indexes for shell height and shell length were 4.02 and 4.07, respectively. This study provides valuable information for the optimization of the production management of pearl oyster P. maxima in the area.

Abstract The independent effects of in‐stream structure (ISS) and fish foraging on stream properties have been well documented, but few studies have explored the interactive effects of ISS and fishes on streams. Herein, we tested the independent and interactive effects of ISS and a generalist fish (Blacktail shiner, Cyprinella venusta) on suspended organic matter (SOM), benthic algae, invertebrate density and fish growth using experimental mesocosms. We found that Blacktail shiner foraging affected all of the ecosystem properties; however, in some cases, the fish effects differed between mesocosms with and without ISS. Specifically, mesocosms with ISS provided greater surface area for invertebrate colonisation and enhanced food resources for Blacktail shiner. As a result, benthic foraging by Blacktail shiner was reduced in these mesocosms. The reduced benthic foraging in turn enhanced benthic algae and benthic invertebrates via a bottom‐up, nutrient excretion pathway. The ISS‐dependent effects of fish on these stream properties, however, were only evident at low and intermediate fish densities (1 and 2 fish·m−2 respectively). This was likely because at the highest fish density (4 fish·m−2) intense fish foraging overrode any mediating effects of ISS. Furthermore, fish growth decreased with fish density because of intraspecific competition, but this negative effect on growth was reduced in mesocosms with ISS because of the increased forage base. However, the positive effect on fish growth was weak and only marginally significant. Our data suggest that fish‐mediated effects on streams are context dependent, changing with microhabitat availability (e.g. ISS) and density of the fish population.

Method for analysis of psychopharmaceuticals in real industrial wastewater and groundwater with suspended organic particulate matter using solid phase extraction disks extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Resource subsidies from multi-trophic aquaculture affect isotopic niche width in wild blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)