Survey Report Research Articles

SEXUAL ASSAULT, FORENSIC INVESTIGATION, AND LEGAL SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN: A REVIEW

Sexual assaults are horrific crimes and major human rights violations everywhere, particularly against women and children. According to statistical surveys around the globe, the occurrences of sexual assaults are more common in developed countries. According to different survey reports published in The Nation, almost 11 cases are reported every 24 hours in Pakistan. Besides this high occurrence rate of rape cases, many cases go unreported. Conviction rates are surprisingly as low as 0.5% due to multiple factors like the unfamiliarity of victims with the legal procedures and basic human rights, the social pressure created by the families of victims, time-consuming and challenging legal processes, worry about retaliation from the attacker etc. With the prevalence of modern scientific technologies and trends in the World, modern and improved technologies and techniques like DNA testing and DNA profiling are being used in Pakistan also, even with the limited availability of full-fledged forensic labs. The need of the hour is to spread awareness and to enhance the literacy rate because more than 60 million people lack knowledge about basic human rights and the legal procedures regarding assault cases that they must follow in case of any unfortunate happenings.

Progress in the fight against malnutrition in Mozambique: A review of policies, action plans, and nutritional intervention programs

Malnutrition is a public health problem in Mozambique, where 37% of children under five suffer from chronic malnutrition and 4% from acute malnutrition. Since national independence in 1975, action plans have been implemented to reverse this situation. Objective: To analyze the progress made in the fight against malnutrition through the policies, action plans and programmes implemented in the country since independence. Methodology: Documentary study, whose main data sources consisted of Demographic and Health Survey reports, Family Budget Surveys, SMART Surveys, Integrated Classification of Food Security Stages reports, information from FAO databases, as well as other studies on the nutritional situation in the country. The WHO and UNICEF classifications were used to describe the prevalence rates of malnutrition. Results: Except for acute malnutrition, which reduced from high to low between 1997-2023, the prevalence of chronic malnutrition had no statistically significant reductions and remains very high. Factors such as food insecurity, high illiteracy rates, armed conflict in northern Mozambique, poverty, unequal distribution of basic resources between provinces, weak monitoring and evaluation systems in the action plans implemented, poor investment in agriculture, covid-19, as well as the effect of climate change, which constantly affects the country, are the main causes. Conclusion: Despite efforts, malnutrition continues not to show significant reductions, which calls for further study and improvement of policies, as well as the control of risk factors.

Impact of Changes in Value Added Tax Rate on Revenue Production, Perspective of Government, Business, and Individuals: A Case of Fiji Islands

Purpose: The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of changes in the Value Added Tax rate on revenue production in Fiji. The study aims to explore how changes in value-added tax rate affect the government, businesses, and individuals in the country. Methodology: A secondary research method was utilized to gather data. Data is collected from multiple sources, including government statistics, existing literature, and survey reports. The study then employs descriptive, narrative, and qualitative analysis techniques to interpret the collected data. Findings: The findings of the study reveal that changes in value-added tax rates have both positive and negative impacts on key stakeholders, namely the government, businesses, and individuals. The descriptive analysis provides an explanation of these results from the perspectives of these stakeholders. Practical Contribution: The study offers insights to stakeholders, including government, businesses, and individuals, on how to implement effective strategies to mitigate financial risks associated with changes in VAT rates. This information can be valuable in decision-making and financial planning. The study provides strategies for regulators and standard setters to reform the tax change reporting model. This can lead to more efficient and transparent tax policy implementation, potentially benefiting the broader economy. Theoretical Contribution: The research contributes to the literature on Value Added Tax by providing an empirical study. This contributes to a deeper understanding of how VAT rate changes impact the different stakeholders, which can be valuable for both researchers and policymakers. The study introduces a strategic model that offers a holistic understanding of the interconnected factors affecting changes in tax policy. This model can serve as a framework for analyzing and formulating tax policies in Fiji, as well as potentially being applicable in other contexts. Study Limitations – Limited sample size.

