Susceptibility Patterns Of Bacterial Pathogens Research Articles

Fourth national Japanese antimicrobial susceptibility pattern surveillance program: Bacterial isolates from patients with complicated urinary tract infections

IntroductionAntimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections were analyzed using the national surveillance data, comprising 793 bacterial strains from eight clinically relevant species. Materials and methodsData were collected for the fourth national surveillance project from July 2020 to December 2021 by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Disease, and the Japanese Society of Clinical Microbiology. Surveillance was supervised with the cooperation of 43 medical institutions throughout Japan. ResultsFluoroquinolone required a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2–64 mg/L to inhibit the 330 tested Escherichia coli strains. The proportion of levofloxacin-resistant E. coli strains increased from 28.6% in 2008 to 29.6% in 2011, 38.5% in 2015, and 44.5% in 2021. The proportion of levofloxacin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa also increased from previous survey results, showing a continuing downward trend. Conversely, the proportion of levofloxacin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecalis decreased relative to previous reports. Neither multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa nor carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were detected. For methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the proportion of vancomycin-susceptible strains (MIC of 2 μg/mL) decreased from 14.7% to 7.7%. DiscussionBacterial strains that produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase included E. coli (82/330 strains, 24.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11/68 strains, 16.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4/26 strains, 15.4%). As compared to previous surveillance reports, these strains showed an increase in proportion over the years.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens in Our Setup: Ear, Nose and Throat Perspective

With a high prevalence of infections involving the ear, nose, and throat, and the occurrence of drug resistance the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens is of immense importance. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of pathogenic bacteria isolated from representative infected areas of patients with ear, nose, and throat infections. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Outpatient Department (OPD), Capital Hospital Islamabad, over two years. The sample included 639 pathogenic bacterial culture specimens, grown from the representative infected ear, nose, or throat of patients who attended ENT outpatients of the hospital. The bacterial cultures were subjected to the standard disc agar diffusion method to know the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Data collected included the patient’s age, gender, area/ site of infection, bacterial pathogen isolated, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Results: The sample included 49.30% males and 50.70% females and mean age of 30.13±19.24 years. Gram-positive organisms were predominant [n=441, (69.01%)] with Staphylococcus aureus being the commonest isolate (67.92%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. (26.13%). Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to Cefoperazone+Sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone, Amikacin, Pipercillin+Tazobactam, Vancomycin, Gentamycin, Linezolid, Amoxicillin + Clavulanate, and Ceftriaxone with resistance to Cefixime, while the Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to Vancomycin and Meropenum, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime and highly resistant to Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Amoxicillin+Clavulanate and Co-trimoxazole. Conclusions: Since ENT infections are predominated by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. When unavoidable the empirical therapy should cover these pathogens, however culture and sensitivity studies are justified keeping in view the growing resistance to antimicrobials.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a Tertiary Care Facility

Aim: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microorganisms in the ICU patients of a tertiary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: A retrospective study was conducted on the laboratory records of 50 patients with positive culture admitted to a tertiary care facility. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain patients’ records comprising of their name, sex, age, diagnosis, sample source, isolated pathogen culture results and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Blood, tracheal fluid, urine, sputum, pus, peritoneal fluid and catheter tips were included as specimen sources. Total 94% patients selected had clinically suspected nosocomial infections. Results: Overall, 45% of them had traumatic brain or spinal injury followed by 35% of post-operative cases, 10% respiratory disease related patients, 6% cardiac patients, 2% renal failure and 2% with miscellaneous infections. Majority of the patients admitted to the ICU were in the age range 51- 65 years. Positive microbial growth samples included blood (30%), trachea (24%), urine (26%), sputum (10%), pus (4%), peritoneal fluids (2%) and catheter tip (4%). Amongst the samples tested, Acinetobacter spp. (22%) were predominant, followed by E. coli (14%), P. aeruginosa (10%), S. aureus (10%) and Enterococcus spp. (8%). Majority of the gram negative species were resistant to amoxiclave, cefotaxime, pipercillin and teicoplanin. Conclusions: The incidence of nosocomial infections is high in ICU patients. Thus accurate antimicrobial treatment strategies together with the development of new therapeutic regimens and risk assessment in hospitals and their ICUs is significantly required to prevent antimicrobial drug resistance among microorganisms.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a Tertiary Care Facility

