Survey Of Monuments Research Articles

Colonial careerists in Central Africa, 1888–1913: a survey of monuments in St Paul’s Cathedral

Colonial careerists in Central Africa, 1888–1913: a survey of monuments in St Paul’s Cathedral

Wooden Church Architecture of Kargopol and the River Onega Areas in 17th–18th Centuries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the typological diversity and artistic and expressive means of wooden church architecture of Kargopol’ area in the 17th–18th centuries — one of the most interesting regions of the Russian North. An examination of the configurations of the roofing of the main volumes demonstrates the widespread existence of various types. The cube-shaped churches of Kargopol’ area represent a significant part of the monuments of this typological subspecies, also localized in the Lower Onega River and southern White Sea region. At the same time, in Kargopol’ area there is a concentration of temples with a wedge roof and a “barrel” top. The research of spatial solutions shows that the octagonal churches of Kargopol’ area stand out noticeably against the background of such universal and extra-regional compositions as “an octagonal structure on a quadrangle with a refectory” or cross-planned churches. Tower-shaped churches, like the six-walled bell towers of Kargopol’ area, can also be seen against the background of the fortification architecture in the Lower Onega River, which received a powerful impetus in the 17th century in connection with the construction of the Kargopol, Ust-Mosh and Turchasovsky forts. Kargopol refectories “with free communication” are also becoming a kind of local phenomenon. The main feature of the ensemble character of Kargopol architecture is the connection between the constituent elements with the help of porches, galleries and passages. Field surveys of monuments and the use of archival sources on the history of temple construction in Kargopol’ area testify to the colossal creative potential that was fully realized during the 17th–18th centuries in the picturesque variety of forms of both individual monuments and general ensemble solutions. No less important is the fact that the Kargopol’ tradition did not remain closed in itself; its spread to adjacent regions and interweaving with the architecture of the Lower Onega River and on the White Sea coasts scales up the architecture of Kargopol’ area and makes it one of the most striking and large phenomena in the wide panorama of wooden architecture monuments throughout the Russian North.

RAPID DATA COLLECTION FOR THE AUDIT OF MONUMENTS & MEMORIALS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Abstract. The tradition of memorialising people and events through physical constructions such as statues and monuments like in many countries, has shaped the public space of a modern South Africa. Considering the colonial and apartheid history of South Africa, these physical markers, often uncontextualized, continue to maintain positions of prominence within the modern streetscape.Since the turn of the democratic era in South Africa, a pressing need has existed to assess the impact of the markers on the heritage landscape of the country. An endeavour made more difficult by a lack of a comprehensive inventory of these resources across the country.The National Audit of Monuments and Memorials (NAMM) was designed to address this gap through a full national survey of monuments and memorials, conducted under the auspices of a job creation stimulus package designed to create short term employment in the wake of the economic fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic. Undertaking this project under this funding mechanism required that all phases of the project be undertaken within a six-month period.The compressed timeframes associated with this project required an approach that could support a level of fluidity to address the challenges of undertaking a project of this nature, whilst ensuring that the data collected by field surveyors can be monitored and included in the inventory of the national estate in an effective manner.The aim of this paper is to discuss and showcase the tools and workflows used to roll out and manage the large-scale national audit of monuments and memorials across South Africa.

Memory on the Move: Confronting Indigenous and Settler Colonial Commemorations in Stone and Bronze