Building a Resilient Global Economy

In this paper we discuss the concept of economic resilience which is the ability of the economy to respond to a economic shock and recover at the fastest pace. We take into consideration the survey reports of RBI. The six surveys recently published by RBI depicts that India is becoming more resilient economy. The concept discussed only at the country level by earlier international studies although indicate India’s relative international ranking as 65. We develop a state level index by appropriate modification of the concept of economic resilience to the state level context. Thus, our state level resilience index depicts Maharashtra and Jharkhand as highest and lowest resilient States respectively. However, our state level indices are in the nascent State and future research may be more useful to further develop it for more confident application in analytical studies.

Academic dishonesty in online classes: Investigating self-reports using McCabe’s Academic Integrity Survey

Purpose: To investigate the cause of academic dishonesty in online higher education in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Research methodology: A descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a Manila-based higher education institution using McCabe's Academic Integrity Survey Report (2010) to collect data from 360 first- and second-year students. Results: While institutional policies were perceived as high, a low positive correlation was found between policy awareness and the tendency to engage in academic dishonesty in one category. Plagiarism-detecting software may deter some forms of cheating; however, opportunities for other forms of academic misconduct still exist. The prevalence of academic misconduct was higher among second-year students, indicating the normalization of such behavior among peers. Limitations: The study was conducted at one institution and may not be generalizable to other settings. Contribution: This study provides insights into the prevalence of academic misconduct and its contributing factors, highlighting the need for continued efforts to prevent and address academic dishonesty in online learning environments. Novelty: This study sheds light on the challenges in maintaining academic integrity during the COVID-19 pandemic and the importance of addressing academic misconduct in online higher education.

Speech and Text based Assistive Application for Special Needs Individuals

As per the survey report released last year on disability by National Statistics Office, it was seen that people with some kind of mental or physical disability is around 2.2% of India’s total population. The project, “Saksham” that suggests be independent, aims to eliminate the need for human assistance and to provide equal opportunities and a more normal way of life to those with language or other disabilities. In the direction of building individual strength and also get great improvement in the academic performance of adults and kids with special needs, Assistive technology is now being used as an innovative tool. The entire application have been developed keeping in mind that it needs to provide all our users with instantaneous access to selected features specially catered to help them in completing their daily tasks.

Risk Factors for Omicron Pneumonia in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Multicenter Study in China

BACKGROUND Although Omicron's hospitalization rate and mortality rate decreased significantly in the immunocompetent population (Wang B, et al. J Infect 2023; Maslo C, et al. JAMA 2022), it remains a fatal threat to patients with immunocompromised hematological malignancies (HM) (Zhu X, et al. BJH 2023). The overall mortality rate of Omicron infection was 16.5% among hospitalized HM patients according to the “EPICOVIDEHA survey report” (Blennow O, et al. AJH 2022), significantly higher than that observed in the general population. The main cause of Omicron-related death in HMs was respiratory failure caused by Omicron pneumonia and data showed that approximately 10% of HM patients develop Omicron pneumonia after infection (Zhu X, et al. BJH 2023). However, little is known about the risk factors for Omicron pneumonia in HM patients after Omicron infection. METHODS The data in this study comes from a registered multi-center, prospective, observational study during the latest Omicron wave in Chongqing, China (November 2022 to January 2023), of which the initial purpose was to investigate the neutralizing antibody levels in HM patients after Omicron infection. Detailed information can be found on international clinical trials registry platform (ICTRP) of world health organization (WHO) (https://trialsearch.who.int/) (No.ChiCTR2300071830) or the Chinese clinical trial registry website (http://www.chictr.org.cn). Patients were enrolled at the time of diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immune function stats, which was assessed by the counts of immune cells including neutrophils, total lymphocytes, CD4 (+) T cells, B cells, NK cells, were measured at the time of enrollment. All patients were followed up once a week for a total of 6 weeks after enrollment. During the period, chest CT scans were performed to determine Omicron pneumonia on patients with any of the following characteristics: 1) Sustained high fever > 3 days; 2) Respiratory rate ≥ 30 beats/minute; 3) Oxygen saturation at rest < 93%; 4) PaO 2/FiO 2 ≤ 300mmHg. The sequencing results were download from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID) database (https://db.cngb.org/gisaid) to identify the potential SARS-CoV-2 strains present in our patients. Risk factors were analysed by logistic univariate / multivariate regression methods. RESULTS Omicron subvariant BA.5.2.48 was speculated to be the dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain in our patients. A total of 475 HM patients enrolled in this study. Omicron pneumonia was observed in 15.8% (75/475) of patients. In the Omicron pneumonia group, patients had a median age of 58 years [IQR 48-69] and males accounting for 61.3%, 56 (74.7%) patients with a baseline disease of lymphoma, 41 (54.7%) with disease status of active disease, 33 (44.0%) patients had no COVID-19 vaccination history, and 65 (86.7%) patients had received targeted chemotherapy; B/ CD4 (+) T/ NK-cell reduction rate were 49 (65.3%), 66 (88.0%) and 47 (62.7%), respectively. Risk factors associated with Omicron pneumonia included active disease status of HM at infection (OR=3.42, 95% CI: 1.59-7.37, P=0.002), (1-2) dose of COVID-19 vaccination (OR=2.55, 95% CI: 1.28-5.10, P=0.008), no COVID-19 vaccination history (OR=4.81, 95% CI: 2.45-9.43, P<0.001), chemotherapy prior to infection <6 months (OR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.12-5.96, P=0.027), chemotherapy prior to infection ≥ 6 months (OR=2.93, 95% CI: 1.31-6.53, P=0.009) and NK-cell reduction (< 150/μL) (OR=2.19, 95% CI: 1.27-3.79, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our study investigated risk factors for Omicron pneumonia in HM patients after Omicron (BA.5.2.48) infection. Highlights that HM patients with these risk factors, may be susceptible to lung involvement after Omicron infection and need to be taken seriously in clinical practice.