Aim: To determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microorganisms in the ICU patients of a tertiary care facility in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: A retrospective study was conducted on the laboratory records of 50 patients with positive culture admitted to a tertiary care facility. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain patients’ records comprising of their name, sex, age, diagnosis, sample source, isolated pathogen culture results and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Blood, tracheal fluid, urine, sputum, pus, peritoneal fluid and catheter tips were included as specimen sources. Total 94% patients selected had clinically suspected nosocomial infections. Results: Overall, 45% of them had traumatic brain or spinal injury followed by 35% of post-operative cases, 10% respiratory disease related patients, 6% cardiac patients, 2% renal failure and 2% with miscellaneous infections. Majority of the patients admitted to the ICU were in the age range 51- 65 years. Positive microbial growth samples included blood (30%), trachea (24%), urine (26%), sputum (10%), pus (4%), peritoneal fluids (2%) and catheter tip (4%). Amongst the samples tested, Acinetobacter spp. (22%) were predominant, followed by E. coli (14%), P. aeruginosa (10%), S. aureus (10%) and Enterococcus spp. (8%). Majority of the gram negative species were resistant to amoxiclave, cefotaxime, pipercillin and teicoplanin. Conclusions: The incidence of nosocomial infections is high in ICU patients. Thus accurate antimicrobial treatment strategies together with the development of new therapeutic regimens and risk assessment in hospitals and their ICUs is significantly required to prevent antimicrobial drug resistance among microorganisms.

A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study on Prevalence and Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections at a Teaching Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most prevalent infection among the community and hospitalized patients. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the current antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among UTI agents in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 9836 urine samples collected from hospitalized patients within 2019 - 2020. The antibiotic susceptibility for commonly-used antibiotics was tested according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Based on the findings, Escherichia coli was the most prevalent etiological agent of UTIs (72.3%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (13.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.8%), Acinetobacter spp. (2.8%), and other species (6.7%). Of isolated microorganisms, 943 cases (97%) belonged to gram-negative bacilli; however, 32 cases (3.05 %) were gram-positive cocci. The susceptibility rates of E. coli to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, imipenem, and cefoperazone were 88.4%, 87.5%, 68.3%, 65.9%, and 62.6%, respectively. The sensitivity rates of Klebsiella spp. isolates for amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and imipenem were 87.6%, 71.5%, and 68.9%, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present study characterized the misuse of antibiotics in Iran. Iranian surveillance studies will assist clinicians in choosing the most appropriate empirical treatment and preventing infections caused by resistant organisms.

Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens recovered from the urine of patients at Canadian hospitals from 2009 to 2020.

To investigate in vitro susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens recovered from the urine of outpatients (isolates from outpatient clinics or emergency departments) and hospital inpatients across Canada from 2009 to 2020 as part of the CANWARD study. Canadian hospital microbiology laboratories submitted bacterial pathogens cultured from urine to the CANWARD study coordinating laboratory on an annual basis (January 2009 to December 2020). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by CLSI broth microdilution, with MICs interpreted by current CLSI breakpoints. In total, 4644 urinary pathogens were included in this study. Escherichia coli was recovered most frequently (53.3% of all isolates), followed by Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Together, these six species accounted for 84.2% of study isolates. Nitrofurantoin demonstrated excellent in vitro activity versus E. coli, with 97.6% of outpatient and 96.1% of inpatient isolates remaining susceptible. In contrast, E. coli susceptibility rates were lower for ciprofloxacin (outpatient 79.5%, inpatient 65.9%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (outpatient 75.2%, inpatient 73.5%). The percentage of E. coli isolates that were phenotypically positive for ESBL production significantly increased from 4.2% (2009-11) to 11.3% (2018-20). A similar although less pronounced temporal trend was observed with ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. E. coli was the pathogen most frequently recovered from the urine of Canadian patients, and the proportion of isolates that were ESBL producers increased over time. Susceptibility data presented here suggest that ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be suboptimal for the empirical treatment of complicated urinary infections.

Aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens in respiratory specimens of COVID-19 patients on respiratory support: A tertiary care hospital study.

Objective: To describe aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens in respiratory specimens of covid-19 patients on respiratory support in tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Microbiology Department, CMH, Lahore. Period: May 2021 to October 2021. Material & Methods: A total 107 isolates from 145 patients who were COVID-19 positive and on respiratory support were included in the study. Bacterial isolates were isolated from clinical samples according to standard protocol of culturing and incubation. Antibiotic sensitivity, carbapenamase detection was done according to CLSI 2021. Molecular identification of carbapenem resistant genes blaIMP and blaVIM was determined by PCR. Results: A total of 107 bacterial isolates were isolated from clinical specimens. A. baumannii was the most common isolated organism. Colistin and aminoglycosides were found to be the most effective antibiotics. Among carbapenem resistant isolates 89.5% were MHT positive and among these 59 (86.8%) were MBL positive. Among MBL positive isolates, 5.61% and 29.91% were positive for blaIMP and blaVIM respectively. Conclusion: Patients admitted for COVID-19 treatment are at higher risk of acquisition of secondary bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance among such pathogens is at alarming.

Non-Standardized Terminology in Healthcare: Shortcomings and Subsequent Rectifications [Letter

Letter for the article Bacterial and Fungal Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Among Symptomatic Pediatrics Patients Attending St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College: A Cross-Sectional Study

Bacterial and Fungal Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Among Symptomatic Pediatrics Patients Attending St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College: A Cross-Sectional Study [Response to Letter

Bacterial and Fungal Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Among Symptomatic Pediatrics Patients Attending St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College: A Cross-Sectional Study [Response to Letter

The Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Urinary Tract Infection Patients at Pawe General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Urinary tract infection remains the most common infection widespread worldwide in both community and hospital settings. Rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance of uropathogens is resulting in limited treatment options. Thus, understanding the current uropathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibilities is essential for effective urinary tract infection treatment. The purpose of this study was to isolate, characterize, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens associated with urinary tract infection at Pawe General Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January to April, 2020, at Pawe General Hospital. Midstream urine specimens were collected from 141 individuals with suspected urinary tract infection for bacteriological identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among the 141 study participants, twenty-nine (20.6%) showed significant bacteriuria. Escherichia coli (42.6%) had the highest proportion of isolated uropathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. each (10.7%); Proteus spp. (9.3%); coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter spp. each (6.7%); Citrobacter spp. (4%); and Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus spp. each (1.3%). Outpatient isolates showed a resistance of 64% and 78.6% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tetracycline, respectively. Inpatients showed 63.9% and 87.2% of resistance to cephalexin and tetracycline. It was also observed that all the isolates have a multiple antimicrobial resistance index greater than 0.20 except Citrobacter spp. (0.142) in inpatients. Even though in this locality, most isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and norfloxacin, they are considered appropriate antimicrobials for empirical treatment of urinary tract bacterial infections. Periodic monitoring of etiology and drug susceptibility is highly recommended, along with health education on the transmission and causes of urinary tract infection.

