Survival Rate Of Fish Research Articles

Evaluation of a Low-Temperature Immersion Immunization Strategy for the Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus orf037l Gene-Deleted Attenuated Vaccine

Background: Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) poses a significant threat to aquaculture sustainability, particularly affecting mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and causing significant economic losses. Methods: To address this challenge, this study developed an ISKNV Δorf037l vaccine strain, where the orf037l gene was knocked out. Infection assays conducted at 28 °C showed that the knocking out the orf037l gene decreased the virulence of ISKNV and reduced lethality against mandarin fish by 26.7% compared to wild-type ISKNV. To further diminish residual virulence, the effect of low-temperature (22 °C) immersion immunization was evaluated. Results: The results indicate that low temperature significantly diminished the virulence of the Δorf037l vaccine strain, elevating the survival rate of mandarin fish to 90%. Furthermore, the vaccine strain effectively triggered the expression of crucial immune-related genes, such as IFN-h, IL-1, IκB, Mx, TNF-α, and Viperin, while inducing the production of specific neutralizing antibodies. Low-temperature immersion with Δorf037l achieved a high relative percentage of survival of 92.6% (n = 30) in mandarin fish, suggesting the potential of Δorf037l as a promising immersion vaccine candidate. Conclusions: These findings contribute to advancing fish immersion vaccine development and demonstrate the importance and broad applicability of temperature optimization strategies in vaccine development. Our work carries profound implications for both the theoretical understanding and practical application in aquaculture disease control.

Research on Improved Lightweight Fish Detection Algorithm Based on Yolov8n

The fish detection algorithm is of great significance for obtaining aquaculture information, optimizing prey allocation in aquaculture, and improving the growth efficiency and survival rate of fish. To address the challenges of high complexity, large computational load, and limited equipment resources in existing fish target detection processes, a lightweight fish detection and recognition method based on the Yolov8 network, called the CUIB-YOLO algorithm, is proposed. This method introduces a secondary innovative C2f-UIB module to replace the original C2f module in the Yolov8 neck network, effectively reducing the model’s parameter count. Additionally, the EMA mechanism is incorporated into the neck network to enhance the feature fusion process. Through optimized design, the Params and FLOPs of the CUIB-YOLO algorithm model are reduced to 2.5 M and 7.5 G, respectively, which represent reductions of 15.7% and 7.5% compared to the original YOLOv8n model. The mAP @ 0.5–0.95/% value reaches 76.4%, which is nearly identical to that of the Yolov8n model. Experimental results demonstrate that compared with current mainstream target detection and recognition algorithms, the proposed model reduces computational load without compromising detection accuracy, achieves model lightweighting, improves inference speed, and enhances the algorithm’s real-time performance.

Effect of Azolla meal-based diet on growth performance, haematological profile and proximate composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry

Optimising the cost of nutrients in fish diets is crucial for aquaculture production, as feed accounts for 50% of operational expenses in intensive aquaculture. The rising demand for mustard oil cake (MOC), a commonly used feed ingredient in Indian aquaculture, has led to a significant increase in its price due to its diverse applications. Azolla (Azolla pinnata), a free-floating freshwater plant, has attracted researchers in fish feed formulation due to its rich nutrient profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of MOC with Azolla meal in the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. Pelleted feed was formulated with Azolla meal replacing MOC at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% and fed to fish. Growth performance, feed conversion ratio (FCR), haematological parameters and proximate composition in fish carcass were assessed after 90 days of experimental feeding. Simultaneously, a control feed without supplementing of Azolla meal was also prepared. Fish were fed daily with the experimental diets at 8, 6 and 4% of their body weight during the first, second and third months respectively, in the morning hours (10:00 hrs). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess the effect of formulated diets on fish carcasses composition and haematological parameters. The results showed that replacing 30% of MOC with Azolla meal in the diet, led to significantly (p≤0.05) higher specific growth rate (SGR) and percentage weight gain and significantly (p≤0.05) lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) at this concentration. Fish survival rate ranged from 80.00 to 93.33% among different treatments. Further, significant (p≤0.05) differences were observed in both haematological parameters of fish and the proximate composition of fish carcass. among the different treatments. These findings suggest that MOC can be effectively replaced with 30% Azolla meal in the diet for rearing common carp fry to fingerling stage, without compromising the growth performance. Keywords: Aquaculture, Feed conversion ratio, Health status, Mustard oil cake, Principal component analysis, Specific growth rate, Survival

