Suspended Matter In Sea Water Research Articles

Концентрирование ртути во взвешенном веществе пены и воды Чёрного моря

Способность взвешенного вещества концентрировать ртуть может быть превалирующим фактором в очищении водной толщи Чёрного моря. В результате седиментации взвешенные частицы выносят загрязнения из поверхностного слоя воды и в итоге могут депонировать их в донных осадках, участвуя таким образом в процессах самоочищения морской акватории. Взвешенное вещество как дисперсная фаза водной среды, рассматриваемой в качестве гетерогенной дисперсной системы, может быть более насыщено ртутью, чем сама вода как дисперсионная среда. В данной работе определён вклад растворённой и взвешенной форм ртути в её общее содержание и оценена концентрирующая способность взвешенного вещества в отношении ртути, обуславливающая биогеохимическое самоочищение вод от ртути. Все пробы воды разделяли на фильтрат и взвесь путём их фильтрации через нуклеопоровые фильтры с диаметром пор 0,45 мкм. Измерения содержания ртути проводили на анализаторе «Хиранума-1» методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрофотометрии. Концентрацию растворённой ртути в воде определяли в пересчёте на литр, а во взвешенном веществе — на литр и на грамм сухой массы. Выявлено превалирование растворённой формы ртути независимо от сезона года с варьированием её процентного содержания в диапазоне 66,3–85,8 % от общей (суммарной) концентрации ртути. Средняя концентрация взвешенной формы составила 14,2–33,7 % от её общего содержания. При этом значения концентрации взвешенного вещества (mвзв) варьировали от 0,1 до 15,0 мг·л−1 за весь исследованный период, а коэффициент накопления ртути взвешенным веществом (Кнвзв) изменялся в диапазоне от n·10³ до n·107. Определён значительный вклад взвешенной формы ртути в её общее содержание в морской пене, образованной в штормовую погоду. Так, при концентрации взвешенного вещества в морской воде 9,6 мг·л−1 концентрация растворённой формы ртути имела значение 55 нг·л−1, а взвешенной — 20 нг·л−1. В морской пене концентрация взвешенного осадочного вещества составила 895,2 мг·л−1, а концентрация ртути достигла 200 нг·л−1 в растворённой форме и 260 нг·л−1 — во взвешенной. Содержание общей (суммарной) ртути в морской пене при этом превышало предельно допустимую концентрацию (100 нг·л−1) для морской воды. В данном случае Кнвзв для морской воды был равен 3,8·104, а для пены — 1,5·103. Такое распределение ртути в морской взвеси, пене и воде, а также полученные значения коэффициента накопления свидетельствуют о большой важности взвешенного вещества в самоочищении морской акватории. При низком содержании ртути в воде концентрирующая способность взвешенного вещества, характеризуемая относительно высокими значениями его коэффициента накопления ртути, становится весьма значимым фактором в седиментационном самоочищении вод от ртути, однако при повышении загрязнения вод ртутью влияние этого фактора снижается.

РАСЧЕТ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДЛЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ РАБОТ ПО ДНОУГЛУБЛЕНИЮ И ДАМПИНГУ ДОННЫХ ОСАДКОВ: ОЦЕНКА С ПОМОЩЬЮ ВВ-МОДЕЛИ

The developed SM-model, describing the suspended matter concentrations in water environment, was used to assess the consequences of the works on dredging and dumping ground during the reconstruction and modernization of the water body area in the Pionersky Port (Kaliningrad region). The complex of recreated works includes 11 stages of the dredging works during which the various types of bottom sediments are extracted, some part of these sediments are transported outside the port water area and discharged into the marine underwater dump, while other their part are used for hydraulic engineering works in the port area. At the dredging and dumping the sediments, additional zones of water turbidity are formed (with a suspended matter concentration > 50 mg/L), its deposition causes the formation of a layer of sediments on the bottom. For each work stages, the technological data on the currents in the port water area are used for mathematical modeling and calculations of the amounts of various types of sediments extracted from the bottom, their redistribution over the sea area, the concentration of suspended matter in sea water, and the indicators (areas and volumes) of the emerging turbidity zones water due as a result of the construction works. Calculated data may be used to compile a report “Assessment of influence on the water environment state” (or AIWES) in the frame of these works.