Bacterial and Fungal Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Among Symptomatic Pediatrics Patients Attending St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundUrinary tract infection is a common infection in pediatrics. Understanding the common etiology of urinary tract infections, their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors in a particular setting can provide evidence for the appropriate treatment of the cases.PurposeThe current study is aimed to determine the common etiology and prevalence of uropathogens associated with urinary tract infection, as well as the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates, and to identify risk factors associated with urinary tract infection among pediatric patients.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted at St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College between October 2019 and July 2020. Urine was collected aseptically from patients, inoculated onto culture media, and incubated at 37 °C for 18–48 hours. Bacteria and yeast were identified following standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens was carried out by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Descriptive statistics and logistical regressions were used to estimate the crude ratio with a 95% confidence interval. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsSignificant bacterial/fungal growth was observed in 65 samples giving a prevalence of 28.6% of which 75.4% (49/65) and 24.6% (16/65) were bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively. About 79.6% of bacterial etiology were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The highest resistance was observed against ampicillin (100%), cefazolin (92.1%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (84.1%), both of which are commonly used for empirical treatment in Ethiopia. Length of hospital stay (P=0.01) and catheterization (P=0.04) were statistically associated with urinary tract infection.ConclusionThe high prevalence of urinary tract infection was observed in our study. Enterobacteriaceae were the major cause of urinary tract infection. Length of hospital stay and catheterization were significantly associated with urinary tract infection. Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were extremely resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Serotyping, antibiogram, and detection of bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease in selected areas of Ethiopia

BackgroundBovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a multifactorial and economically important illness of cattle. The current study was designed to characterize the major bacterial pathogens associated with BRD and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolates. Samples were collected from 400 pneumonic cases of cattle.ResultsLaboratory assay revealed isolation of 376 (94.0%) bacterial pathogens. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens recovered were Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) followed by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Histophilus somni (H. somni), and Bibersteinia trehalosi (B. trehalosi) from 191 (50.80%), 81 (21.54%), 56 (14.89%), and 48 (12.77%) samples, respectively. M. haemolytica strains were confirmed using multiplex PCR assay through the amplification of PHSSA (~ 325 bp) and Rpt2 (~ 1022 bp) genes. Capsular typing of P. multocida revealed amplification of serogroup A (hyaD-hyaC) gene (~ 1044 bp) and serogroup D (dcbF) gene (~ 657 bp). B. trehalosi isolates displayed amplification of the sodA gene (~ 144 bp). Besides, serotyping of M. haemolytica showed the distribution of serotype A:1 (82.20%), A:2 (10.47%), and A:6 (7.33%). Whereas, biotyping of P. multocida revealed a higher prevalence of biotype A:3 (83.95%), then A:1 (8.64%), A:2 (4.94%), and A:12 (2.47%). The majority of the retrieved isolates showed remarkable susceptibility to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, florfenicol, and ceftiofur (100%). Besides, varying degree of antimicrobial resistance was observed against streptomycin, gentamicin, penicillin-G, and ampicillin.ConclusionsThe current findings confirmed that M. haemolytica (A:1) strain is the most common bacterial pathogen identified from BRD cases in the study areas of Ethiopia. Hence, continuous outbreak monitoring and evaluation of antibiotics susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens associated with BRD are indispensable to reduce the impact of BRD in the study areas. Further investigation of bacterial pathogens and genotypic analysis of pathogens from a wider area of the country is essential to design a cost-efficient control strategy.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Ethiopian Paper Currency Notes in Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia

The present study was conducted to isolate pathogenic bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance pattern from Ethiopian paper currency notes in Wolaita Sodo town. A total of 240 Ethiopian paper currency notes samples in different denominations were collected from four different sources such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotels. All the samples were processed to isolate bacterial pathogens using standard techniques and identified by different biochemical tests. Further all identified isolates were used to know the sensitivity/resistant patterns by Bauer-Kirby method based on the zone formation. Out of 240 paper currency notes samples, 120 were showed positive with four different genus such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. Among these four different genera, S. aureus were highly prevalent (20.8%) followed by E. coli (14.58%), Shigella sp. (10.81%), and Salmonella sp. (3.74%). From the selected four different sources of currency notes such as market, taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel, currency notes collected from market area showed the highest rate of contamination followed by taxi drivers, fruit sellers and hotel. S.s aureus, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella sp. showed resistivity varied from 70-100% against all the antibiotics. Tobramycin showed 20% effective against S. aureus, 11.5% effective against Shigella spp. and 33% effective against Salmonella spp. while E. coli showed 14% sensitivity against Metronidazole antibiotics. Therefore, the present study concludes that the Ethiopian Paper currency notes contaminated with bacterial pathogens and play significant role in the transmission of human pathogenic microorganisms.&#x0D; Keywords: Prevalence, Pathogenic bacteria, Paper Currency and Antimicrobial susceptibility