Galectin-9 activates host immune response and improve immunoprotection of Onychostoma macrolepis against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Galectin-9 (Gal-9) belongs to a family of the glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and is known to restrict bacterial activity via interacting with pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPs). However, the underlying immune mechanism of endogenous Gal-9 on fish against bacterial infection is still unclear. In this study, effect of Gal-9 from Onychostoma macrolepis (OmGal-9) on expression of immune related-genes were measured by HEK293T. The immune response of O. macrolepis with OmGal-9 overexpression to Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection (1.65×108 CFU/mL) were evaluated by tissue bacterial load, fish survival rate and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that OmGal-9 displayed a punctate distribution in the nucleus and cytoplasm of HEK293T cells. Compared to cells transfected with the empty vector (EV) group, recombinant plasmid pEGFP-Gal9 treatment (Gal9) significantly down-regulated the expression of immune-related genes TNFα, STAT3, MyD88, LCK, and p52 of HEK293T cells stimulated with LPS at 24 h, while up-regulated IκBα and caspase1 (P < 0.05). The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LZM) of O.macrolepis were significantly increased on 7 days in Gal9 group compared to EV group (P < 0.05). The bacterial load of liver, spleen, and kidney of O.macrolepis infected with A. hydrophila in Gal9 group at 24 h significantly lower than that in EV group (P < 0.05), and the survival rate has increased from 15% to 35%. A comparative transcriptome analysis between the Gal9 and EV group identified 305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The analysis showed that OmGal-9 might play important regulatory in glycolysis / gluconeogenesis, fatty acid degradation, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. Moreover, the immune-related DEGs were predominantly enriched in eleven pathways, with the most important three of them being linked to innate immunity: NOD-like, C-type lectin and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Taking together, OmGal-9 can enhance the resistance of fish to bacterial diseases by improving immune system function and activating immune-related pathways.

GROWING OF GREEN CORAL LETTUCE AND RED HYBRID TILAPIA IN COMPACT AQUAPONIC PROTOTYPE AT DIFFERENT RECIRCULATION RATES

In this work, a compact-size aquaponics prototype was designed and fabricated. One of the current challenges in compact aquaponics systems is optimizing the balance between fish waste production and plant nutrient uptake. The objective of the work is to assess the impact of different pump recirculation rates on the crops cultivation at such compact aquaponics unit. Main components included a 50 litres fish tank, a filter unit that combines the mechanical filter and biological filter counterparts, and nutrient film technique (NFT) grower. Production of food was carried out for 10 weeks at two different recirculation rates i.e. at 50 L/hr and 75L/hr. According to the data attained, the specific growth rate (SGR) was around 5.4-5.7% with a food conversion ratio (FCR) of about 1.8-2. Moreover, the fish survival rate was 80%, and plant growth yield is about 1.5-2 cm/week. Although the level of ammonia was slightly off the acceptable limit, no yellowish colour on the leaves of the green coral lettuce was observed. The data attained signify the successful operation of compact-size aquaponics for the production of organic leafy plants and freshwater aquaculture.

Ammonia exposure impairs bone mineralization in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae

Ammonia is a major pollutant of freshwater environments. Previous studies have indicated that ammonia exposure adversely affects the physiology of freshwater fish. However, its effect on bone mineralization in freshwater fish larvae remains unclear. In this study, zebrafish larvae were used as a model to investigate the effects of different ammonia levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mM NH4Cl) on the survival rate, body length, and bone mineralization of fish. The survival rate of zebrafish embryos exposed to different NH4Cl concentrations for 8 days was not affected. In contrast, the body length and bone mineralization of zebrafish larvae at 8 days post fertilization (dpf) were significantly reduced at 5 and 10 mM NH4Cl exposure. Further investigations revealed that ammonia exposure decreased the mRNA expression of osteoblast-related genes and increased that of osteoclast-related genes. Additionally, exposure to 5 mM and 10 mM NH4Cl induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 10 mM—but not 5 mM—NH4Cl exposure reduced the calcium and phosphorus content in 8 dpf zebrafish larvae. In conclusion, ammonia exposure induces bone resorption, while decreasing the calcium and phosphorus content of the whole body and bone formation, resulting in impaired bone mineralization in fish larvae.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessments of Newly Isolated N4-like Bacteriophage against ST45 K62 Capsular-Type Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: vB_kpnP_KPYAP-1.