Smoked tobacco dependence and its correlates among participants attending life skills training and counselling services programme across Karnataka (2017-2022).

Indian National Mental Health Survey reports an alarming prevalence of 20.9% for tobacco dependence in India. Dependence on smoked tobacco can be prevented by thorough knowledge of the risk factors associated with it. To estimate the prevalence and identify the factors associated with smoked tobacco dependence among participants attending the life skills training and counselling services programme (LSTCSP) across Karnataka from 2017 to 2022. Pretraining data of 3104 participants from training programmes between 2017 and 2022 were utilised. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed based on a conceptual framework with various hypothesised exposure variables and smoked tobacco dependence as outcome. The overall prevalence of smoked tobacco dependence among LSTCSP participants who used smoked tobacco products was 59.4%. Ever use of smokeless tobacco products (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =2.05, 95% CI: 1.11-3.78) and screening positive for symptoms of generalised anxiety (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.32-4.84) significantly increased the odds of smoked tobacco dependence, whereas making decisions collectively in the family (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18-0.66) and individuals with increased score for neurotic personality traits (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.93) were the factors associated with reduced odds of smoked tobacco dependence. The identified risk factors associated with smoked tobacco dependence are important to develop tobacco control programmes as well as in preventing its onset. With the risk factors for smoked tobacco dependence identified, the results of this study have implications for health promotion and prevention programmes as well as cessation programmes related to smoked tobacco dependence, within India and similar countries.

Research on treatment-related aspects of depression from India in the preceding decade (2014-2023): An updated systematic review.

The National Mental Health Survey reports a prevalence of 2.7% for depressive disorders in India. The services for depression patients may be organized differently in India as compared to Western countries. It is important to consider studies conducted in India to determine effective interventions for depression catered specifically to the needs of the Indian population. We intended to systematically review the articles studying the usefulness of various treatment modalities in the management of depression in the Indian context. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect to identify studies published in peer-reviewed English language journals. All articles from India evaluating the clinical efficacy of anti-depressants, electro-convulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and psychological interventions for the management of depression were evaluated. Data were extracted using standard procedures. A total of 36 studies were included in the review. Out of those, 15 were studies on drug efficacy, five on neuro-modulation, nine on psycho-social interventions, four on adverse effects, and three on miscellaneous studies. Innovations were seen in the field of neuro-modulation and psycho-social intervention. Trials on drug efficacy and adverse drug reactions require larger sample sizes, more studies on newer agents, and more robust study designs. More research is needed to understand the effectiveness and potential negative effects of depression treatments in India. Studies on ketamine have been inconclusive, and existing research on pharmacological agents is limited. Neuro-modulation studies show promise, but larger-scale studies are needed. Innovative psychological interventions tailored to the Indian population include community-based and digital technology-driven care.