PAHs in the atmospheric aerosols and seawater in the North–West Pacific ocean and sea of Japan

PAHs were analyzed in samples of atmospheric aerosols and suspended matter in seawater collected in the Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk and the North-Western Pacific in June–July 2012. The concentrations of Σ(15) PAHs in the suspended matter of seawater ranged between 1984.7 pg/L to 30260.3 pg/L. The concentration of Σ(14) PAHs in marine aerosols ranged from 17.09 pg/m3 on June 19–22, 2012 in the northern part of the Sea of Japan, the La Perouse Strait to 142.47 pg/m3 on June 25–28, 2012 near middle Kuril Islands. The results of diagnostic ratios analysis indicate that the primary sources of PAH are pyrogenic. This paper discusses the main anthropogenic (coal-fired power plants and population) and natural sources (wildfires) of PAHs and their effect on the concentration of these compounds in the marine air and suspended matter of seawater. Long-range atmospheric transport of PAHs from the continent to the ocean is shown using HYSPLIT backward trajectories. Active fire products (MODIS and VIIRS) data were used to build a regression model. The model as a whole explains 58% and 75% of the Σ 5-ring PAHs and BaP variations in seawater in June–July 2012, respectively. The analysis shows that anthropogenic sources were not a significant contribution factor for PAHs in the seawater at the Sea of Japan during this period.

Mobilization of metals from riverine suspended matter in seawater

Suspended matter from rivers in the Russian Far East was leached by seawater to assess the extent of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu release from the land-derived solids to estuarine and coastal waters. The concentration of solids in the leaching experiments was 0.25 g/l. The suspended matter used varied in metal content from background levels to heavily contaminated. The concentration of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in the leaching solution after 1, 4, 24, 48, and 96 h was determined by anodic stripping voltammetry. Measurable Cd was transferred from river suspended matter to seawater with both background and elevated Cd concentrations, though the amount of Cd released was different. The increase in Zn and Pb in solution was observed only at the enriched concentration of metals in the suspended solids. The Cu transfer into solution was more pronounced from material with elevated Cu concentration, but the amount of degradable organic matter in the solid phase was more important. The losses of metals from the riverine solids varied from 60% to 80% of total concentration for Cd to negligible for Pb, independent of contamination. The Zn loss depended on the initial concentration in the solids and decreased from 11–16% for the heavily contaminated suspended matter to 3–8% for the moderately enriched ones and to negligible for the pristine solids. Cu loss varied from 1% to 30% of total content, with no clear dependence on concentration in the suspended matter. The significance of additional input of dissolved metals to estuarine and coastal waters from remobilization was assessed by comparison with the initial concentration of dissolved metals in river water. Such experiments could be used to assess the water quality impact of atmospheric fallout of contaminated solids and storm drainage from the urbanized areas, in addition to river suspended matter studies.

Study on suspended matter in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea

Distribution of suspended matter in seawater in the Southern Yellow Sea is investigated in five regions: 1) the Northern Jiangsu bank, the highest TSM (total suspended matter) content region; 2) the high TSM content region off the Changjiang River mouth; 3) the high TSM content region off the Chengshan Cape; 4) the low TSM region off Haizhou Bay; 5) the central part of the Southern Yellow Sea, a low TSM content region. The vertical distribution of TSM is mainly characterized by a spring layer of suspended matter, written as “suspended-cline” whose genesis is related to storms in winter. In this paper, non-combustible components and grain sizes in suspended matter, relationship between suspended matter and bottom sediments, and salinity in seawater are described. Investigation result shows that, in this area, suspended matter comes mainly from resuspended bottom sediment and secondarily from present discharge loads from rivers and biogenic materials. Discharged sediments from the Huanghe River move around the Chengshan Cape and affect the northwestern region of this area. Sediments from the Changjiang River affect only the southern part and have little or no direct influence on the central deep region. Wave is the main factor affecting distribution of suspended matter. Water depth controls the critical depth acted on by waves. The cold water mass in the central region limits horizontal and vertical dispersions of terrigenous materials. Suspended matter here has the transitional properties of the epicontinental sea. Its concentration and composition are different from those of a semi-closed sea (such as the Bohai Sea) and those of the East China Sea outer continental shelf or those near oceanic areas.