The rise of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) presents a significant global challenge in clinical and healthcare settings, severely limiting treatment options. This study aimed to utilize a bacteriophage as an alternative therapy against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. A novel lytic N4-like Klebsiella phage, vB_kpnP_KPYAP-1 (KPYAP-1), was isolated from sewage. It demonstrated efficacy against the K62 serotype polysaccharide capsule of blaOXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae. KPYAP-1 forms small, clear plaques, has a latent period of 20 min, and reaches a growth plateau at 35 min, with a burst size of 473 plaque-forming units (PFUs) per infected cell. Phylogenetic analysis places KPYAP-1 in the Schitoviridae family, Enquatrovirinae subfamily, and Kaypoctavirus genus. KPYAP-1 employs an N4-like direct terminal repeat mechanism for genome packaging and encodes a large virion-encapsulated RNA polymerase. It lacks integrase or repressor genes, antibiotic resistance genes, bacterial virulence factors, and toxins, ensuring its safety for therapeutic use. Comparative genome analysis revealed that the KPYAP-1 genome is most similar to the KP8 genome, yet differs in tail fiber protein, indicating variations in host recognition. In a zebrafish infection model, KPYAP-1 significantly improved the survival rate of infected fish by 92% at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, demonstrating its potential for in vivo treatment. These results highlight KPYAP-1 as a promising candidate for developing phage-based therapies targeting carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae.

Application Of Microbubble Technology To Increase Oxygen Content In The Aquaculture Of Tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum)

The oxygen consumed is used to oxidize food substances to produce energy. Therefore, the metabolic rate is usually indicated by the rate of oxygen consumption per time unit. In most intensive aquaculture systems, oxygen content is widely used due to the high stocking density and maximum feeding rates. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of freshwater pomfret (Colossoma macropomum) treated with increased oxygen in two different systems. The study was conducted in a laboratory scale by applying T-test data analysis. The difference of treatment level applied in the comparison of aeration and microbubble consists of two treatments and three replications. The researcher used commercial floating pellets PF0 with 25% protein content, the feeding rate was 5% of the biomass. The feed was given daily during the culture for two times a day. Data of the study were analyzed using T-test on the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software Version 17.0. Results of the study showed that aeration system using microbubble resulted in dissolved oxygen (DO) of 6.5 ± 0.17, 100% pomfret fish survival rate (SR), Survival Growth Rate (SGR) of 1.83 ± 0.24, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of 1.37 ± 0.17, Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of 2.79 ± 0.37, Feed Utilization Efficiency (FUE) of 0.67 ± 0.09, Absolute Weight Growth of 52.02 ± 1.60; it was better than using aeration. This study has developed a model of freshwater pomfret fish aquaculture to provide growth value.

The influence of different stocking density on growth rate and survival rate koi larvae (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract Stocking density has an important role in the survival and growth of fish larvae. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal stocking density level for larval rearing with improved feed. Tubifex sp. which has a high protein content of about 57% and fat as much as 13%. The method used was the experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) on 4 different treatments of stocking density with 3 replications. The treatments given were P0/Control (1 individual/L), P1 (2 individuals/L), P2 (3 individuals/L), and P3 (4 individuals/L) maintained for 49 days. The results obtained during the study were the growth rate values of P0 (0.021 gram/day), P1 (0.017 gram/day), P2 (0.016 gram/day), and P3 (0.017 gram/day). The survival rates are P0 (90.00%), P1 (91.00%), P2 (90.33%), and P3 (87.50%). Absolute length values P0 (1.94cm ), P1 (1.70cm ), P2 (1.70cm), and P3 (1.77 cm) The quality of the water obtained is that the temperature ranges from 26–29, the pH is 6.8–8.1, and the DO is 5–6. The results showed that different stocking densities had no significant effect (p &gt; 0.05) on the survival and growth rate of koi fish.