Is the happiness of Chinese truly the highest in the world? The impact of basic public services on happiness.

Based on the survey report by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and Ipsos Group, the world ranking of Chinese people's happiness shows a significant gap. This study attempts to analyze the subjective well-being of Chinese residents through public database from the China Household Finance Survey Center in 2017. An ordered Probit model is constructed to investigate the impact of non-monetary factors, specifically basic public services, on the subjective well-being of Chinese people. The results indicate that: (1) The subjective well-being of Chinese residents is found to be lower than what the survey report indicated. (2) Basic public services have a significant positive impact on residents' happiness. (3) Social trust played a moderating role, positively influencing the relationship between basic public services and residents' happiness. (4) The impact of basic public services on happiness varied significantly depending on factors such as age, registered residence, and places of residence. To enhance the happiness of Chinese residents, it is recommended to focus on improving the equalization of basic public services and establishing a robust basic public service system. These measures can effectively contribute to the overall well-being and happiness of the population.

SinoLC-1: the first 1 m resolution national-scale land-cover map of China created with a deep learning framework and open-access data

Abstract. In China, the demand for a more precise perception of the national land surface has become most urgent given the pace of development and urbanization. Constructing a very-high-resolution (VHR) land-cover dataset for China with national coverage, however, is a nontrivial task. Thus, this has become an active area of research that is impeded by the challenges of image acquisition, manual annotation, and computational complexity. To fill this gap, the first 1 m resolution national-scale land-cover map of China, SinoLC-1, was established using a deep-learning-based framework and open-access data, including global land-cover (GLC) products, OpenStreetMap (OSM), and Google Earth imagery. Reliable training labels were generated by combining three 10 m GLC products and OSM data. These training labels and 1 m resolution images derived from Google Earth were used to train the proposed framework. This framework resolved the label noise stemming from a resolution mismatch between images and labels by combining a resolution-preserving backbone, a weakly supervised module, and a self-supervised loss function, to refine the VHR land-cover results automatically without any manual annotation requirement. Based on large-storage and computing servers, processing the 73.25 TB dataset to obtain the SinoLC-1 covering the entirety of China, ∼ 9 600 000 km2, took about 10 months. The SinoLC-1 product was validated using a visually interpreted validation set including over 100 000 random samples and a statistical validation set collected from the official land survey report provided by the Chinese government. The validation results showed that SinoLC-1 achieved an overall accuracy of 73.61 % and a κ coefficient of 0.6595. Validations for every provincial region further indicated the accuracy of this dataset across the whole of China. Furthermore, the statistical validation results indicated that SinoLC-1 conformed to the official survey reports with an overall misestimation rate of 6.4 %. In addition, SinoLC-1 was compared with five other widely used GLC products. These results indicated that SinoLC-1 had the highest spatial resolution and the finest landscape details. In conclusion, as the first 1 m resolution national-scale land-cover map of China, SinoLC-1 delivered accuracy and provided primal support for related research and applications throughout China. The SinoLC-1 land-cover product is freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7707461 (Li et al., 2023).

