Survey Of India Research Articles

Analysis and interpretation of groundwater contamination using remote sensing and GIS :A case study

The human activities are constantly adding industrial, domestic and agricultural wastes to the ground water reservoirs at an alarming rate. In the last few decades, rapidly developing technologies, increase in population and urbanization have been witnessing alarmed phenomena all over the world. Anthropogenic activities like generation and indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes and extensive use of fertilizers have resulted in increasing levels of air, water and soil pollution, changing land use patterns, decrease in arable land and other dominant problems. The problems of groundwater quality arise with changing land use patterns and are acute in areas that are densely populated and thickly industrialized, which affect the ground water resources and quality. The present study is aimed at generating physical characters and water quality by using remote sensing and GIS. The thematic map of the study area was prepared from linearly enhanced fused data of IRS-ID PAN and LISS-III merged satellite imagery and Survey Of India (SOI) toposheets on 1:50,000 scale using visual interpretation technique using AutoCad and Arc/Info GIS software forming the spatial database. Groundwater samples were collected from the predetermined sampling locations and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters for the generation of attribute database. The spatial and attribute database thus generated are integrated and maps showing spatial distribution of selected water quality parameters were prepared. Water quality index (WQI) is calculated to assess the suitability of ground water for drinking purpose in the environmental stress areas with respect to water quality . suitable remedial measures are suggested.

Identification of Ambient Air Pollution Prevention Zones Using Remotesensing and GIS:A Model Study

The present study has been carried out Air pollution zones and Risk area map for Air pollution Activities in nine mandals namely Nakkapalli ,Elamanchilli,S. Rayavaram, Achchutapuram, Rambilli, Anakapalle, Munagapaka, Kasimkota, Paravada of Visakhapatnam District, covering an area of 1355 Sq.km. The study area is located between north latitudes 17° 19’ and 17° 46’”and east longitudes 82°35’ and 83°10’ and is covered in the survey of India topographical map numbers 56H65 K/10,11,13,14,15M 65 O/1, 65O/2.The IRS-P6, LISS-IV geo coded Remote sensing Satellite data and the above top sheets from Survey of India (SOI) are acquired for primary analysis. Using Visual Interpretation technique different thematic maps are prepared like base map, drainage map, Geomorphology map. These thematic maps were scanned and digitized using AutoCAD and converted into GIS. Air samples are collected from sampling stations were established in the study area using this sampling analysis was carried out as per the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) , with respect to RSPM, TSPM, NOx, Sox. Based on the above data Topology is created by linking the spatial data file and attribute data file. GIS overlay analysis derived maps has been developed like Air pollution sensitivity map, Air quality map, Dispersion sensitivity map,Aerial sensitivity Mapwas carried out to find out the above parameters pollution lodes in the study area, Finally integrating of the all the above maps based on this maps Risk area map for Air pollution activities maps has developed. This kind of studies is very useful for Pollution Prevention in industrial areas and also useful for the planners decision makers for management and monitoring of industrial areas.

Drainage morphometry and its influence on landform characteristics in a basaltic terrain, Central India – a remote sensing and GIS approach

An attempt has been made to study drainage morphometry and its influence on landform processes, soil physical and land erosion characteristics in Vena river basin of basaltic terrain (Deccan traps), Nagpur district, Maharashtra, Central India. High Spatial Resolution Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)-ID Linear Image Self Scanning (LISS)-III sensor data of 7 March 2000 in conjunction with Survey Of India (SOI) topographical sheets (1:50,000 scale) were used for systematic analysis of various morphometric, lithological and landform characteristics of the river basin. Morphometric analysis was carried out at sub basin level using Spatial Analysis System (SPANS ver. 7.0) GIS system to analyze the influence of drainage morphometry on landforms, soil depth, drainage, available water holding capacity (AWC) and land erosion characteristics. Ten distinct landforms were identified in the basin based on visual interpretation of satellite sensor data. These are dissected ridges, isolated mounds, linear ridges, escarpments, plateau spurs, subdued plateau, rolling plains, foot slopes, narrow valleys and main valley floor. Very shallow soils exists on dissected ridges, isolated mounds, linear ridges, escarpments and plateau spurs covering the sub basins nos. 1, 5–7, 9, 15 and 16 and are associated with high drainage density (Dd), impermeable geology and high runoff conditions. High drainage density, high bifurcation ratio (Rb) and steep slopes are the main causative factors for the development of well-drained soils. The AWC is low in the soils of higher elevations covering the sub basins 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 whereas, it is very high at lower elevation in the sub basins nos. 12, 13 and 19. Sub basins nos. 1, 2, 5, 15 and 16, associated with high drainage density, stream frequency (Fu) and texture ratio (T) showed very severe to severe erosion. The analysis reveals that the influence of drainage morphometry is very significant in understanding the landform processes, soil physical properties and erosional characteristics. The study demonstrates that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is found to be more appropriate than the conventional methods in evaluation and analysis of drainage morphometry, landforms and land resources and to understand their inter-relationships for planning and management at river basin level.