Evaluation on the antibacterial activity of glycyrrhizin against Pseudomonas plecoglossicida in ayu fish (Plecoglossus altivelis)

Glycyrrhizin (GLR), an active constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), has important functions against bacterial invasions in mammals. However, studies on the antimicrobial properties of GLR in teleosts remain relatively scarce. Herein, we performed an in vitro screening of 30 monomeric TCM compounds and found that only GLR exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the bacterium Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and increased the survival rate of ayu fish challenged with it. Moreover, we explored the antimicrobial properties of GLR in in vitro antimicrobial experiments and found that it inhibited all 10 common aquatic pathogens, including P. plecoglossicida. Notably, spectrophotometry and fluorescence staining assays revealed that GLR exhibited bactericidal activity in vitro by inhibiting P. plecoglossicida biofilm formation and increasing its membrane permeability. Notably, we showed that GLR could reduce pro-inflammatory factor levels, reduce bacterium-triggered apoptosis of monocytes/macrophages (MO/Mф), and promote their phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity. Mechanically, a cellular thermal shift assay confirmed that GLR could bind to high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), suggesting that GLR may regulate MO/Mф functions through HMGB1-mediated pathways. Overall, our findings confirm the direct bactericidal ability of GLR and resistance to pathogen invasion by modulating the immune activity of MO/Mф, providing an essential basis for the utilisation of TCM in aquatic animal protection.

Aloe vera leaf (Aloe barbadensis) iron-oxide nanoparticles improved growth performance, immune response and survival of African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophilia

ABSTRACT Nano-sized essential minerals and nutrients synthesized from plant extracts are being explored for their impact on growth, immune stimulation, and overall fish health. This study evaluated the growth performance, health, and survival of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, particularly when challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Biosynthesized Aloe vera leaf iron oxide nanoparticles (ANP) were confirmed by ultra-violet spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy as nanoparticles. The ANPs were added to the basal diet at 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mg/kg, forming five treatments. The fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 84 days. Results showed that dietary ANP improved weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and feed conversion ratio significantly with increasing levels of the nanoparticles. Fish fed 160 mg/kg ANP diet had a weight gain of 102.12 ± 18.91 g, while fish fed the control diet had a weight gain of 78.89 ± 22.2 g. Fish quality indices, including head-to-body percentage, visceral-somatic ratio, and flesh ratio, were similar (p > .05) across treatments. Supplementation of ANP improved significantly fish carcass quality and survival rate compared to the control diet. Fish fed nanoparticle diets had significantly different (p < .05) moisture, ash, and protein contents across all treatments. The fat content decreased with increasing nanoparticle levels, with the control diet showing the highest value (14.54%) and 160 mg/kg ANP diet the lowest (12.94%). Dietary ANP also improved carcass iron and zinc contents significantly. Additionally, ANP increased packed cell volume, red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte sedimentation count more than the control diet. Alanine transferase, aspartate transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels increased with ANP in the diets. Fish-fed ANP diets had higher (p < .05) total serum protein than fish fed the control diet. ANP diets reduced blood glucose levels significantly, and cholesterol levels decreased marginally with increasing nanoparticle levels. Conclusively, ANP positively influenced the growth, immunity, and survival of C. gariepinus.

Supplementation of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) diet with different levels of selenium: Growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal histomorphology

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary Selenium (Se) on the growth performance, body composition, digestive enzymes, and intestinal histomorphology of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. Fish (10.0±0.5 g) were randomly assigned to fifteen 1000-L tanks (30 fish per replicate) in a flow-through system and fed three times a day (08.00, 13.00, 18.00) with isonitrogenous (54.21 % crude protein) and isolipidic (15.63 % crude lipid) diets supplemented with selenomethionine at levels of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg kg−1 providing the analyzed Se of 0.10, 0.29, 0.49, 0.88, and 1.70 mg kg−1, respectively. Each three tanks were allocated to each treatment. After the eight-week feeding trial, weight gain ratio, specific growth rate, and survival rate of fish significantly increased with increasing dietary Se supplementation (p<0.05) and reached to the highest values of 156.00±0.68 %, 1.68±0.07 % d−1, and 98.33±1.66 %, respectively, while the feed conversion ratio declined to the lowest value of 1.79±0.10. Protein and lipid content increased with Se levels to the highest values of 20.15±0.11 % and 8.23±0.05%, respectively (p<0.05). Activity of all digestive enzymes including trypsin, chymotrypsin, α-amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase significantly enhanced with increasing dietary Se levels (p<0.05). Increasing trends in villus height, villus width, muscle thickness, and crypt depth were found by increasing dietary Se supplementation with the highest values of 502.33±31.25, 134.39±13.12, 194.18±11.37, and 67.29±0.12 µm, respectively, in fish fed diet supplemented with 1.70 mg kg−1 Se (p<0.05). Findings of the present study illustrated the beneficial effects of dietary Se on performance, digestive enzymes, and intestinal histomorphology of Siberian sturgeon. According to the polynomial regression analysis, the optimum dietary requirement of Siberian sturgeon was in the range of 1.47–1.69 g kg−1.