Sea water intake and its effect on heat rejection design and material for flash distillation plant

The suspended matter in sea water play a big role in the design of sea water intake and heat rejection section. The sea water intake usually depends on the shore nature and quality of sea water. Chemical treatment can handle marine growth and bacteria but the suspended matter in the sea water need further treatment usually by settling basin and screens, these are normally costly and need minimum plant size to prove its economical aspects. For relative small installation up to about 15 MIGPD Plant other solution can be adopted in the sea water design and choice of materials of heat rejection section. In case of sea water having suspended sand higher than certain sizes and quantity with large temperature differences between summer and winter and tubes of copper bases will lead to either over design of the heat rejection flash stages or providing recirculating sea water facilities between the outlet and inlet of the heat exchanger of the heat rejection section. Comparison has been carried out for cupro-nickel tubes and titanium tubes with and without settling basin respectively and comprehensive study and analysis has been done as well as discussion on cost, operation procedures, limit of parameters such as velocities, corrosion deposit, erosion and fouling etc. Recommendation and conclusion are given.

Vertical diffusion in coastal areas—I

The suspended matter in seawater near the bottom is distributed by the effects of sinking and diffusion. The author developed a method of estimation of the vertical eddy diffusivity near the sea bottom and the particle size distribution of bottom sediment, in the case of equilibrium state. This estimation was made by the comparison of measured and computed vertical distribution of beam attenuation. The parameters which were used for the computation were (1) median of the particle size distribution of bottom sediment, assuming that the particle size was a log-normal distribution, and (2) the proportional constant of vertical eddy diffusivity which was proportional to the height from the bottom.As the suspended matter in seawater contains particles of different sizes, the computation of the diffusion and beam attenuation was made for each particle size, and summarizing the results, the vertical distribution of beam attenuation coefficient was computed.In order to estimate the beam attenuation in high particle concentration, an equation by which the effect of overlapping of particle shadow in the light beam was eliminated, was used.

A gravimetric method for determining suspended matter in sea water using Millipore filters

A modification of earlier methods for the determination of the weight of suspended matter in 0·5 to 51. of sea water is presented. Filter pore size can be selected to meet the requirements of the experiment. The precision is ± 0·15 mg at the 95 per cent level. The material can be subjected to subsequent analysis if the presence of the filter does not interfere.

The suspended matter in sea water and its seasonal changes as affecting the visual range of the Secchi disc

In a previous paper (Armstrong & Atkins, 1950), 201. samples from International Hydrographic Station England No. 1 (EI), about 10 miles south-west of the Eddystone in the English Channel, were filtered through collodion membranes of 1.09μ average pore diameter (A.P.D.).Between June 1948 and November 1949 the residue from these surface samples, when dried and ignited, amounted to 0.45–2.77 g/m3(or parts per million). These deposits consisted of 55–17 % silica, 28–3 % ferric oxide, 20 to under 1 % of alumina, and 70 (or, excluding one high value, 29) to 9 % calcium carbonate. A few determinations of insoluble organic matter gave to 1.15–1.77 p.p.m. when dried at 100° C. Pettersson (1934b), using the glass niters of Schott (Jena), found 1.4 p.p.m. for the total organic and inorganic matter similarly dried, from surface water in the Gullmar Fjord during the spring outburst.