Memory on the Move: Confronting Indigenous and Settler Colonial Commemorations in Stone and Bronze Christine M. DeLucia (bio) Lisa Blee and Jean M. O’Brien, Monumental Mobility: The Memory Work of Massasoit. Chapel Hill NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2019. 288 pp. Figures, notes, bibliography, index. Paperback. $29.95. Cynthia Culver Prescott, Pioneer Mother Monuments: Constructing Cultural Memory. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019. 408 pp. Figures, notes, appendix, bibliography, index. Hardcover. $39.95. Thousands of visitors trek through Plymouth, Massachusetts each year, seeking connections with the iconic terrain of English colonial settlement that took shape within longstanding Wampanoag homelands of Patuxet. Their numbers will likely grow in 2020, the 400th anniversary of Anglo-American colonization in this corner of the Atlantic World. Many gravitate toward “Plymouth Rock,” seemingly unaware of or undeterred by the fact that the rock’s purported role as a Pilgrim stepping-stone is a fiction of antiquarian remembrances. These crowds may or may not notice the towering bronze statue situated immediately behind the rock on Cole’s Hill. The statue represents the seventeenth-century Pokanoket Wampanoag leader 8sâmeeqan, as his name is spelled by the present-day Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project, who met and negotiated with the Pilgrims following their arrival in 1620. The casting is the handiwork of Cyrus Edwin Dallin, an influential American sculptor who had specific intentions when he produced Massasoit for the 1921 Pilgrim tercentenary (“Massasoit” being a Wampanoag leadership title). Yet the meanings of Massasoit could never be neatly pinned down. The statue and its myriad replicas have been pivotal objects in debates over memory and meaning in Indigenous and settler colonial contexts, as Lisa Blee and Jean M. O’Brien detail in their study of the statue’s surprisingly far-flung transits. Dallin (1861–1944) was born during the U.S. Civil War and died during the Second World War, and over the course of his long career he sculpted many figural works pertaining to American history, Native Americans, and [End Page 82] potent ideas of “pioneering” and the “frontier.” Raised in Utah Territory in close proximity to Ute, Shoshone, and other Native communities navigating tremendous upheaval and violence, Dallin developed vivid (mis)perceptions of Native people in regional as well as continental pasts and presents. He sculpted stylized “Indians” in works like his four-part The Epic of the Indian, which concluded with the iconic equestrian sculpture Appeal to the Great Spirit installed outside the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Dallin’s oeuvre is one of the common threads linking Monumental Mobility and historian Cynthia Culver Prescott’s Pioneer Mother Monuments, a wide-ranging survey of monuments paying gendered homage to U.S. westward expansion. Among the scores of monuments that Prescott scrutinizes is Dallin’s lofty bronze Brigham Young Pioneer Monument that he produced for Salt Lake City. Epitomizing particular forms of Anglo-American masculinity and patriarchy, the Young statue in many respects fits with Dallin’s larger oeuvre centered on influential men, Native as well as colonial. Less well-recognized is Dallin’s interest in monumentalizing women. As Prescott demonstrates in her careful reconstruction of the development and installation of Pioneer Mother (End of the Trail) in his hometown of Springville, Utah, Dallin tapped into a deeply rooted monumental pattern of using representations of Euro-American women to address present-day social dynamics and shifting gender norms. For Pioneer Mother, Dallin drew upon a likeness of his own mother, Jane Hamer Dallin, creating a half-bust bearing a wide sunbonnet atop a pedestal with a bas-relief featuring an ox-drawn covered wagon. As with scores of other “pioneer women” monuments, its representational frame included not a single Indigenous person, not even in the most grossly stereotypical form, conveying an impression of uncontested westward colonization and hardy frontier womanhood. Yet the bronze visage’s placid expression belied simmering controversy, some of which bubbled up during the monument’s dedication. Years earlier the Dallin family became estranged from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) and socially ostracized in Mormon Utah, while Cyrus Dallin’s eastward transits raised questions among Utah residents about Dallin’s loyalty to...

A CAMERA OBSCURA SUNDIAL: S. ASTVAZAZIN CHURCH IN ARENI, ARMENIA

The construction of the ancient buildings was largely based on geometric projective rules. The analysis of these rules allows to understand the level of the constructors’ knowledge and to interpret the meaning of these architecture. Today this research can be more easily approached thanks to the current survey techniques and to accuracy tools, which simplify the survey of monuments. The analysis of Armenian churches highlighted the importance of the role of light, both in the building construction and in the spatial meaning linked to the liturgy. In this paper the case of S. Astvazazin church in Armenia is presented.

The Cultural and Historical Context behind the Formation of the Architectural Image of Nakhichevan-on-Don (Late 18th — Early 20th Centuries)

This article focuses on the study of influence of Russian architecture of the Modern Age developed mostly under the influence of the St Petersburg architectural school on the artistic and spatial organisation of Nakhichevan-on-Don. It is not surprising that the architecture of the capital had a considerable influence on the forms and style of architecture of provincial cities. There are many scholarly works on the role of St Petersburg in the formation of the architectural image of provincial Russian cities. However, the role of the architecture of the capital of the Russian Empire remained virtually unnoticed in research devoted to Nakhichevan-on-Don. Hence, it is particularly interesting to examine the city’s architecture as Nakhichevan-on-Don was not a Russian city but one founded in 1779 by the Armenians who moved from Crimea to the Russian Empire. The analysis of the cultural and historical context of the formation of Nakhichevan-on-Don’s architecture aims to reveal the cultural dualism reflected in the architecture of the city and manifesting itself in the integration of the Don Armenians into the Russian cultural space on the one hand, and in their desire for national consolidation on the other hand. The work is based on a comprehensive study of archival materials, historical evidence of contemporaries, and on-site historical and architectural surveys of monuments. The leading methods of the research are comparative analysis, historical-genetic analysis, and stylistic analysis of the architecture of Nakhichevan-on-Don. The authors use a system approach which allows them to consider various aspects of the culture of the Don Armenians and study the architecture of the city in the context of its cultural environment as a whole.