Antimicrobial Drugs Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Cases of Tubotympanic Type of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) in Tripoli-Libya

Antimicrobial Drugs Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Cases of Tubotympanic Type of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) in Tripoli-Libya

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria Isolated From Patients With Pneumonia at Two Hospitals in North-West Nigeria

Background and aims: The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious public health threat complicating treatment and resulting in prolonged hospitalization. The prevalence of AMR threat is not well defined due to the dearth of appropriate surveillance systems. This study sought to assess the prevalence of AMR among bacterial isolates from sputum specimens obtained from patients with pneumonia presenting at two secondary healthcare facilities in Zaria from June 1 to August 31, 2018. Methods: Standard methodology was followed in processing sputum samples that met the acceptance criteria. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens cultured from sputum specimens obtained from June 1 to August 31, 2018) were evaluated using the recommendation of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Finally, data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Acinetobacter spp. were the predominant pathogens accounting for 32% of recovered isolates, followed by Staphylococcus spp. (18%) and Klebsiella spp. (17%), respectively. AMR was found in 91% of the isolates. Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (ERY) (80%) and amoxicillin (83.3%). Eventually, the multiple antibiotic resistance index ≥0.3 was observed in 76% of the isolates. Conclusion: Based on the findings, AMR rates were observed to be high, and may display a serious therapeutic challenge to the management of community-acquired pneumonia. Concerted efforts are needed to combat the worrisome AMR trends revealed in this study.

Identification and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of urinary isolates in out-patients at a tertiary care center in a rural set up

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is most common infections described in out- patients settings. In almost all cases empirical antimicrobial treatment initiates before the laboratory results of urine culture are available, thus antibiotic resistance may increase in uropathogens due to frequent use of antibiotics. To identify and to determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens of urinary tract infection reporting at a tertiary care hospital in OPD only. Cross-sectional. Department of microbiology, NKP salve institute of medical science, Lata Mangeshkar hospital, Nagpur from July to September 2018. A total of 33 culture positive bacterial isolates from 300 urine samples, submitted over a period of 2 months were included in this study. Identification of bacterial isolates was done by standard biochemical profile of the organism. The antibiotic susceptibility of culture positive bacterial isolates was performed by disk diffusion method as recommended by CLSI. Out of 33 culture positive samples the most prevalent bacterial isolate was E. Coli(48%) followed by klebsiella(18%), staphylococcus coagulase negative(12%). The susceptibility pattern of E. Coli showed that 81% of bacterial isolates were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin,75% to CIS and 50% to Gentamicin. Klebsiella was most sensitive to Gentamicin and CIS. Staphylococcus coagulase negative was most sensitive to Cd and Vancomycin. Majority of bacterial isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin, CIS, Gentamicin. Among the oral antibiotics, nitrofurantoin showed good susceptibility against Enterobacteriaceae family and gram positive organisms.

Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection in pregnant women in Shiraz, Southwest Iran

