Survey In Spain Research Articles

Job Insecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: Urban-Rural Differences

In a period in which COVID-19 began to spread quickly around the world, and the WHO had just declared a public health emergency of international concern, we examine the impact of these circumstances on perceived job insecurity in Spain. We analyse the role of labor status and place of residence (urban/rural) on these job perceptions. To this end, we conducted a large-scale survey in Spain just before and after the nationwide lockdown was implemented on March 14, 2020, and a law with extraordinary urgent measures to address the economic, labour, and social impact was passed on March 17, 2020 (ERTE in Spanish). Our main results show that rural areas are most sensitive in terms of feelings of job insecurity. In particular, we find that for some groups living in rural areas is related to lower perceived job insecurity. Besides, we observe that, among the non-working population, the feeling of job insecurity reacts more to the implementation of the lockdown and ERTE, with offsetting effects.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Adults Suffering from Migraine in Spain.

Considering the significance of migraine and the limited amount of research conducted on its association with depression in population-based studies in Spain, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and change of depression from 2017 to 2020 among adults with migraine in Spain and to analyze the sociodemographic and health-related variables linked to depression in migraine sufferers. A cross-sectional study on 5329 adults with migraine from the Spanish National Health Survey 2017 and the European Health Survey in Spain 2020 was performed. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to depression. A total of 26.32% of people with migraine suffered from depression. No significant changes in that prevalence between 2017 and 2020 were observed. The risk factors associated with depression included being between the ages of 25 and 44 (p = 0.018), being separated or divorced (p = 0.033), being unemployed (p < 0.001), not engaging in recreational physical activity (p = 0.016), perceiving one's health as average, poor, or very poor (p < 0.001), experiencing moderate to severe pain in daily activities (p = 0.011, p = 0.004, p < 0.001, respectively), and having 1-2 or ≥3 chronic conditions (p = 0.003, p < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, being married (p = 0.001) and alcohol consumption (p = 0.007) were identified as protective factors.

Determinants of Consumption of Vegetables among the Spanish Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.

An analytical cross-sectional study was accomplished based on data from the European Health Survey in Spain (2020). A total of 20,745 (52.1% women) subjects with a median age of 54 years old were included. Only 2.8% of them ate vegetables at least three times a day. The adjusted generalized linear model showed that being a woman increased the odds of consuming vegetables at least three times a day by 1.666 times (p < 0.001). Not cohabiting as a couple decreased the odds by 0.783 (p < 0.001). Having studied at a university increased the odds by 1.812 times (p < 0.001) and possessing a certificate of higher education by 1.408 (p = 0.030). Being overweight decreased the odds by 0.924 (p = 0.006). For every additional year of age, the odds of consuming vegetables at least three times a day increased by 1.3% (p < 0.001). The vast majority of the general Spanish population did not consume an optimal amount of vegetables. Women, people with higher levels of education, and older individuals reported having a more frequent intake of vegetables. Not cohabiting as a couple and being overweight were related to a less frequent intake of vegetables.

Coverage and associated factors with cervical cancer screening in Spain

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a preventable cancer due to vaccination and screening. In Spain 80% of new cases of cervical cancer are women that haven't ever participated in screening programmes. It is outlined if this participation is properly done and if cervical cancer screening is still a challenge for public health in Spain. Our aims are to estimate cervical cancer screening coverage, distinguishing female participation ever and participation every three years according to current recommendations, and to identify the associated factors with participation in the screening. Methods An analysis from a subpopulation of the European Health Survey in Spain in 2020 was conducted. Women between 25 and 65 years old that answered the Adult and Home questionnaires were included. Our main variables were “not participating ever in cervical cancer screening”, and “incorrect participation”. A descriptive analysis of the variables and logistic regression models were developed to identify the determinants for the participation in cervical cancer screening. Results 6924 women fulfilled the selection criteria. The percentage of not participating ever in cervical cancer screening was 11.7%. The percentage of incorrect regularity of participation was 18.0%. Young and elderly women, low socio-economic educational level, sedentary lifestyle, absence of private health insurance, good self-perceived health and working as informal carer were associated with deficient women's participation in screening. Conclusions Despite high percentage of participation in cervical cancer screening, the frequency of women that participate correctly can be improved. Socio-economic factors, health perception and assurance, lifestyle, and informal care, have an influence in producing disparities in women's participation and regularity in cervical cancer screening. Future studies are needed to analyse the association among lifestyles, role of carer women and coverage of cervical cancer screening. Key messages • Impact of social determinants of health have been recognised in cervical cancer screening. • Specific programs for vulnerable women are needed to improve their participation in cervical cancer screening.

