Survey Of Accidents Research Articles

Accidents in Norwegian secondary school friluftsliv: implications for teacher and student competence

ABSTRACTThis article reports and discusses results from a nationwide, quantitative survey of accidents and near-accidents in educational outdoor activities (friluftsliv) in Norwegian upper secondary schools during the period 2010–2013. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and association analyses. The results reveal that accidents and near-accidents occur regularly, but no fatalities occurred in the three-year period studied. We found few statistically significant associations between variables, yet among the variations of teacher education in friluftsliv one year of teacher education reduced the likelihood of reporting accidents (odds ratio = 0.35, p = 0.007) and lack of any friluftsliv teacher education increased the likelihood of reporting accidents (odds ratio = 2.23, p = 0.048). The results regarding accident and near-accident causes are not very clear, although teachers tend to consider chance factors and student preparedness to be more important causes than other factors. Internationally, and particularly in Norway, there is a need for better knowledge for minimizing accidents and near-accidents in outdoor educational activities for youth.

An epidemiologic survey of road traffic accidents in Iran: analysis of driver-related factors

ObjectiveRoad traffic accident (RTA) and its related injuries contribute to a significant portion of the burden of diseases in Iran. This paper explores the association between driver-related factors and RTA in the country MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran and all data regarding RTAs from March 20, 2010 to June 10, 2010 were obtained from the Traffic Police Department. We included 538 588 RTA records, which were classified to control for the main confounders: accident type, final cause of accident, time of accident and driver-related factors. Driver-related factors included sex, educational level, license type, type of injury, duration between accident and getting the driving license and driver’s error type. ResultsA total of 538 588 drivers (91.83% male, sex ratio of almost 13:1) were involved in the RTAs. Among them 423 932 (78.71%) were uninjured; 224 818 (41.74%) had a diploma degree. Grade 2 driving license represented the highest proportion of all driving licenses (290 811, 54.00%). The greatest number of accidents took place at 12:00-13:59 (75 024, 13.93%). The proportion of drivers involved in RTAs decreased from 15.90% in the first year of getting a driving license to 3.13% after 10years’ of driving experience. Neglect of regulations was the commonest cause of traffic crashes (345 589, 64.17%). Non-observance of priority and inattention to the front were the most frequent final causes of death (138 175, 25.66% and 129 352, 24.02%, respectively). We found significant association between type of accident and sex, education, license type, time of accident, final cause of accident, driver’s error as well as duration between accident and getting the driving license (all P<0.001). ConclusionOur results will improve the traffic law enforcement measures, which will change inappropriate behavior of drivers and protect the least experienced road users.

Major accident hazard in bioenergy production

Some recent accidents involving the bioenergy production and feedstock supply chain raised concern on the safety of such technologies. A survey of major accidents related to the production of bioenergy (intended as biomass, bioliquids/biofuels and biogas) was carried out, and a data repository was built, based on past accident reports available in the open literature and in specific databases. Data analysis shows that major accidents are increasing in recent years and their number is growing faster than bioenergy production. The results obtained represent an early warning concerning the major accident hazard of bioenergies, and suggest the importance of risk awareness and safety culture in bioenergy production, in the perspective of a safe and sustainable exploitation of renewable resources.

Elderly patients attended in emergency health services in Brazil: a study for victims of falls and traffic accidents.

The article aims to describe the profile of elderly victims of falls and traffic accidents from the data of the Surveillance Survey of Violence and Accidents (VIVA). The VIVA Survey was conducted in the emergency health-services of the Unified Health System in the capitals of Brazil in 2011. The sample of elderly by type of accident was subjected to the two-step cluster procedure. Of the 2463 elderly persons in question, 79.8% suffered falls and 20.2% were the victims of traffic accidents. The 1812 elderly who fell were grouped together into 4 clusters: Cluster 1, in which all had disabilities; Cluster 2, all were non-white and falls took place in the home; Cluster 3, younger and active seniors; and Cluster 4, with a higher proportion of seniors 80 years old or above who were white. Among cases of traffic accidents, 446 seniors were grouped into two clusters: Cluster 1 of younger elderly, drivers or passengers; Cluster 2, with higher age seniors, mostly pedestrians. The main victims of falls were women with low schooling and unemployed; traffic accident victims were mostly younger and male. Complications were similar in victims of falls and traffic accidents. Clusters allow adoption of targeted measures of care, prevention and health promotion.

