Survey Of Historic Buildings Research Articles

PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS WITH WEARABLE MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEMS AND UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Abstract. In cultural heritage, three-dimensional documentation of historic buildings is fundamental for conservation and valorisation projects. In recent years, the consolidated tools and methods: Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and close-range photogrammetry, have been joined by portable Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs), which can offer significant advantages in terms of speed of survey operations at the price of reduced accuracy. The reduction of survey times and, therefore, costs makes the application of MMS techniques ideal for the preliminary stages of analysis of historical artifacts, when a rapid survey is indispensable for estimating the costs of conservation interventions.In this paper, we present a methodology for the expeditious survey of historic buildings and the surrounding urban fabric that is based on the use of an MMS and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The MMS is the Gexcel Heron MS Twin color. It was used to survey two architecture of interest and the urban context surrounding them from the ground level. The UAV is the DJI Mini 2, used to integrate the terrestrial survey by acquiring the buildings' roofs. The case study presented in the paper is the survey of San Clemente and San Zeno al Foro churches, two historic churches in the city centre of Brescia (Italy).The result are a complete point cloud of the two buildings and a metric virtual tour of all spaces. These results were made available to the architects through the Cintoo web platform to plan future activities.

A Survey of Historic Buildings in Sivrihisar Using Advanced Technologies

The built heritage is one of the most valuable reminiscences of the human past. It is constantly in danger of being lost or irreversibly altered in the current time due to various impacts of our daily activities. Therefore, there is a continuing need to document still standing historic fabrics and associated structures Afterward, sound decisions are possible to be undertaken and mistakes avoided. Advantage of our time is availability of new technologies which enable precise and fast record generation. This paper aims to give an overview and discuss the application of new technologies in historic buildings survey, in particularly 3d laser scanning, drone recording and 3D modeling using digital photos, which are applied in conservation master studio at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University in Istanbul, and its benefits and significance for the advancement of education in the future.

Optimization of Historic Building Survey Technology under Artificial Intelligence Wireless Network Technology Environment

In order to optimize the technology of the building, the damage identification of the building structure is studied. Firstly, back propagation neural network (BPNN) and information fusion technology are used to build neural network models. Secondly, the established model is trained. Finally, the displacement mode, natural frequency, Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC), and three kinds of information fusion with only one characteristic information are used as input data to analyse the results of BPNN identification damage. The results show that when the natural frequency is used as the sensitive feature of damage, the accuracy is the highest. The difference between the network output value and the expected value is the smallest, the network output is the most stable, and the network recognition effect is the best. The network output of a mixture of two damage depths is compared with the output of a single damage depth. The data of the network training set composed of the feature data with damage depth of 20 mm and 5 mm has higher accuracy and more accurate damage recognition. This research provides a reference for the optimization of building survey technology and has certain practical value.

Architectural survey of historical buildings: The orders of classical architecture in the Baptistery of Florence

The survey of historic buildings is very important for architectural conservation. An integral survey allows perpetuating the building historical memory, deciphering it for future generations, and recovering it in case of accidental loss. The Baptistery of Florence survey was done with four measuring methods: the “direct” one, which employs traditional measuring tools; the “indirect” one, which expedites the dimension-gathering process with more precision; and the “photogrammetric” one, which uses snapshots to facilitate the representation process with computers. An innovative measuring concept, known here as the “recovery survey”, synthetizes graphical reality so that irregularities—due to the project materialization and deterioration over time—disappear; therefore, retrieving the building original design. Columns with their bases, shafts and capitals, as well as entablatures with their architraves, friezes and cornices were under study. The three Greek orders (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) together with the two roman orders (Tuscan and Composite) unveiled the classical architecture significance. These constituents, which reoccur inside and outside the baptistery, were measured as part of these holistic survey and recovery process, to achieve the objective of this research study: the recording of this world historical building through an integral survey and rilievo to decode its significance and symbolism.