Technique of large-scale soil mapping in basaltic terrain using satellite remote sensing data

The present paper discusses the technique of large-scale soil mapping using remote sensing data. IRS-1C PAN merged data of two seasons, namely late Kharif (monsoon) and Rabi (post rainy season), were interpreted visually in conjunction with Survey of India (SOI) toposheet (1:50 000 scale) and available ground data to prepare the physiography–land use (PLU) map. The PLU delineation explained a three-tier approach comprising landform, slope and land use characteristics of a given parcel of land. The first letter in the PLU legend indicates the landform, the second letter denotes slope percentage and the third letter indicates the land use characteristics. Soils occurring in different PLU units were examined and a PLU–soil relationship was developed. The soil map depicting phases of soil series was prepared using ILWIS software.

Forest Vegetation Characterization and Mapping Using IRS-1C Satellite Images in Eastern Himalayan Region

IRS 1C LISS-III sensor data was used to generate a medium scale vegetation cover map. Four scenes with minimum cloud cover were acquired, pre-processed and geo-referenced to Survey of India (SOI) topomaps. The satellite images were then subjected to knowledge-based hybrid classification. A standard forest vegetation / land cover classification legend was used for this purpose. All the vegetation classes were visited on ground to collect information on their structure and composition, which was utilized in the classification exercise. Total land cover of over 20000 km2 of Subansiri Himalaya was classified into seventeen categories. The vegetation classes derived from digital classification were compared with the existing ground-based forest classification given by Champion and Seth. Area estimates were made for various land cover categories. Distribution of various forest vegetation types when compared with altitudinal zones of the area has shown good relationship. Correspondence using field-gathered GPS points for vegetation classes showed 89.25% overall accuracy. The methodology used here for classification exercise has contributed to improved classification accuracy. All the vegetation classes have been described with respect to their dominant species composition, spectral response on satellite images, occurrence zone with respect to altitude & climate and their correspondence with existing ground-based forest type classification given by Champion and Seth. This study envisages the use of satellite remote sensing and its kindred technologies like GIS and GPS supplemented by ground-based limited field survey for characterizing forest vegetation cover.

Changes in wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) habitat conditions in Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat from a remote sensing perspective

Abstract The Rann of Kutch, Gujarat is the only habitat for one of the endangered sub-species of the Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus khur) and most of the population survives in the Wild Ass Sanctuary in Little Rann of Kutch. The area is a saline desert with extremely sparse cover of vegetation. In the past, the habitat supported a thriving population of wild asses. However, due to extensive changes in the land-use around the Rann of Kutch, there has been an increase in the conflict of interests between man and the wild ass. The present paper seeks to analyse the situation with respect to changes in land-use, vegetation cover and salt cultivation to plan proper habitat management inside the sanctuary to mitigate the problem of crop predation by the wild ass through the use of high resolution satellite data. The Survey of India (SOI) topographic maps of 1960 vintage were used to estimate the past habitat, land-use, vegetal cover and salt fields. The SOI topographic maps and false colour composites provide...

Evaluation of Cartographic accuracy of IRS-1A LISS II data for upgrading linear details on the existing maps (A case study of Chandigarh area)

Considering the fest pace of development, up-to-date maps have become imperative in developmental planning. Conventional map updating techniques are expensive and time consuming. The present paper makes an attempt to tackle the problem using GIS techniques. Maps generated from IRS-1A LISS II data and Survey of India (SOI) toposheets were used as input maps in GIS. These maps were overlaid to obtain the positional errors at road junction points. The area statistics of each sector were calculated taking the SOI map as reference data. The results show that the areas calculated from LISS II data and SOI map are well comparable and the deviations are within 10%, whereas the positional accuracy (MSE) of points is within 30 m. The study demonstrates that the IRS-1A LISS II data can be used for updating of maps on scale 1:100,000 and smaller in areas where linear features are identifiable in the IRS LISS II image.