A Comprehensive Study on the Livestock Sub-Sector Analysis and its Role in Fostering Sustainable Development in Zambia: Insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of Zambia's dynamic livestock sub-sector as of April 30, 2022, drawing insights from the 2022 Livestock Survey Report. With 1,801,075 households actively engaged in livestock activities, the sub-sector emerges as a vital component of the country's rural livelihoods. Understanding the interplay of household characteristics and livestock populations is pivotal for crafting sustainable development policies that enhance the well-being of the sub-sector's participants.
 Gender dynamics within the livestock sub-sector underscore the central role of men as household heads and primary decision-makers. This necessitates targeted initiatives to empower women, fostering their active involvement and amplifying contributions that lead to improved household prosperity, expanded economic opportunities, and the preservation of indigenous knowledge.
 Zambia's diverse livestock population, with a significant presence of 4,698,972 cattle, plays a crucial role in ensuring protein availability, bolstering nutritional security, and contributing to household incomes. Goats, sheep, and pigs also feature prominently, meeting various demands for meat, milk and other essentials. Recognizing the unique contributions of each livestock species allows for tailored strategies to improve their productivity and welfare.
 Addressing provincial disparities in livestock production and resource utilization is imperative for achieving sustainable development goals. Provincial variations in agro-ecological conditions, market access, and infrastructure necessitate context-specific interventions. Such approaches can harness provincial strengths, optimize resource utilization, and stimulate value chain development.
 Moreover, this study highlights opportunities in honey production and milk output. Apiculture and beekeeping investment can aid biodiversity conservation through pollination services while fostering high-quality honey production. Tailored capacity-building and infrastructure development can address provincial disparities in milk production, benefiting smallholder dairy farmers and the broader dairy industry.
 This study underscores the livestock sub-sector's pivotal role in sustainable development, food security, and rural livelihood enhancement in Zambia. By embracing responsible, inclusive strategies and evidence-based insights, policymakers, stakeholders, and development practitioners can optimize the sub-sector's potential. Focusing on household well-being, gender inclusivity, and provincial equity will foster a resilient and thriving livestock sub-sector, benefiting all segments of society and paving the way for a brighter and more sustainable future for Zambia.

Publishers’ Development Strategies in Response to Changes in National Reading—Analysis Based on the 16th to 20th National Reading Survey Report

Publishers’ Development Strategies in Response to Changes in National Reading—Analysis Based on the 16th to 20th National Reading Survey Report

International Survey of the Tools Used for Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Home Mechanical Ventilation Patients

Background: There are limited data reporting diagnostic practices, compared to clinical guidelines, for patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). There are no data detailing the current use of downloaded physiological monitoring data in day-to-day clinical practice during initiation and follow up of patients on HMV. This survey reports clinicians’ practices, with a specific focus on the clinical approaches employed to assess, monitor and manage HMV patients. Methods: A web-based international survey was open between 1 January and 31 March 2023. Results: In total, 114 clinicians responded; 84% of the clinicians downloaded the internal physiological ventilator data when initiating and maintaining HMV patients, and 99% of the clinicians followed up with patients within 3 months. Adherence, leak and the apnea-hypopnea index were the three highest rated items. Oxygen saturation was used to support a diagnosis of nocturnal hypoventilation and was preferred over measurements of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, 78% of the clinicians reviewed data for the assessment of patient ventilator asynchrony (PVA), although the confidence reported in identifying certain PVAs was reported as unconfident or extremely unconfident. Conclusions: This survey confirmed that clinical practice varies and often does not follow the current guidelines. Despite PVA being of clinical interest, its clinical relevance was not clear, and further research, education and training are required to improve clinical confidence.

The Science Underlying Giant Panda Conservation Translocations.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is the flagship species of animal conservation worldwide, and the number of captive pandas reached 673 in 2021. According to the Fourth National Survey Report on the Giant Panda, there are 1864 wild pandas, segregated into 33 local populations, and 25 of these populations are too small to be self-sustaining. In addition to the conservation and restoration of panda habitats, conservation translocations, an approach that has been shown to be effective in slowing or reversing biodiversity loss, are highly desirable for panda conservation. The captive-bred panda population has grown rapidly, laying the foundation for releasing captive-bred pandas into the wild. This paper reviews the scientific advances in conservation translocations of pandas. Studies have shown that before translocation conservation programs are implemented, we should determine what factors are causing the depletion of the original population at the release site. The selection of suitable release sites and individuals will help to improve the survival rate of released individuals in the wild. Pre-release training and post-release monitoring are essential to ensure successful releases. We also see the great potential for increasing applications of Adaptive Management to improve the success of giant panda conservation translocation programs. This review provides theoretical guidance for improvement of the success rate in conservation translocations for captive pandas, and uses the panda as a model species to provide a global reference for the conservation translocations of rare and endangered species.

Sports Neuropsychologists' Ratings of Clinical Criteria Used to Help Determine Concussion Recovery: A Brief Survey Report.