Various effects of feeding level on ammonia tolerance in Carassius auratus under different ammonia exposure stress and the underlying mechanisms

Elevated ammonia levels in aquaculture systems could reduce fish growth and survival rates and produce a range of physiological problems. Ammonia toxicity in aquatic environments was regulated by various factors. Feeding was usually reported to help in the detoxification of fish, thereby increasing their capacity to tolerate ammonia nitrogen. However, the impact of different feeding amounts on fish in relation to ammonia exposure stress remains to be determined. To determine how feeding levels affected fish's responses to different ammonia nitrogen concentrations, two acute toxicity experiments were conducted with Carassius auratus gibelio, the major strain of gibel carp in aquaculture systems in China. In Test I, fed Carassius auratus gibelio (3 % body weight) showed a higher survival rate under a specific ammonia exposure stress. 96-h LC50 of NH3-N to 3 %F gibel carp was 1.1 times greater than that for NF (no feeding). In Test II, all fed groups (2 %F and 4 %F) under low and high ammonia stress exhibited improved ammonia detoxification, evidenced by higher liver GSase, GDH, and glutamine concentrations compared with the NF treatment. Muscle glycogen levels in feeding treatments were higher than those in NF, indicating that fed fish have more energy for ammonia detoxification. While compared with low ammonia treatment (2.70 mg L−1 TAN; NH3 0.06 mg L−1), fish exposed to high ammonia levels (26.03 mg L−1 TAN; NH3 0.57 mg L−1) demonstrated a decrease in food consumption, severe histopathological alterations in their liver, gill, and kidney, and decreased GSase, GDH, and glutamine production in the liver and brain. The results partly supported our hypothesis and suggested that increasing feeding enhances gibel carp's tolerance to ammonia nitrogen. The highest detoxification metabolism was observed under low ammonia stress. While excessive ammonia exposure could inhibit feeding and damage the detoxification organs of fish, and thus reduce the detoxification metabolism of gibel carp.

Growth optimalization of bileh fish seeds (Rasbora sp.) through different feeding frequencies

Bileh fish is a type of freshwater fish that is sought after by the people of Aceh because it has a delicious taste and is quite tasty. Bileh fish is a local fish species that has the potential to be developed as an aquaculture commodity and its population must be preserved from overfishing. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of different feeding frequencies on the growth of bileh fish fry (Rasbora sp.). This research used a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD) method consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications each, namely the frequency of feeding 1 time/day (P1), feeding 2 times/day (P2), feeding 3 times/day day (P3) and feeding 4 times/day (P4). The feed given is commercial feed PF 500 with 39% protein. The parameters observed included survival rate, length growth, weight growth, daily growth rate, feed efficiency and water quality. The results showed that different feeding frequencies had no significant effect on survival rate, absolute length and daily growth rate of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.). However, it has a real effect on weight growth and feed efficiency. The best feeding frequency to optimize the weight growth of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.) is in the P3 treatment with a frequency of 3 times/day.Keywords: Feed Efficiency; Feeding Frequency; Growth; Rasbora