Heavy Drinking by Occupation in Spain: Differences Between Weekdays and the Weekend.

Estimating occupational disparity in heavy drinking jointly for weekdays and the weekend may be misleading for prevention purposes, because reasons for disparity in both periods may differ. The main objective was to assess occupational disparity in heavy average drinking (HAD) by week period and sex.42,108 employees aged 16-64 were recruited from national surveys in Spain between 2011 and 2020. The outcome was HAD, defined as daily alcohol intake over 20g (men) or 10g (women). Occupation was classified in 15 categories. HAD adjusted prevalence ratios (HAD-aPRs) taking all occupations as reference, and relative adjusted excess prevalences (HAD-aEPs) comparing the weekend to weekdays in each occupation, were estimated using Poisson regression models with robust variance adjusted for sociodemographic and health covariates.The HAD-aPRs comparing each occupation with all occupations ranged 0.63-1.92 on weekdays and 0.65-1.45 on the weekend, with the highest aPRs on weekdays in construction, hospitality and primary-sector workers (1.92-1.62). The weekend-weekdays HAD-aEPs by occupation ranged 2.60-8.33, with the highest values in technicians/administrators, other professionals, teachers and health professionals (8.33-6.44). The global aEP was higher in women (6.04) than in men (3.92), especially in occupations just mentioned (8.70-11.73 in women vs. 3.64-6.32 in men).There was a considerable relative disparity in HAD risk between occupations on weekdays, with the highest risks in certain low-skilled occupations. Such disparity decreased on the weekend. The relative weekend increase in HAD risk was greater in women and in certain high-skilled occupations. This should be considered when designing prevention interventions on harmful drinking.

Body Mass Index and Its Influence on Chronic Low Back Pain in the Spanish Population: A Secondary Analysis from the European Health Survey (2020).

To describe how body mass index (BMI) influences the prevalence of chronic low back pain in the general Spanish population and assess this influence given other factors as sex, age, physical occupational demands, and recreational physical activity. An analytical cross-sectional design was performed based on secondary data from the European Health Survey in Spain (2020). Data on age, gender, physical occupational demands, physical activity, BMI, and presence of chronic low back pain were extracted. A total of 19,716 (52.2% women) subjects with a median age of 53 years old were analyzed. Of these, 18.3% had chronic low back pain, 39% were overweight, and 16.1% were obese. The adjusted generalized linear model showed that being obese increased the odds of chronic low back pain by 1.719 times (p < 0.001). Being a woman increased the odds by 1.683 times (p < 0.001). Performing occupational tasks requiring high physical demands increased the odds by 1.403 times (p < 0.001). Performing physical activity in leisure time several times a week decreased the odds by 0.598 times (p < 0.001). For every additional year of age, the odds of chronic low back pain increased by 3.3% (p < 0.001). Obesity is related with the presence of chronic low back pain in the general Spanish population. This association persists, being the more relevant factor, after adjusting the association of BMI and chronic low back pain with other factors such as sex, age, physical occupational demands, and recreational physical activity.

Occupational Therapy Practice in Schools: National Survey in Spain

Aims Interdisciplinary collaboration between health and education professionals is one of the principles of inclusive education. This study aimed to describe the practices and service delivery by pediatric occupational therapists (OTs) in schools in Spain. Methods Data came from a convenience sample of pediatric OTs recruited through Spanish professional colleges and associations for a web-based survey, mixed-method research study. Thirty-five respondents were excluded because they didn’t meet the eligibility criteria. Ninety-two responses were obtained for data analysis. Twenty-nine OTs (31.5%) work in schools (school-OTs), and sixty-three participants (68.5%) don’t work there but collaborate with schools (non-school OTs). Results Participants support students with and without a medical diagnosis. Services provided by OTs external to the educational system are mainly funded by families or only partially covered. Findings show that most participants use standardized assessments and apply several intervention approaches. They believe there are barriers to the collaboration and implementation of occupational therapy services in schools. Conclusions This preliminary study shows a need for changes in Spain’s State and Regional Education legislation and provides recommendations to improve school service delivery. Pediatric OTs are encouraged to reflect on and identify opportunities for changes to enhance school-based occupational therapy practice in Spain.

The Relevance of Initial Trust and Social Influence in the Intention to Use Open Banking-Based Services: An Empirical Study

Open banking is one of the main transformational levers to improve competitiveness in retail banking by enabling client data sharing with third-party providers. This study enhances the traditional Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) constructs with two additional factors, initial trust and social influence, to understand clients’ behavioral intention to adopt open banking. The study analyzes a sample of 553 surveys in Spain, a country with an established open banking regulation (European Union’s Second Payment Services Directive). The proposed model showed robust explanatory capacity ( R2 = 85%). Results show that perceived usefulness, social influence, and initial trust are essential in determining the behavioral intention to embrace open banking. Nevertheless, perceived ease of use plays a minor role, an outcome aligned with current fintech adoption literature. Our study implies that private agents should focus on highlighting the benefits of open banking while policymakers should work on regulatory frameworks to increase clients’ initial confidence.

Innovate and Stockpile: Respiratory Protection for Essential Workers in a Catastrophic Pandemic.

Innovate and Stockpile: Respiratory Protection for Essential Workers in a Catastrophic Pandemic.

Polypharmacy and associated factors: a gender perspective in the elderly Spanish population (2011-2020).

Background: Few studies have examined the epidemiology of polypharmacy in non-institutionalized elderly adults with regard to sex differences. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of polypharmacy among people ≥65years old residing in Spain, analyze trends in that prevalence from 2011/12 to 2020, describe the use of the medicines involved and study the possible relationship between polypharmacy and certain sociodemographic, health-related variables, as well as the use of care services by sex. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study with 21,841 non-institutionalized people ≥65years old from the Spanish National Health Survey (2011/2012 and 2017) and the European Health Survey in Spain (2014 and 2020) was performed. We used descriptive statistics, performing two binary logistic regressions to determine the factors related to polypharmacy. Results: The prevalence of polypharmacy was 23.2% (women: 28.1%, men: 17.2%; p < 0.001). The most commonly consumed medicines were analgesics and tranquillizers, relaxants or sleeping pills in elderly women, compared with antihypertensives, antacids and antiulcer drugs and statins for elderly men. In both sexs, the positive predictors of polypharmacy included average, poor and very poor self-perceived states of health, people with overweight and obesity, being severely/non-severely limited due to a health problem, having ≥ three chronic conditions, visits to the family doctor and hospitalization. Among elderly women, negative predictors were alcohol intake, whereas in elderly men positive predictors were being 75-84years old, being current smokers and having 1, 2 chronic conditions. Conclusion: Polypharmacy has a prevalence of 23.2%, with women accounting for 28.1% and men 17.2% of the total. Knowledge of positive and negative predictors of polypharmacy have important implications for public health efforts to develop or improve health guidelines and strategies for promoting the proper use of medication, particularly in the elderly population by sex.

Depression, Anxiety and Antidepressants and Anxiolytics Use in Spanish Informal Caregivers according to the Physical Activity Frequency: EHSS 2014–2020

Depression and anxiety are two of the most common mental diseases both in formal and nonformal caregivers. Physical activity during leisure time seems to have benefits on their practitioner's mental health. This study aimed to analyze the associations between physical activity frequency (PAF) and depression and anxiety status, as well as antidepressant and anxiolytic use in Spanish nonformal caregivers. A cross-sectional study with data from the 2014 and 2020 European Health Interview Surveys in Spain (EHSS) including 4520 Spanish nonformal caregivers was carried out. The PAF was found to be related to depression and anxiety, as well as antidepressants and anxiolytics use (p < 0.001), with the highest proportions of these variables found in the inactive population (p < 0.05), while the active and very active populations showed the lowest proportions (p < 0.05). Weak but statistically significant correlations were found between all variables of interest (p < 0.001). Being female, older, and dedicating more hours per week to caregiving and caring for nonfamily members were found to have increased risks of depression, anxiety and antidepressants or anxiolytics use. Nonformal caregivers who were not physically active during their leisure time had higher mental disorders and psychotropic drug use proportions than the active and very active caregivers. Thus, increasing nonformal caregivers' PAF could be a protective tool.

Changes in smoking cessation in Spain, 1987–2020

IntroductionThe goal of this study was to estimate and to describe the smoking cessation changes in Spain from 1987 to 2020, according to the main sociodemographic characteristics. Material and methodAnalysis of the historical series of the Spanish National Health Survey and the European Health Survey in Spain. Quit rate (QR) was defined as the number of former smokers among the total number of people who are smokers or have smoked at some time in their life. Other included variables were year of survey, age, gender and educational level. Poisson regression models were simultaneously adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, estimating QR and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each year. ResultsThe absolute difference in standardised QR increased from 1987 to 2017 by 18.6% (95% CI: 16.8−20.4), being moderately higher in men (19.2%; 95% CI: 17.1–21.4) than in women (16.5%; 95% CI: 13.3−19.7). An increase in QR was observed in all age groups, but its magnitude increased with age, estimating a difference in QR between 1987 and 2017 of 22.4% (95% CI: 17.7−27.1) in those aged over 64. People having university studies showed a higher QR during the period, 32.7% (95% CI: 27.5−38.0), especially when compared to those with a lower level of education (9.0% (95% CI: 4.8−13.2). ConclusionQR has increased sharply and steadily since 1987, however important differences were detected according to age and educational level, highlighting the large increase in inequity observed in these 33 years of evolution.

Tipologías de mayores de 65 años en España según la Encuesta Europea de Salud

IntroductionNumerous organizations and institutions warn of the need for physical activity due to the multiple benefits it brings to the health of the population. In people over 65 years of age, doing some type of activity has a direct impact on healthy ageing. ObjectiveTo find out the state of health and physical activity of people over 65 years of age in Spain and to identify population typologies in order to establish specific health promotion strategies. MethodDescriptive cross-sectional study using a sample formed by 7167 older adults with data collected during the years 2019 and 2020 from the European Health Survey in Spain. Sociodemographic variables related to physical activity and health status were selected. A latent class analysis was carried out to analyze characteristics in subgroups of the population over 65 years of age. ResultsFive population subgroups were found where only one, representing 21.35% of the older adult, had a good perception of their health and regularly engaged in physical activity. ConclusionMost of the Spanish population over 65 years, despite not suffering from limiting health problems, has high levels of sedentary lifestyles and obesity. It is necessary to promote healthy ageing policies taking into account the characteristics of the subgroups of the population over 65 years of age.

Drivers for economic recovery: analysis of family expenditure on catering services

PurposeCatering services play important role in the Spanish economy, accounting for 6.2% of GDP in 2021. To overcome the adverse economic impacts of COVID-19, catering services are considered one of the drivers to stimulate economic growth. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to analyse the sociodemographic profile of the family's main breadwinner who allocates most of his expenditure budget on different catering services before and during the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 in Spain.Design/methodology/approachThe official Family Budget Survey in Spain was used. This offers information on expenditure by families in 2019 and 2020. CHAID multivariate analysis was employed. This has proved a valuable tool in predicting expenditure, as well as determining the cause–effect relationship of this expenditure.FindingsFindings establish the main breadwinner's expenditure on catering services based on predictors such as “year” affected by the pandemic; “type of employment contract”; “gender”; and “age”. A gender “pub-gap” in consumption in bars and cafes has been revealed, and families with a male breadwinner, on a permanent contract, between the age of 40 and 60 spent the most on catering services.Originality/valueThis research presents a new interdisciplinary approach to family breadwinners as a company whose spend on catering is shaping the economic recovery and leading to new answers for hospitality management. Identified factors can lead to improved decision-making and contextualisation of economic models for food service providers in a post-pandemic future.

The Obesity Paradox: Associations between the Body Mass Index and Self-Perceived Health, Depression Status, and Pain Level in Older People

Population growth and physical inactivity have led to health and social consequences derived from chronic diseases and decreased quality of life in the elderly. Some research suggests that overweight in older people may not be associated with the negative effects on some health indicators. This study analysed the associations between Self-Perceived Health (SPH), Depression status, Pain Level, and Body Mass Index (BMI) in people over 70 years who are residents in Spain, with a final sample composed of 13,895 participants. A cross-sectional study using data from the European Health Surveys in Spain (EHIS2014 and 2020) and the National Health Survey (ENSE2017) was conducted. Dependency associations were observed between SPH, Depression Status, and Pain Level with BMI in the outcomes from the three surveys analysed (p &lt; 0.001). Negative SPH, Depression Status, and Severe/Extreme Pain Degree prevalence were higher in the Underweight groups, being the lowest in Normal-weight and Overweight groups (p &lt; 0.05). High levels of negative SPH, Depression, and Severe/Extreme Pain risks were found in the Underweight compared to the Normal-weight group, but not in Overweight ones. Overweight was not linked with an increased risk of the conditions analysed compared to the Normal-weight groups in older residents in Spain. The Underweight group presented the highest negative SPH prevalence, Depression, and Severe/Extreme Pain. Moreover, Obesity increased the negative SPH, Depression, and Pain Degree risks compared to the Normal-weight and Overweight groups in this population.

EPH30 Disability-Adjusted Life Years Lost Due to Migraine: A Nationwide Burden-of-Illness Study From the National Health Survey in Spain

Migraine is a chronic sometimes highly disabling neurological disease that manifests itself with recurrent episodes of headache. It is expected that migraine is associated with a significant interference with individual’s daily activities and, as a consequence, deterioration of health-related-quality-of-life. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden-of-illness (BOI) of migraine in Spain, and to characterize the excess burden in migraineurs compared with non-migraineurs.

EE504 The Economic Burden of Migraine in Spain: A Nationwide Cost-of-Illness Approach From the Year 2020 European Health Survey in Spain

EE504 The Economic Burden of Migraine in Spain: A Nationwide Cost-of-Illness Approach From the Year 2020 European Health Survey in Spain

Time Trends and Sex Differences in the Association between Diabetes and Chronic Neck Pain, Chronic Low Back Pain, and Migraine. Analysis of Population-Based National Surveys in Spain (2014-2020).

(1) Background: To assess the time trend in the prevalence of chronic neck pain (CNP), chronic low back pain (CLBP), and migraine or frequent headache (MFH) among people with diabetes in Spain from 2014 to 2020, this study identified sex differences and compared the prevalence of these pain sites between people with diabetes and age−sex-matched non-diabetic subjects. (2) Methods: The study design included a cross-sectional and a case−control study. The data were obtained from the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain conducted in 2014 and 2020. The presence of diabetes, CNP, CLBP, and MFH was self-reported. Study covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, lifestyles, and pain-related variables. (3) Results: Among people with diabetes, the prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and MFH did not improve from 2014 to 2020. Women with diabetes had a significantly higher prevalence of all the pain sites analyzed than men with diabetes. After matching by sex and age, the prevalence of CNP (26.0% vs. 21.1%; p < 0.001), CLBP (31.2% vs. 25.0%; p < 0.001), and MFH (7.7% vs. 6.5%; p = 0.028) was higher for people with diabetes than for those without diabetes. Self-reported mental disease was independently associated with reporting the three pain sites analyzed in people with diabetes. (4) Conclusions: The prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and MFH has remained stable over time. Remarkable sex differences were found, with a higher prevalence among women than men with diabetes. Diabetes was associated with reporting in all the pain sites analyzed. Self-reported mental disease was associated with reporting CNP, CLBP, and MFH.

The Autonomous Capacity of the Elderly Population in Spain for Shopping and Preparing Meals.

A loss of the ability to buy and prepare meals, especially in people aged 65 and over, leads to a deterioration in their optimal level of nutrition. The Index of Autonomy in Food Acquisition (IAFA) was used to identify contributing factors. This is a composite indicator for shopping and meal preparation that can be used to assess the degree of autonomous capacity observed in a specific group. Data from the European Health Survey in Spain (7167 respondents aged 65 and over) show that capacity decreased with age and that women were less affected than men, with very little difference found in levels of autonomous capacity by territory. However, in relation to different income levels, after standardizing for age and sex, no evidence was found for differences in the ability to access and prepare meals in groups that were separated by income level. This result shows the importance of standardizing when analysing food acquisition autonomy in groups of people aged 65 years and over.

The stigma of mental health, homelessness and intellectual disability, development of a national stigma survey with an intersectional gender perspective

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Social stigma towards people with mental health problems, homeless people or people with intellectual disabilities leads to a significant restriction of their human rights. Such stigma, which is associated with different conditions of vulnerability, has been assessed over time through surveys. However, intersectional stigma due to gender is often not assessed in these studies as they only analyse the data for this variable separately. Therefore, presented here is the first national survey in Spain on the social stigma associated with mental health problems, homelessness and intellectual disability. This proposal considers the importance of gender and intersectional stigma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A qualitative-quantitative methodology is used by means of a computer assisted web interviewing survey. A gender perspective is proposed both in the development of the questions and in the measurement and analysis of the data. To this end, three versions of the questionnaire are developed: a neutral, a male and a female version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The results are intended to have an impact on social and equality policies for people with mental disorders, homeless people and people with intellectual disabilities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trial Registration&lt;/strong&gt;: The study has the approval of the deontological commission of the faculty of psychology and is registered in clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;