Drones in Archaeology. State‐of‐the‐art and Future Perspectives

AbstractIn addition to traditional platforms for low‐level remote sensing (balloons, kites, etc.) new and more complex automated systems [unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones] have become available in the last decade. The success and market expansion of these platforms has been a driving force in the development of active and passive sensors specifically designed for UAVs. In the last few years archaeologists have started testing both platforms and sensors, particularly for the following applications: three‐dimensional (3D) documentation of archaeological excavations; 3D survey of monuments and historic buildings; survey of archaeological sites and landscapes; exploratory aerial survey; and the archaeological survey of woodland areas. The scale of these applications has ranged from site‐based to landscapes‐based (approximately up to about 10 km2in extent). The role of such platforms in the archaeological survey of excavations and landscapes, and in diagnostics more generally, is of great interest and is inexorably growing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

On the issue of shaping of the Chersonesos citizens` world-view during the transformation from an antique to Byzantine city (on the materials of Chersonesos necropolis)

A survey of monuments of Chersonesos necropolis allows us to trace the transformation of worldview of the inhabitants in the transition from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages. In the 4th century in the city Christianity spread. Christians used symbolic language of late antiquity for the creation of their art system, but they gave it a new meaning. Especially clear reflection of this process are Chersonesos crypts with Christian paintings. They illustrate a stage of forming of the early Christian idea of paradise.

Soapstone as a locally used and limited sculptural material in remote area of Northern Moravia (Czech Republic)

In contrast to Nordic countries, talc-rich rocks (massive and schistose talc-bearing rocks—talcite, magnesite-talc schists, chlorite-talc schists, and/or chlorite-actinolite-talc schists often loosely classified as soapstone) represented practically an unknown natural building and sculptural stone in the Czech Republic. This extraordinary material was quarried and used in the only region of the Czech Republic where Sobotin amphibolite massif (Sumperk district, northern Moravia) outcrops. Metamorphosed basic igneous rocks contain small lenses of soapstone that were exploited in the past and used not only for refractory purposes but also as a construction and sculptural material.Occurrences of ‘Sobotin’ soapstone show distinct zone macrofabric marked by the occurrence of massive soapstone in the core that gradually changes to talc-dominant schists, later to actinolite/tremolite-rich schists and finally to chlorite schists at the contact with surrounding amphibolites. The most typical ‘Sobotin’ soapstone exhibits high density (up to 2,900 kg m−3), low water uptake (maximum 0.68 wt %), favorable dynamic elastic properties (P-wave velocity 5,340–5,840 m s−1, S-wave velocity 2,900–3,300 m s−1), and mechanical properties (tensile splitting strength 5.2–6.9 MPa, uniaxial compressive strength 17.5–24.1 MPa). ‘Sobotin’ soapstone is relatively resistant to weathering action although schistose varieties show typical delamination when exposed to frequent freeze/thaw cycling in harsh mountainous environment. Field survey of monuments, architectural and building artefacts made from ‘Sobotin’ soapstone contributed to our knowledge on duration of exploitation of ‘Sobotin’ soapstone that was for sure utilised from the second half of seventeen century till the beginning of the twenty century. The most characteristic feature of ‘Sobotin’ soapstone is its strict local use on the territory of about 20 villages surrounding previously exploited soapstone lenses.