建設業における斜面工事中の墜落による労働災害の調査・分析と墜落災害防止対策の検討

Deaths resulting from falling accidents account for 40% of all labor-related deaths in the construction industry and outnumber deaths from any other cause at construction work sites. This paper presents the current data on accidental falls from cliffs and slopes, the most common places from which falls occur on construction work sites in the civil engineering industry, and a survey and analysis of labor accidents (fatal accidents) performed to obtain basic data useful for establishing measures to prevent falling accidents. The results of the analysis were used to conduct a factor analysis with the m-SHEL model, an analytical approach in human factor engineering, in order to study necessary items and technology for preventing falling accidents during construction works on slopes. Language: ja

Epidemiological analysis of accidents with biological material in an eye hospital

Objective: To analyze the incidence and characteristics of accidents with biological material in an ophthalmology hospital in the Northeast of Brazil. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study on ducted through a survey of biological material accidents notified by Comunicacao de Acidentes de Trabalho (CAT) during 2010-2013. Results: 34 accidents were reported, 26 (76.5%) workers were females and 8 (23.5%) were males. The mean age was 30.0 ± 5.9 years. Forty-eight (82.3%) accidents occurred in the surgical room of the hospital, 15 (44.1%) were with auxiliary / practical nurses, 8 (23.5%) with surgical technologists, 5 (14.7%) with training physicians, 4 (11.8%) with trained physicians and 2 (5.9%) with cleaning staff. Accidents were with percutaneus in 30 (88.2%) cases, and contact with mucosa in 4 (11.7%). In 28 (82.4%) cases the accident was in the upper limb, 4 (11.8%) in the face, and 2 (5.8%) in the lower limbs. The accident occurred during surgery in 12 (35.3%) and 10 (29.4%) during manipulation of the material after surgery. The injuries occurred with employees who had an average of two years of experience and after 5.5 hours worked. Conclusion: Occupational accidents with biological material in an ophthalmology hospital were more frequent with auxiliary/practical nurses, during surgery and in the manipulation of instruments after surgery.This study demonstrated the importance of identifying risks of occupational accidents among health professionals in ophthalmology.

어린이 안전생활을 위한 안전사고 실태와 예방

어린이 안전생활을 위한 안전사고 실태와 예방

Evaluation of simulation uncertainty in accident reconstruction via combining Response Surface Methodology and Monte Carlo Method

This paper focuses on the uncertainty of simulation results in accident reconstruction. Since the Monte Carlo Method (MCM) requires a large number of simulation runs, in order to reduce the simulation time of MCM in evaluating the uncertainty of simulation results, a new method named “Response Surface-Monte Carlo Method (RS-MCM)” was proposed. Firstly, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to obtain an approximate model of the true accident simulation model, and then the uncertainty of simulation results was evaluated by combining this approximate model and MCM. The steps of RS-MCM include the generation of sample sets, the determination of response surface model and the statistical analysis of simulation results. The distribution of reconstruction results was obtained using RS-MCM, which can provide more comprehensive information in traffic accident survey, such as the probability of a simulation result at any given confidence interval falling within an arbitrary interval and so on. Finally, three cases have been employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed RS-MCM.

A one year survey of motor vehicle accidents in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2014

A one year survey of motor vehicle accidents in Rafsanjan, Iran, in 2014

가정 내 안전사고 실태와 예방

가정 내 안전사고 실태와 예방

The treatment of domino effects in process hazard analysis

Domino effects produce hazard scenarios that involve escalating consequences as a chain of linked events propagates throughout and beyond the process where they originate. Such scenarios have been the subject of accident survey studies and quantitative risk analyses but their identification in process hazard analysis (PHA) has received less attention. This article discusses the nature and types of domino effects and a procedure is provided to address them in PHA. The role of separate domino effects studies is described, insights into domino effects that can assist PHA practitioners are provided, and some pitfalls in addressing domino effects are identified. The identification of domino effects in PHA is illustrated using an actual accident that occurred in a refinery. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 220–227, 2015

Survey of accidents in suburban Tehran and the prediction of future events based on a time-series model.

Background:Car accidents are currently a social issue globally because they result in the deaths of many people. The aim of this study was to examine traffic accidents in suburban Tehran and forecast the number of future accidents using a time-series model.Methods:The sample population of this cross-sectional study was all traffic accidents that caused death and physical injuries in suburban Tehran in 2010 and 2011, as registered by the Tehran Emergency Section. In the present study, Minitab 15 software was used to provide a description of traffic accidents in suburban Tehran for the specified time period as well as those that occurred during April 2012.Results:The results indicated that the average number of traffic accidents in suburban Tehran per day in 2010 was 7.91 with a standard deviation of 7.70. This figure for 2011 was 6 daily traffic accidents with a standard deviation of 5.30. A one-way analysis of variance indicated that the average of traffic accidents in suburban Tehran was different for different months of the year (P = 0.000). The study results showed that different seasons in 2010 and 2011 had significantly different numbers of traffic accidents (P < 0.05). Through an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA), it was predicted that there would be 166 traffic accidents in April 2012 with a mean of 5.53 and maximum of 6 traffic accidents/day.Conclusion:There has been a decreasing trend in the average number of traffic accidents per day.