Technology for the production of extruded starter feed for juvenile fish

The latest advances in science, combined with the growing possibilities of modern technology, contributed to the improvement of fish feeding technology and fish farming in general. It is obvious that the expansion of the species composition of cultivated fish farming objects will continue, and the importance of feed and fish feeding technology will steadily increase. The developed recipes of starter feeds for juvenile fish and the technology of their production would make it possible to establish the production of these feeds for fish farms in Kazakhstan, as a result, the survival rate and growth rate of juvenile fish grown in industrial conditions would increase. The aim of the work was to develop recipes for starter feeds for pikeperch fry and technology for their production by extrusion, the development of these feeds to improve the efficiency of growing pikeperch in industrial conditions. According to the developed recipe, a starter feed for zander juveniles, balanced in terms of basic nutrients, was developed, a study was made of the effect of this feed on the efficiency and speed of growing zander juveniles. The dynamics of rearing juvenile pikeperch was studied when feeding the starter feed developed by the Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry, with a feed coefficient of 1.28 and as a control foreign starter feed for trout “Aller Aqua” – 1.2. The materials of the article are of practical importance and the need for further research, they will help replenish the formulas of compound feed for the industrial cultivation of juvenile pike perch in fish farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Effect of stocking density on gonadal development, pigmentation and survival of Carassius carassius (Crucian carp) in a biofloc system

The present study was carried out to investigate the optimum stocking density for gonadal development, pigmentation, and survival of Carassius carassius stocked at varying stocking densities under a biofloc-based system. C. carassius (25 ± 0.15 g) were randomly distributed in sixteen tanks, each with 250 L water at the stocking densities viz. 1 kg/m3, 2 kg/m3, 3 kg/m3, 4 kg/m3 (10, 20, 30 and 40 fish/250 L). The carbon‑nitrogen ratio of 15:1 was maintained using wheat flour as a carbon source. The best gonad performance in terms of absolute fecundity (4449.98 ± 115.636), relative fecundity (114.67 ± 2.770), GSI (5.62 ± 0.018 and 2.93 ± 0.014 for females & males respectively), and advanced maturation stages (vitellogenic oocytes and seminiferous tubules with spermatozoa) was observed in the density treatment having 20 fish/250 L. The skin carotenoid content showed an increasing trend with maximum content (8.11 ± 0.018 μg/g)) recorded for the fish stocked at 20/250 L. The scales of the fish from the same treatment presented a higher concentration of yellow orange pigments giving an overall golden hue to the scales while as the density and dispersion of melanophores increased with an increase in stocking density giving an overall darker coloration to the fish, indicating a stressful condition at higher stocking density. The survival rate of fish showed no significant difference (p≥0.05) between the various density groups. The results of this experiment elucidate that Carassius carassius could be cultured with better gonad performance, increased carotenoid content, and high survival at a stocking density of 2 kg/m3 in a biofloc system.

The Effect Of Adding Natural Ingredients To Artificial Feeding On The Level Of Color Brightness Of Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn)

The Effect of Adding Natural Ingredients to Artificial Feed on the Color Brightness Level of Goldfish (Cyprinus carpio Linn). This research aims to determine the effect of adding natural ingredients to artificial feed on the level of color brightness of goldfish (Cyprinus carpio Linn), and the growth rate and survival rate of the test fish. The method used in this research is an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications with a feeding frequency of three times per day with a percentage of 5% of the body weight of the test fish, a natural ingredient used in making artificial feed. These are pumpkin flour (Cucurbita moschata), mangosteen rind flour (Garcinia mangostana L), and carrot flour (Daucus carota L) with the same dose in each treatment, namely 25% of 1 kg of feed. Based on the results of variance analysis, the brightness level of goldfish color has a very real influence. The highest increase in the color of the test fish was obtained in treatment A, pumpkin flour, amounting to (1.37) on the Toca color finder scale (from pale orange to dark orange), followed by the second highest in treatment C, carrot flour, amounting to (1.2), treatment B flour. Mangosteen peel was in third position with an increase in color of (0.94) and the lowest increase in color change occurred in treatment D (control = without the addition of natural ingredients) of 0.7. However, absolute weight and length growth did not have a real influence. The overall graduation rate is 87.49%. The average water quality parameters are temperature 26-29oC, pH 7.5-7.9 and ammonia 0.25 ppm.

Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluation of therapeutic potential of Bacopa-derived asiatic acid against a human oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans.