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a serious health problem that occur during pregnancy, which can lead to serious complications. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial profile of pregnant women with urinary tract infections and analyze the antibiotic sensitivity pattern for an effective treatment. A total of 2245 midstream urine samples from pregnant women referring to Zeynabieh hospital, Shiraz, Iran, suspected of UTI were cultured, using standard urine culture procedures. All positive cultures were tested further to identify isolates, using conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Only 9.8% (221 out of 2245) of samples were positive. Gram negative bacteria (89.5%) was found in high prevalence in comparison to Gram positive (10.5%). According to our results, Escherichia coli was the most common etiological agent of UTI (78.3%), followed by Enterobacter spp. (14, 5.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (14, 6.3%), Klebsiella spp. (3.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (9, 4.07%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4, 1.8%) and Acintobacter spp. (2, 0.09%). Majority of Gram-negative bacteria isolates were resistant to ampicillin (99.4%), co-trimoxazole (74.2%) and oxacilin (60.1%) while 69.5% of the Gram positive isolates were resistance to ampicillin. Routine urine culture test should be performed for all antenatal women to identify any unsuspecting infection, and every positive case should be treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy to provide physicians with up to date information in order to prevent any pregnancy related complication.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections in University Hospital of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" between 2017 and 2018.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common and expensive health problem globally. The treatment of UTIs is difficult owing to the onset of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to define the incidence of infections, identify the bacteria responsible, and identify the antimicrobial resistance profile. Patients of all ages and both sexes were included in the study, all admitted to University Hospital of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, between January 2017 and December 2018. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Phoenix BD. Among the 1745 studied patients, 541 (31%) and 1204 (69%) were positive and negative for bacterial growth, respectively. Of 541 positive patients, 325 (60%) were females, while 216 (39.9%) were males. The largest number of positive subjects was recorded in the elderly (>61 years). Among the pathogenic strains, 425 (78.5%) were Gram-negative, 107 (19.7%) were Gram-positive, and 9 (1.7%) were Candida species. The most isolated Gram-negative strain is Escherichia coli (E. coli) (53.5%). The most frequent Gram-positive strain was Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (12.9%). Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin, whereas Gram-positive bacteria were highly resistant to erythromycin.

The third national Japanese antimicrobial susceptibility pattern surveillance program: Bacterial isolates from complicated urinary tract infection patients

The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections were analyzed using national surveillance data. The data consisted of 881 bacterial strains from eight clinically relevant species. The data were collected for the third national surveillance project from January 2015 to March 2016 by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy, the Japanese Association for Infectious Disease, and the Japanese Society of Clinical Microbiology. Surveillance was undertaken with the cooperation of 41 medical institutions throughout Japan.Fluoroquinolone required a MIC90 of 2–64 mg/L to inhibit the 325 Escherichia coli strains tested and the proportion of levofloxacin resistant E. coli strains increased to 38.5% from 29.6% in 2011 and 28.6% in 2008. The proportion of levofloxacin resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis decreased from previous reports and the proportion of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae remained low. Among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration, 2 μg/mL) increased to 14.7% from 5.5%.Bacterial strains that produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase included E. coli (79 of 325 strains, 24.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9 of 177 strains, 7.7%), and Proteus mirabilis (6 of 55 strains, 10.9%). The proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains increased from previous surveillance reports.

Drug Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens associated with Diabetic Foot Ulcers of Patients in Kano North –Western Nigeria

Diabetic foot ulcer has become the major cause of amputation in people with diabetes. Infected foot ulcers are a cause of morbidity and hospitalization in diabetic patients. The aim of the current study was to isolate and ascertain antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens associated with diabetic foot infection in Kano North – West, Nigeria. Samples were collected from 100 patients with diabetic foot ulcers using sterile cotton swab and transported to the laboratory for analysis. The male: female ratio was 3:1. Mono bacterial nature of diabetic foot infection was observed in 68% of the samples while mixed bacterial infection was observed in 21% of the samples. The study showed that Gram negative bacteria (84%) was the most frequently isolated pathogen and E. coli was found to be predominant (27%) followed by Klebsiella species (21%) and Proteus species (19%).Among the Gram positive bacteria, S. aureus (16%) was the predominant pathogen. The result also showed that most of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin and Gentamicin. However, they showed resistance to Augumentin, Cefixime, Ceptaxidime and Cefuroxime. Further studies needs to be carried out to explore anaerobic pathogens related to diabetic wound and to ascertain the causes of resistance to antibiotics for proper management of diabetic foot ulcer in the study area.&#x0D;