GEODETIC SURVEYS IN INDIA: FIFTY YEARS ON

This article outlines some of the survey work undertaken during the International Karakoram Project from June to September 1980, and it is hoped that its contents will, in part, complement Bomford's reminiscences on geodetic survey in India which appear elsewhere in this issue. It is entirely appropriate that this anniversary number of Survey Review should contain personal recollections of the remarkable achievements of the Survey of India during the time that Empire Survey Review was born and in its infancy. In an effort to justify the inclusion of this companion description, the choice of title may be misleading. The survey cannot be termed geodetic: changes in the international boundaries now place our area of interest in Pakistan; and the timing implied in the title is not strictly correct. The following few paragraphs endeavour to explain the liberties taken with the title and, in a small way, to compare conditions and techniques then and now. The text is necessarily descriptive because, at the time of writing, our observations have not been calculated.

GEODETIC SURVEYS IN INDIA 1930–35

This is some description of the geodetic work of the Survey of India during the period 1930–35, in the first years of the Survey Review. It is in the form of personal reminiscences, and in detail it refers only to such of the work as I was personally concerned with.

GEODETIC SURVEYS IN INDIA: FIFTY YEARS ON

GEODETIC SURVEYS IN INDIA: FIFTY YEARS ON

GEODETIC SURVEYS IN INDIA 1930–35

This is some description of the geodetic work of the Survey of India during the period 1930–35, in the first years of the Survey Review. It is in the form of personal reminiscences, and in detail it refers only to such of the work as I was personally concerned with.

CADASTRAL SURVEYS IN INDIA

CADASTRAL SURVEYS IN INDIA

CADASTRAL SURVEYS IN INDIA

AbstractThere has been a great and growing need in India for the establishment or improvement of a Cadastral System as a prerequisite for accelerated development. The measures, if any, that have been taken so far to fill this need are inadequate or have failed, mainly because of lack of insight into the complexity of the problem; frequently ad-hoc systems are being established to fulfil an urgent and for local need without any thought being given to future integration into a final national system, thus contributing to the often existing confusion, and to a waste of energy and money. The paper describes cadastral surveying practice in India from the earliest times to the present; analyses its slow growth and stagnation; recommends the use of multipurpose cadastre which would integrate title, engineering and other detailed surveys and, finally, warns that no gains are likely to be registered unless the Indian Universities and the Polytechnics are encouraged to set up survey degree and diploma courses respec...

Sir George Grierson and Indian Linguistics

THE commemorative volume “Indian and Iranian Studies” presented to Sir George A. Grierson by friends and admirers on the occasion of his eighty-fifth birthday on January 7, and published as a special issue by the School of Oriental Studies of the University of London (Bull., 8, 2–3, 504. 255.), is a remarkable tribute to even so great a scholar. This will be most readily appreciated in the extent to which it shows how those who have here united to do him honour fifty-three scholars drawn from thirteen different countries, including India and the United States have been indebted tohim in outlook or method or as a contributory source of their material. In this volume of “Studies” not unnaturally, and as is usual in collections of its class, a considerable proportion is of highly specialised interest, though even here certain of them as, for example, the communications dealing with the Karosthi material retrieved from the Central Asiatic Desert by Sir Aurel Stein or Colonel D. L. R. Lorimer's “Nugae Burushaskicae”, glance at broader issues. Others, however, such as the contributions by Dr. T. Grahame Bailey or Prof. A. Barannikov, to name two only, which deal with the relation of the Sanskritic to other elements in the vernaculars, or Dr. F. Otto Shrader on the Uralian element in the Dravida and the Munda tongues, have a direct interest for those who are dealing with current problems in Indianethnology; while the value of linguistic studies in cultural investigation is shown by such inquiries as those of Prof. J. Block on the character of the Vedic plough and the late Dr. J. Charpentier on the meaning of ‘Sakudhuma’ and thesuggestion arising therefrom as to ritual recognition of the Pleiades in Vedic times. It is remarkable, however, howonevery side there is evidence that in these investigations the work of Sir George Grierson and his linguistic survey ofIndia have been fundamental.