Dental caries is a common human oral disease worldwide, caused by an acid-producing bacteria Streptococcus mutans. The use of synthetic drugs and antibiotics to prevent dental caries has been increasing, but this can lead to severe side effects. To solve this issue, developing and developed countries have resorted to herbal medicines as an alternative to synthetic drugs for the treatment and prevention of dental caries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for plant-derived products to treat such diseases. Bacopa monnieri, a well-documented medicinal plant, contains 52 phytocompounds, including the pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolite known as asiatic acid (ASTA). Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate, for the first time, the antibacterial activity of phytocompound ASTA against S. mutans. The findings revealed that ASTA significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans and the production of virulence factors such as acidurity, acidogenicity, and eDNA synthesis. Molecular docking analysis evaluated the potential activity of ASTA against S. mutans virulence genes, including VicR and GtfC. Furthermore, toxicity assessment of ASTA in human buccal epithelial cells was performed, and no morphological changes were observed. An in vivo analysis using Danio rerio (zebrafish) confirmed that the ASTA treatment significantly increased the survival rates of infected fish by hindering the intestinal colonization of S. mutans. Furthermore, the disease protection potential of ASTA against the pathognomonic symptom of S. mutans infection was proven by the histopathological examination of the gills, gut, and kidney. Overall, these findings suggest that ASTA may be a promising therapeutic and alternative drug for the treatment and prevention of oral infection imposed by S. mutans.

Integrating of the domestic goat into the rice-fish coculture systems: Rice paddy yield, diet, growth parameters, and intestine microbiota of common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Feeding the World while ensuring food security and biodiversity conservation is one of the sustainable development challenges. Integrating farming systems holds great promise for enhancing agricultural sustainability. To reach this goal, the domestic goat (Capra hircus) was integrated into the rice fish system. Four plots each 5 m × 10.65 m were made in two experimental systems, goat-rice-fish (GRF) and rice-fish (RF). We compared the impacts on rice productivity, fish growth performance, water quality, dietary patterns, and gut microbiota composition between both systems. On the one hand, the rice yield indicators, survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), pH temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were compared. On the other hand, the frequency of occurrence (FOC) of food items of fish (Cyprinus carpio), and the microbiota communities in goat faeces (GoFe) and fish intestines were also examined and compared among both systems. The results showed that the rice yield, the number of filled spikelets per panicle, the number of panicles per land area, and the 1000-grain weight were significantly increased with the integration of goat in the rice-fish coculture system. The SR of fish under the goat-rice-fish system was 12.12% significantly higher than that of the fish under the rice-fish system, as well as the SGR of fish in the GRF system was 21.85% significantly higher than that of the rice-fish system. However, the water quality analyses indicated that the integration of goats significantly increased the concentration of TN and TP. The DO concentration in the GRF system was 25.93% lower than that in the RF system. Dietary analysis of the common carp in goat-rice fish systems revealed shifts in foraging behaviors and diet composition compared to the rice-fish system. Furthermore, the study showed higher diversity in the gut microbiota communities of fish in response to goat-rice-fish integration. In conclusion, this comprehensive investigation underscores the complex and interconnected dynamics within the goat-rice-fish integrated system. It highlights the importance of balanced management practices to harness the system's potential for improved rice yield, fish ecology, and water quality. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable integrated farming practices and inform strategies for optimizing the productivity and ecological resilience of this integrated agroecosystem.

Adjuvant Effects of a CC Chemokine for Enhancing the Efficacy of an Inactivated Streptococcus agalactiae Vaccine in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

In this study, the ability of a CC chemokine (On-CC1) adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of a formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine (WC) in inducing immune responses against S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia was investigated through immune-related gene expression analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), transcriptome sequencing, and challenge tests. Significantly higher S. agalactiae-specific IgM levels were detected in fish in the WC+CC group than in the WC alone or control groups at 8 days postvaccination (dpv). The WC vaccine group exhibited increased specific IgM levels at 15 dpv, comparable to those of the WC+CC group, with sustained higher levels observed in the latter group at 29 dpv and after challenge with S. agalactiae for 14 days. Immune-related gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of all target genes in the control group compared to those in the vaccinated groups, with notable differences between the WC and WC+CC groups at various time intervals. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed differential gene expression profiles between the vaccinated (24 and 96 hpv) and control groups, with notable upregulation of immune-related genes in the vaccinated fish. Differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed significant upregulation of immunoglobulin and other immune-related genes in the control group compared to those in the vaccinated groups (24 and 96 hpv), with distinct patterns observed between the WC and WC+CC vaccine groups. Finally, challenge with a virulent strain of S. agalactiae resulted in significantly higher survival rates for fish in the WC and WC+CC groups compared to fish in the control group, with a notable increase in survival observed in fish in the WC+CC group.