Online artificial neural network model‐based nonlinear model predictive controller for the meridian UAS

SUMMARYA worldwide accident survey of manned and unmanned aircraft shows in‐flight loss of control remains a major contributor to aircraft accidents. Operation outside the normal fight envelope is usually subject to failure of components, inappropriate crew response, and environmental conditions. The aerodynamic model of aircraft associated with hazardous weather and abnormal conditions is inherently nonlinear and unsteady. A novel adaptive nonlinear model predictive controller is proposed and conceptually proven to ensure safe control of the Meridian unmanned aerial system in off‐nominal conditions. Nonlinear model predictive controllers are capable of handling input and output constraints that directly satisfy safety and performance requirements in off‐nominal conditions. The performance of a nonlinear model predictive controller relies heavily on the physics‐based model. Controller performance is improved by updating the physics‐based model by using real‐time nonlinear estimation of aerodynamic forces. Real‐time nonlinear estimation of aerodynamic forces is obtained utilizing artificial neural networks with time‐varying adaptive parameters. The adaptive nonlinear model predictive controller, coupled with real‐time parameter identification, is shown to exhibit robust characteristics and to successfully mitigate the impact of nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamics while preventing loss of control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Statistical survey of elevator accidents in Greece

This work presents results from a statistical survey regarding accidents in elevators and escalators in Greece, based on data concerning accidents from the last 12years. A main objective is to explore and utilize frequencies and “correlations” among the involved factors, in order to weight and evaluate crucial mistakes and misguided actions. Results will help preventing similar accidents for the technical staff and the users, as well as designing and teaching a new culture and attitude from the users’ side. Various statistical inferences were derived related to regulations for the installation, service and operation of elevators. An important finding is that 65% of the reported accidents involve qualified servicing and installation personnel or employees during their work, mainly associated with simultaneous violation of safety/health and internal electrical installations regulations. Other important outcomes concern associations between number of victims and categories of building types or of severity of accidents as well as between severity of accidents and categories of type of violated regulations or of elevator type. Furthermore, associations between severity of injury and categories of type of accident or of victims’ age have been found. Proposals for the organization of the responsible authorities, data collection and prevention of similar serious accidents in the future are included.

Improved Design on Guardrail Used for Frequent Accident Occurring Highway Section

The structure and size of the existing highway guardrail are mainly designed for mid-size and small-size vehicles, but lack of consideration for large-size vehicles with high gravity and large weight. Some typical highway accident were surveyed through which the guardrail in the central reservation was redesigned for preventing the large-size vehicles from crossing the guardrail according to the relevant norms issued by China. A scheme of double-layer high guardrail is proposed for preventing high gravity vehicles from the accident of rollover. The structure and size of guardrail is determined through the survey of vehicles type and traffic accident, and design renderings of the guardrail are obtained.

Profile of Motorcycle Victims from the Emergency Service of a University Hospital

ObjectiveEpidemiological survey of motorcycle accidents occurring in a city with over one million inhabitants and treated at university hospital of reference between the months of July and November 2010. MethodsCross sectional study using structured interview (standardized form) to document the data collection: age, gender, income, using time and capacity of the motorcycle. ResultsFrom 114 cases, it was observed that the profile of the victim of motorcycle accident treated at this hospital is a young person, male, possessing a driver's license for less than five years, with a monthly income average around one thousand reais (local currency), owner of a motorcycle with low capacity (less than 150 cc) and low educational attainment. The accidents occurred predominantly in the urban area, in the afternoons and one third of them were considered work-related accidents, death generated in 3 per cent of cases and open fractures in 11 per cent of them. ConclusionThe incidence of motorcycle accidents involved mainly young men with little experience in traffic and low level of education.