Listing Buildings of Modern Heritage in Changsha, China

Buildings of Modern heritage are a very crucial category of heritage to preserve in Changsha, a historical city of which the majority of built heritage has been destroyed. Listing Historic Buildings has been adopted as the main way for their conservation. For that purpose, 4 lists in the scope of modern buildings have been announced by municipal offices so far to replenish the coverage of the national-wide system for protection. By analysing the background, the employed criteria, the responsible authorities and the protection measures, the advantages and the obstacles to overcome for the listing system in practice could become clearer. In a recent survey of historic buildings in Changsha to be listed, 266 buildings have been screened to enter the candidate database, according to certain criteria that allows expansion of the choices. A research has been conducted to understand the layout, the features and the current conditions of these buildings. One of the major discoveries is that a large number of collective housing built in the 1950s and 1960s possess good qualities in architectural design, crafts and construction, and better still, mostly stand adjacently in walled neighbourhoods. Such results shall be helpful to define the goals for the upcoming lists of Historic Buildings in Changsha, and in combination with the study to previous lists, they could be meaningful to understand the prospect of Modern heritage conservation in Changsha.

Documentación gráfica de edificios históricos: principios, aplicaciones y perspectivas

The graphic survey of historical buildings is one of the most powerful tools to preserve its material cultural values and it is besides the basis for its research, conservation and dissemination. Although manual drawing has been historically the main representation technique, some other methods have been recently developed to improve the data capture and its later management. This article aims to show clearly the basic concepts related to the making process of the graphic documentation in order to make possible to select reasonably and effectively such techniques. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the current methods is firstly shown, followed by several case studies and those criteria taken into consideration within them. Finally, the main ideas obtained in the previous analysis are presented, as well as the future prospect that in our opinion set new development ways in this field.

Measured and Drawn: Techniques and Practice for the Metric Survey of Historic Buildings

Preface to second edition Acknowledgements Summary Resume Zusammenfassung Resumen Arabic summary Chinese summary Japanese summary 1. Introduction 2. Control 3. Metric Survey Techniques 4. Procurement 5. Case Studies 6. Conclusions Appendices Index

Measured and Drawn: Techniques and Practice for the Metric Survey of Historic Buildings

Measured and Drawn: Techniques and Practice for the Metric Survey of Historic Buildings

Fire Load Survey of Historic Buildings: A Case Study

The results of a fire load density survey carried out in Ouro Preto in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil are presented. The inventory method is used and details of the survey methodology and processing are given. Forty-three buildings are surveyed and the determination of fire load density is made for 39 occupancies, each occupancy comprising one or more rooms, or even an entire building. The average fire load density is 2989 MJ/m2 and the standard deviation is 2833 MJ/m2. Commercial stores are found to be the most heavily loaded but a single maximum fire load density of 14,560 MJ/m2 is found in a drugstore. Because of new extensions of old buildings, some rooms have relatively low fire loads. It is observed that wood contributes a substantial portion of fire load, being 35% of movable fire load and 37% of fixed fire load. Comparison of the results, with those established by Brazilian standard NBR 14432, indicate that measured values could exceed standard values by up to a factor of 10.

Undertaking historic building surveys — An effective approach

There is a growing difference of opinion as to what an historic building survey should comprise. This disagreement exists largely between those surveyors who have traditionally measured and drawn buildings and sites as just a surveying job and those who have an understanding of heritage structures and sites. It is a gap that is widening because of the increasing level of information that is being requested by local authority planning conservation staff and archaeologists. Similarly, more information is being requested as part of the planning process, either to record buildings that are about to be altered or as part of the pre-planning negotiation discussions; this generally requires a higher level of analysed and integrated information to be provided than has been asked for in the past. Meeting these new demands requires additional skills and abilities from the person carrying out the survey. It is not just collecting site information but collating historical background information as well. While this additional work may necessitate increased fees, if carried out at the appropriate time, interpreted and used correctly, it can produce cost savings across the construction project.