Returns to Capital:

Returns to Capital:

Photography versus the Historical Record: The Role of Photography in Rouen's Gros-Horloge Restoration

In France, the use of photography in the process of enhancing architectural heritage started as early as the mid-nineteenth century, with surveys of monuments before and after restoration work, identification of national landmark campaigns, and establishment of photographic archives. The analysis of its use by Louis Sauvageot in the restoration of the Gros-Horloge of Rouen in 1889 reveals that its impact is particularly complex and ambiguous. The spread of photography confirmed rather than questioned a stylistic approach that was used more and more in the creation of monuments typical of every historical period. But what is more surprising is the paradoxical effect of the existence in France of extensive photographic documentation of past restorations; there is very low interest in these archives demonstrated by those involved with the restorations of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Misunderstandings created by the transformations of these monuments are fed by a forgetfulness of past restorations and by the distribution of inaccurately dated photographic reproductions. These errors multiply the effects of the poor interpretation of astonishing historical hybrids created by the restorers of the nineteenth century.

To the methodology of church research in Hungary – contributions to the typology of 18th century protestant church architecture

Over the past three decades, the Department for History of Architecture and of Monument Preservation has elaborated architectural surveys of monuments on different scales, from settlements to small-scale historic architectural objects, to train students and to provide research material for larger monument preservation measures. One of the scholarly leaders of this activity was Tamás Guzsik (1947-2002), who published several scientific articles on the methodology of village church research in Hungary, focusing on medieval architecture. By commemorating and evaluating his scientific heritage as a school founding scholar, the paper presents the conceptual opportunities and the extension of some of his principles in a Lutheran church survey programme involving the whole country. The results of this survey can be classified into a typology, which contributes to a better understanding of late Baroque architecture in Hungary and to the typology of Protestant church architecture.

Frontiers of history: historical inquiry in the twentieth century

This book, the third volume of Donald Kelley's monumental survey of Western historiography, covers the twentieth century, especially Europe. As in the first two volumes, the author discusses historical methods and ideas of all sorts to provide a detailed map of historical learning. Here he carries the survey forward to our own times, confronting directly the challenges of postmodernism and historical narrative. Kelley offers highly original discussions of historians of the last half century (including friends and mentors), the linguistic turn, the end of the philosophy of history, and various new methods of histories. The book focuses first on the state of the art of history in France, Germany, Britain, and the United States on the eve of World War I. Kelley then traces every important historiographical issue and development historians have encountered in the twentieth century. With the completion of this trilogy, Kelley presents the only comprehensive modern survey of historical writing. He provides an unparalleled portrait of the rich variety of historical method along with an insider's view of the challenges of capturing history on the written page.

Innovative Techniques for the Acquisition and Processing of Multisource Data for the Geometric Documentation of Monuments

Documenting the past of mankind comprises, among other activities, the survey of monuments and cultural artefacts, for long provided by archaeologists and architects using traditional methods. However, due to the recent major technological advances in surveying, photogrammetric and laser scanning methods, surveyors are enabled to produce recording materials and end products, which surpass by far the traditional line drawings in terms of accuracy and completeness. These methodologies are able to offer products like orthophotos, raster developments, 3D representations and realistic visualizations as well as augmented reality tours. This paper investigates the principles and capabilities of contemporary and technologically advanced methods in: capturing huge amount of detailed, accurate and reliable 3D data; modeling of existing and virtual reality; management of 3D or image-based databases. Several examples covering a broad variety of cases, regarding the historical era, the size and the complexity of the monument and also the final products are presented.

Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. By Philippe ForÊt. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2000. xvii+209 pp. $32.95. ISBN 0-8248-2293-5.

This is the first monograph in English on the Chengde imperial summer resort (bishu shanzhuang), declared by UNESCO in 1994 a site of World Heritage. The author nonetheless attempts more than a survey of monuments (see chapter three for the architectural history of the complete resort: the road, palace, hill stations and outer temples). He comes with a distinct, new approach, when analysing and reading the symbolic meaning of this cultural landscape.

Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America

When Americans and Americans talk about democracy, are they imagining same thing? For years, researchers have suspected that fundamental differences exist between how North Americans view and appraise concept of and how Americans view same term. These differences directly affect evolution of democratization and political liberalization in countries of region, and understanding them has tremendous consequences for U.S.-Latin relations. But until now there has been no hard data to make the definition of democracy visible, and thus able to be interpreted. This book, culmination of a monumental survey project, is first attempt to do so. Camp headed a research team that in 1998 surveyed 1,200 citizens in three countries - three distinct cases of democratic transition. Costa Rica is alleged to be most democratic in America; Mexico is a country in transition toward democracy; Chile is returning to after decades of severe repression. The survey was carefully designed to show how average citizen in each of these nations understands democracy. In Citizen Views of Democracy in America, ten leading scholars of region analyze and interpret results. Written with scholar and undergraduate in mind, essays explore countries individually, showing how meaning of varies among them. A key theme emerges: there is no uniform Latin American understanding of democracy, though nations share important patterns. Other essays trace issues across boundaries, such as role of ethnicity on perceptions of democracy. Several of contributors also compare democratic norms in America with those outside region, including United States. Concluding essays analyze institutional and policy consequences of data, including how attitudes toward private versus public ownership are linked to democratization. Every essay in collection is based on same data set, included on a CD-ROM packaged within each book, resulting in an organically cohesive work ideally suited for use in courses introducing and Third World politics, comparative politics, democratic transition, and research methods. Scholars and students may use software and data set on CD-ROM for comparative research projects linked to essays in volume.