Perfil de vítima de acidente motociclístico na emergência de um hospital universitário

ObjectiveEpidemiological survey of motorcycle accidents occurring in a city with over one million inhabitants and treated at university hospital of reference between the months of July and November 2010. MethodsCross sectional study using structured interview (standardized form) to document the data collection: age, gender, income, using time and capacity of the motorcycle. ResultsFrom 114 cases, it was observed that the profile of the victim of motorcycle accident treated at this hospital is a young person, male, possessing a driver's license for less than five years, with a monthly income average around one thousand reais (local currency), owner of a motorcycle with low capacity (less than 150 cc) and low educational attainment. The accidents occurred predominantly in the urban area, in the afternoons and one third of them were considered work-related accidents, death generated in 3 per cent of cases and open fractures in 11 per cent of them. ConclusionThe incidence of motorcycle accidents involved mainly young men with little experience in traffic and low level of education.

The Result of a Baseline Survey on Drink Driving in Nanning and Liuzhou of Guangxi Province, China

Objective: Because the official data in China on drink-driving accidents as well as related fatalities and injuries are much lower than many of the developed and developing countries in the world, the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) decided to conduct a baseline survey to understand the prevalence of drink driving and related accidents in Nanning and Liuzhou, both in Guangxi Province, in order to develop targeted interventions. Methods: The baseline survey included a roadside survey and an accident survey. Motor vehicle (including motorcycles) drivers were randomly stopped for a breath test and interview in the roadside survey. In the accident survey, all drivers involved in a road accident resulting in at least 1 person killed or seriously injured were requested to provide a blood sample. Results: A total of 10,685 drivers accepted the random breath test and 10,666 drivers were interviewed in the roadside survey. An examination of the raw (unweighted) breath alcohol readings reveals that of the 10,685 breath-tested drivers, 730 (6.8%) had positive blood alcohol concentrations (BACs); 245 of these drivers (2.3% of all drivers) had BACs below 20 mg/100 mL; 415 (3.9% of all drivers) were driving under the influence (DUI; 20 mg/100 mL–80 mg/100 mL); and 70 (0.7% of all drivers) were driving while intoxicated (DWI; ≥0.80 mg/100 mL). Overall, 4.6 percent of the drivers had BACs over 20 mg/100 mL (the lowest legal BAC limit in China). Among the 10,666 interviewed drivers, only 4.8 percent were aware of the lowest national BAC limit (20 mg/100 mL); 24.9 percent had been discouraged by other people from driving after drinking; 78 percent had never been stopped by the traffic police for a BAC check during the last 2 years (during 2005–2006), and only 0.3 percent had been punished for drink driving. The accident survey results revealed that an average of 34.1 percent of road accidents (Nanning: 25.7%; Liuzhou: 48%) were alcohol related; the mean BAC level of the drivers in the accidents was 156.7 mg/100 mL and the highest was 310 mg/100 mL. Conclusions: Valuable information was obtained from the baseline survey to provide a better understanding of the drink driving situation in Nanning and Liuzhou. From the survey data it can be seen that drinking and driving was a major issue in both cities. A drink driving intervention was developed with both components of public education/social marketing and enforcement activities after the survey, which was conducted in 2008. However, this article will focus on the methodology and results of the baseline survey, not the activities and outcome of the intervention.

Assessing the patient experience while attending A&amp;E

John Tingle discusses the results of a national survey of NHS accident and emergency departments carried out by the Care Quality Commission.

What can the drivers’ own description from combined sources provide in an analysis of driver distraction and low vigilance in accident situations?

Accident data play an important role in vehicle safety development. Accident data sources are generally limited in terms of how much information is provided on driver states and behaviour prior to an accident. However, the precise limitations vary between databases, due to differences in analysis focus and data collection procedures between organisations. If information about a specific accident can be retrieved from more than one data source it should be possible to combine the available information sets to facilitate data from one source to compensate for limitations in the other(s). To investigate the viability of such compensation, this study identified a set of accidents recorded in two different data sources. The first data source investigated was an accident mail survey and the second data source insurance claims documents consisting predominantly of insurance claims completed by the involved road users. An analysis of survey variables was compared to a case analysis including word data derived from the same survey and filed insurance claims documents. For each accident, the added value of having access to more than one source of information was assessed. To limit the scope of this study, three particular topics were investigated: available information on low vigilance (e.g., being drowsy, ill); secondary task distraction (e.g., talking with passengers, mobile phone use); and distraction related to the driving task (e.g., looking for approaching vehicles). Results suggest that for low vigilance and secondary task distraction, a combination of the mail survey and insurance claims documents provide more reliable and detailed pre-crash information than survey variables alone. However, driving related distraction appears to be more difficult to capture. In order to gain a better understanding of the above issues and how frequently they occur in accidents, the data sources and analysis methods suggested here may be combined with other investigation methods such as in-depth accident investigations and pre-crash data recordings.