Comment on "Survey of Historical Buildings Predating the 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes and Magnitude Estimation on Structural Fragility" by Vladimir G. Kochkin and Jay H. Crandell

In their article, Kochkin and Crandell (2004) make two assumptions that have a profound impact on their results. They assume a soil amplification of 1.6 (NEHRP site class D for short-period structures) for St. Louis in 1811-1812, and they assume that the earthquake that caused the damage in St. Louis was the event that occurred at approximately 2:15 am local time on 16 December 1811. In 1811, the population of St. Louis is estimated to have been 1,200, and the settlement covered an area of about 7.6 square miles bordered by the Mississippi River to the east, present-day Broadway to the west, present-day Franklin Avenue to the north, and Mill Creek to the south. In other words, in 1811 St. Louis was a small settlement that occupied the area that is now the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Park. Houses were built of stone, timber post, or wood frame, typically one-story in height with a loft above and a porch on one or more sides (http://sttouis.missouri.org/heritage/History69/). Kochkin and Crandell (2004) used a site class D ( Vs = 180 to 360 m/s) and a soil amplification factor of 1.6 for simulating the damage in St. Louis that supposedly resulted from the earthquake of 16 December 1811, at 2:15 …

Reply to Comment by Ron Street, David Hoffman, and John Kiefer on "Survey of Historical Buildings Predating the 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes and Magnitude Estimation on Structural Fragility" by Vladimir G. Kochkin and Jay H. Crandell

The comment is related to two aspects of the study: (1) selection of an appropriate site amplification and (2) effect of multiple shocks on the reported damage. 1. The site amplification for the median ground motion was selected conservatively based on a study conducted by USGS for the St. Louis area. The comment suggests that the soil conditions at the site where buildings were located in 1811-1812 are in fact different from those used to evaluate site amplifications in the USGS study. Since no published references are provided in support of this statement, we find it difficult to respond to this comment in a constructive manner. Other sources of indirect evidence suggest some degree of amplification, however. For example, …

Bait 'Ur al-Fauqa: a Medieval and Ottoman Village on the Ancient Road between Jerusalem and the Coastal Plain

The village of Bait 'Ur al-Fauqa ('the Upper', as distinct from the adjacent village of Bait 'Ur al-Tahta, 'the Lower') has a long history of settlement, ranging from the Bronze Age until modern times. This report describes the results of an architectural survey of historic buildings in the village, carried out during the month of September in 1998 and 1999. Four buildings were surveyed. They are described here individually, and their role in the development of the village in medieval and Ottoman periods is discussed. They include two twelfth century Frankish structures, a hall-tower and a large vaulted range, representing the centre of an agricultural estate. The other two structures, an old mosque and a guesthouse, are examples of traditional Palestinian village architecture.

Town and Factory: An Historic Building Survey of 200 Years of John Paton's Kilncraigs Woollen Mill in Alloa, Clackmannanshire

Town and Factory: An Historic Building Survey of 200 Years of John Paton's Kilncraigs Woollen Mill in Alloa, Clackmannanshire

Town and Factory: An Historic Building Survey of 200 Years of John Paton's Kilncraigs Woollen Mill in Alloa, Clackmannanshire

A programme of historic building recording took place at Kilncraigs, later Patons & Baldwins woollen mill, in Alloa, Clackmannanshire in advance of the redevelopment of the site as a supermarket. This project involved a full architectural, historical and social study of the complex, which ranged from several stone-built mills of the 19th century to modern single-storey spinning sheds of the 1980s and which had, for over two centuries, been a striking and socially important landmark for this small town on the Hillfoots of the Ochils. The recording work carried out by AOC Archaeology was to a specification laid out by Clackmannanshire Council. This article has been sub-divided into four sections. The first part of the article deals with the background surrounding the project and what was required to record the mill in its entirety prior to demolition. The second part of the article deals with the methodology employed on-site during the archaeological works. Thirdly, the wool industry in Scotland is discussed and the role that Kilncraigs mill had in this industry and in Alloa. Finally, the article concentrates on the architectural history and development of one of the most intact remains of the woollen industry throughout the last two centuries in Central Scotland.

The Rolt Memorial Lecture 2003 The Iron Bridge — New Research in the Ironbridge Gorge

The paper outlines new discoveries that emerged during the recent historic building survey of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire — both from site observation and the archives, plus the subsequent phase of experimental archaeology that became possible through funding of a BBC Timewatch programme, and the new thinking that the derived from the experiment.

Survey of Historic Buildings Predating the 1811-1812 New Madrid Earthquakes and Magnitude Estimation Based on Structural Fragility

Accurate estimation of the magnitudes of the 1811-1812 earthquakes is an important step in the assessment of earthquake hazard in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). Expert opinion on the magnitudes of these events has changed over time and currently varies from as low as M 7.4 to as high as M 8.1 (Johnston, 1996; Hough et al. , 2000; Bakun and Hopper, 2002). Historic damage reports and “felt” accounts are the primary sources of information on the extent of the 1811-1812 earthquakes. The distant date of the events, lack of earthquake experience and knowledge, poorly developed communication infrastructure, and locations of the epicenters in the scarcely populated area are among the factors that contribute to the ambiguity of the historic accounts. This ambiguity translates directly into uncertainty in the magnitude estimates of the events and the uncertainty of hazard estimates in the NMSZ. In an effort to better quantify and explain the degree of structural damage reported during the 1811-1812 earthquakes, an extensive historic building survey of structures that predated the events was conducted. The purpose of this survey was to document the construction methods and materials and building configurations typical for that time period. In addition, historic accounts depicting the aftermath of the events were examined for the types and extent of reported structural damage to supplement the results of the historic building survey. Using the compiled data, an improved, more consistent understanding of the performance of buildings during the 1811-1812 events can be achieved and the reported damage correlated with ground motions. In fact, these historic buildings represent surviving seismograph records. It is just that these seismographs are unusually large compared to modern instruments, have unique vibration characteristics, and use the language of damage instead of ink and paper or digital recordings. The remaining task …

Conservation and change on Edinburgh's defences:archaeological investigation and building recording of the Flodden Wall, Grassmarket 1998-2001

This report presents the results of a historic building survey and archaeological watching brief undertaken between 1998 and 2001 during restoration work (undertaken as part of the Scottish Dance Base development) on the Flodden Wall running between Edinburgh's Grassmarket and Johnston Terrace. The Flodden Wall is the name given to the 16th-century extension of the capital's town defences, traditionally seen as having been constructed in the months following the defeat at Flodden in 1513. Prior to this project the extent and condition of this particular stretch of the Flodden Wall (the north-western boundary of the Grassmarket and a Scheduled Ancient Monument) was not fully understood. This project has shown that here the Flodden Wall and surrounding area had undergone three major phases of construction and redevelopment, from its origins in the early 16th century to the formation of a drying green (Granny's Green) to the west of the Wall in the late 19th century. In particular the results have demonstrated that the surviving southern section of the Wall here was largely rebuilt during the third quarter of the 18th century, when a complex of buildings was constructed along Kings Stables Road abutting the Wall's western face.

Conservation and change on Edinburgh's defences

This report presents the results of a historic building survey and archaeological watching brief undertaken between 1998 and 2001 during restoration work, as part of the Scottish Dance Base development, on the Flodden Wall running between Edinburgh's Grassmarket and Johnston Terrace (NGR: NT 252 733). The Flodden Wall is the name given to the 16th-century extension of the capital's town defences, traditionally seen as having been constructed in the months following the defeat at Flodden in 1513. Prior to this project the extent and condition of this particular stretch of the Flodden Wall (the north-western boundary of the Grassmarket and a Scheduled Ancient Monument) was not fully understood. This project has shown that here the Flodden Wall and surrounding area had undergone three major phases of construction and redevelopment, from its origins in the early 16th century to the formation of a drying green (Granny's Green) to the west of the Wall in the late 19th century. In particular the results have demonstrated that the surviving southern section of the Wall here was largely rebuilt during the third quarter of the 18th century, when a complex of buildings was constructed along Kings Stables Road abutting the Wall's western face.

Jaljuliya: a Village on the Cairo-Damascus Road

This report describes the results of an architectural survey of historic buildings in Jaljuliya. The history of the village is briefly discussed after which the buildings are described individually. Four buildings were surveyed, these were: the mosque of Abu al-cAwn,a caravansaral, a cross-vaulted building and a well with cistern. A conclusion discusses the role of individuals in the development of the village in the late medieval period.