To identify criteria used by sports neuropsychologists in determining recovery following sport-related concussion. Forty-six sports neuropsychologists completed a custom survey, rating the importance of specific criteria for determining concussion recovery in youth versus adults. Percentages and modal ratings were documented. "Back to work/school without accommodations," "No headache after neurocognitive testing," "Feeling 100% back to normal," and "No symptoms after noncontact exertion" were rated highest for youth and adults. "Physician examination without concerns" and "Balance testing" were the two lowest rated items for both youth and adults. For youth, "sufficient" amount of time symptom-free needed for recovery was seen as longer than for adults. There was some similarity in how sports neuropsychologists determine concussion recovery for both adults and youth. Future studies should include a larger sample size and concussion experts from other specialties to identify the current multidisciplinary standard of care.

Cost of farm operations for major cereals in Nigeria

This study assessed the cost of farm operations for major cereals in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained from the Annual Agricultural Performance Survey Report of the National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (NAERLS) was used to compute the cost of 12 farm operations as well as the percentage change in the cost from 2021 to 2022. Results showed that the cost of farm operations for producing major cereals recorded a very high increase across the states in Nigeria. The percentage increase in the cost of farm operations for producing a hectare was higher for maize (25.4%) than rice (18.3%). Furthermore, the percentage increase in the cost of farm operations for producing a hectare of maize was higher in the Northern region (34.9%) than in the South (17.2%). For rice, the percentage increase was higher in the Southern region (21.8%) than in the North (13.7%). The cost of farm operations has generally increased thereby threatening food prices. Efficient tractor-hiring services should be made available at subsidized rates at all LGAs through public-private partnership arrangements in Nigeria.

Spatial Analysis of Attitudes Toward Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus Horridus) Where Encounters Occur Within an Exurban Landscape

Most human-wildlife conflict research has focused on large species, with less attention to smaller, less-charismatic species. Our objective was to evaluate landscape-level spatial relationships among human-timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) encounters, attitudes toward timber rattlesnakes, and exurban residential context. Encounters and attitudes data were collected using a mail survey and encounter reports (n = 583). Residential context variables focused on land cover and parcel characteristics. Encounters and similar attitudes toward timber rattlesnakes were spatially clustered on the landscape, and residential context attributes influenced both. Some overlap existed between favorable attitudes related to coexistence with timber rattlesnakes and relatively low concern about the species, whereas encounter-similar attitude clusters were distinct with less overlap. An outreach approach with prescribed messaging strategies based on the localized frequency of encounters, relative attitudes, and land cover may facilitate ability to address resident concerns in an individualized way.

Assessment of open-pit captive limestone mining areas using sentinel-2 imagery with spectral indices and machine learning algorithms

Limestone mining is a significant economic activity in India, accounting for around 10% of the GDP however, it has certain negative environmental consequences. The objective of this study is to determine the spatial distribution area of captive limestone mines using remote sensing datasets, spectral index, and machine learning algorithms and compare their area estimation with industrial field survey reports for the financial year 2019. The study area includes a limestone resource area of 2226.16 ha with an excavation area of 487.10 ha in 2019. In the present research, we used a high-resolution Sentinel-2A satellite dataset to map and compute the active mining area by implementing the Normalised Vegetation Index (NDVI), Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA), K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN), and Random Forest (RF) algorithms in the QGIS 3.18 software tool. The RF classifier estimated a limestone mine area of 379.57 ha with user accuracy (UA) of 97.25% and producer accuracy (PA) of 99.18% with a kappa coefficient value of 0.957. The mine area was estimated at 417.47 ha with a UA of 98.99% and PA of 99.10% and kappa value of 0.947 of the KNN method, The NDVI method estimated 469.92 ha with a UA of 93.63% and PA of 92.04% and kappa value 0.685. This research confirmed that the RF classifier well performed in classification with overall accuracy (OA) of 95.79% to KNN (OA of 94.78%), NDVI (OA of 79.84%) classifiers, and ISODATA poor in classification with OA of 64.16%. This research assists limestone mine owners and environmental engineers in making environmentally sustainable decisions, eco-friendly mine design, and monitoring.

Extra-pancreatic manifestations in pancreatitis - an international survey report

Extra-pancreatic manifestations in pancreatitis - an international survey report