The Lower Theatre at Balboura

Amongst the standing remains of Greco-roman Balboura in northern Lycia are those of two theatres (Fig. 1). The smaller and better preserved clings to the steep south slope of the acropolis hill close to the line of the Hellenistic city's defence wall. The reports of early travellers provide little useful information about the monument, concerned as they are more with Balboura's rich epigraphic material than with her architecture. Spratt and Forbes, who visited the site in 1842 during their archaeological survey of the area, wrote a brief account, and nearly half a century later Petersen and Von Luschan published without comment a single photograph of the stage building's fine retaining wall showing its heavily bossed polygonal stones and its buttresses of squared blocks. No detailed picture was available, however, until the appearance in 1969 of the second volume of de Bernardi Ferrero's monumental survey of the ancient theatres in Asia Minor.The second theatre, located in a rocky bay in the hillside at the edge of the valley three hundred metres to the south, has attracted even less attention, and understandably so, for its remains consist of little more than the foundations for the stage building which lie half buried beneath earth and debris. De Bernardi Ferrero has published several photographs but no drawings. Her brief description concentrates on the system of arches supporting the pavement of the proscenium, an unusual feature for which she cites several parallels in the area.

BUNDLE TRIANGULATION IN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY: THE BASILICA OF SAN FRANCESCO IN SIENA

AbstractBundle triangulation is an efficient tool for spatial point determination in architectural photogrammetry. All the information available in image and object space may be introduced in a combined adjustment yielding high precision and reliability. Camera calibration performed simultaneously with the object restitution process enables the application of convenient and flexible imaging systems based on professional photographic technology. Thus the survey of monuments can be carried out rapidly with a minimum of personnel and equipment. The photogrammetric recording of the basilica of San Francesco in Siena is presented as an example of the application of this survey procedure. The field work was accomplished in a few days. The equipment used consisted of a partial metric camera, an engineering theodolite and a tape. The bundle adjustment results gave spatial object co‐ordinates with a r.m.s.e. of ± 15 mm for a point.

Berenice Abbott's Work in the 1930s

In a pioneering article on the “Documentary Approach to Photography” published in 1938, Beaumont Newhall cited two large-scale contemporary photodocumentations to exemplify what he saw as the commitment of “younger photographers” to “this materialistic approach [as] the basis for an esthetic of photography.” Both projects had been supported by the federal government since 1935, and both were massive in scope. One was the monumental survey of rural America conducted for the Farm Security Administration by a team of photographers directed by the economist Roy Emerson Stryker. The other was “Changing New York”—the “courageous and sweeping documentation of New York City” by a single artist, Berenice Abbott, aided by a small group of research and technical assistants provided by the Federal Art Project of the WPA.

Restitution and Dissent in the Late Medieval Renewal Movements: the Waldensians, the Hussites and the Bohemian Brethren

HE history of the Christian Church and its impact upon Western civilization has often been interpreted as an alternation between periods of recession and resurgence. The motif of renewal thus serves as the organizing principle of the chronological unfolding of the story of the Church.' When expressed in theological terms, it can become a rallying point for advocates of reform, whether in the history of Protestantism, or in the current Catholic aggiornamento: Insofar as the Church is deformed, she has to be reformed: ecclesia [reformata atque semper] reformanda.2 However, the real dynamic of Christian renewal, whether individual, ecclesiastical or societal, cannot be generated by a mere awareness of the sequence of decay and revival. Rather, it consists in the ever-present tension between those who seek to attain an ideal and those who are willing to compromise. Upon completion of his monumental survey of The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches, Ernst Troeltsch summed up his analysis with the tripartite typology of church, sect and mysticism, and in keeping with his theological orientation, stated: