Survey Division Research Articles

Root Habits of Longleaf Pine and Associated Species

Longleaf pine, Pin fs palustris Miller, at one time covered an area in the south of more than 30 million acres. Today, owing to the inroads by agriculture and by other species following the cutting of the original timber, a survey in 1934 and 1935 showed that less than 80 per cent of this area is still considered longleaf pine forest land. According to this survey, about 15 million acres are in saplingand sawlog-size stands of longleaf, nearly 2.5 million acres in reproduction, and the remaining 7 million acres are clear-cut and have failed to reproduce satisfactorily. It is estimated that nearly 30 per cent of the longleaf reproduction area is stocked satisfactorily with 900 or more seedlings per acre.1 The remaining 70 per cent shows a low stocking of seedlings, ws hich is principally due to destruction by uncontrolled fire, to damage by hogs, or to a lack of seed trees. The characteristic stunted condition of the longleaf pine seedlings, which lasts 4 to 10 or more years, makes them especially susceptible to fire and hogs as well as to annual defoliation by the brown-spot needle disease (Septoria acicola [Thiim.] Sacc.). When the pine seedlings emerge from the stunted condition, they begin rapid growth in height, and the danger of disease is considerably reduced. Since over 50 per cent of the extremely large clear-cut area (7 million acres), that must be reforested before becoming again productive, averages 3 or more seed trees per acre, while the remaining half has only 1 or 2 seed trees per acre, if the factors of destruction can be controlled, satisfactory natural reproduction should be possible on three-fourths of it. A recent study (1938), in which the writer found that the removal of grass from the vicinity of 12-year-old longleaf pine seedlings stimulated their growth to a marked degree, suggests that the roots of the grasses compete with those of the pine seedlings and that by the removal of the grasses this competition may be eliminated, permitting the pines to develop more rapidly. This present study, therefore, was designed to determine the characteristics of the roots of the pine seedlings and of other species growing in the same area, and also to determine what relationship exists between the roots of the pine seedlings and those of the other species commonly associated with them. 1 The estimates were supplied by the Survey Division of the Southern Forest Experiment Station.

Gravity Measurements in Tanganyika Territory, Carried out by the Survey Division, Department of Lands and Mines

Gravity Measurements in Tanganyika Territory, Carried out by the Survey Division, Department of Lands and Mines

Several methods of studying fluctuations of ground‐water levels

As a result of increased interest in ground‐water conditions in recent years, records of water‐levels in wells are now being collected in many places in the United States for the primary purpose of determining the relation of precipitation and other natural factors to fluctuations in water‐level. In the past, records of ground‐water levels have been collected chiefly in connection with intensive investigations in areas where the water‐levels were affected by artificial withdrawals and it has not been generally possible to correlate water‐level fluctuations closely with natural factors. It now appears probable that certain methods of studying water‐level fluctuations may be utilized advantageously in areas unaffected by heavy artificial withdrawals, but these methods generally do not yield satisfactory results in areas where there is considerable pumping or artesian flow. Three such methods are presented in this paper. The methods have not been given intensive study and their practical use is therefore not yet fully known. It is hoped that their application will be further investigated. Illustrations of the methods have been taken from records of ground‐water levels in the Platte River Valley, Nebraska, collected by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska.

The recovery of ground‐water levels in Nebraska in 1935

A program of water‐level measurements in about 350 wells scattered throughout Nebraska was begun in 1934 by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska (see L. K. Wenzel, A state‐wide program of periodic measurements of ground‐water level in Nebraska, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 16th annual meeting, pp. 495–498, 1935). Included in this program were about 60 wells in the Platte River Valley on which periodic measurements were started in 1930. Observations on the 350 wells were continued in 1935 at about monthly intervals and the measurements collected are now being prepared for publication as a paper of the Nebraska Geological Survey.

Development of the Platte River Bottomland in South Central Nebraska

G. E. CONDRA The Platte, in its course in south central Nebraska, is widely known as an overloaded river, and it is generally held that its broad valley-floor is an alluvial plain developed in a former deep valley by the river. Also, the lowering of the river in this area, to a dry bed in late summer, is supposed to be caused by excessive evaporation and diversion for irrigation. Investigations made by the Nebraska Geological Survey and the Nebraska Water Survey disprove most of the generally accepted views of the environing features of the Platte. It would seem, therefore, that as Geographers you may be interested in the results of this investigation. This paper is only a review of the main points brought out in the study of the Platte River and the Platte Valley. A more complete statement is found in Bulletins 3 and 4 of the Conservation Department of the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska, which bulletins are free upon request. Also, there is further treatment of the subject in the 1930 Report of the Nebraska Irrigation Association, and in forthcoming bulletins of the State Geological Survey of the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska. The first point raised here is in regard to the nature and origin of the river bottom land. That this was not aggraded by the Platte, to the depth generally supposed, is evidenced by the following: 1. The so-called alluvium of the valley floor consists of two thick gravel sheets separated by a fairly persistent sheet of silt and clay, all of which extend through this stretch of the valley and out under the broadening uplands. They have a combined thickness of 100' to 200', resting on bedrock. 2. The gravel sheets are of Pleistocene age as shown by mammalian fossils brought up from water wells and by pumping and dredging at sand pits. It is certain, therefore, that the sand and gravel deposits under this area of the Platte Valley, up to near the surface, are of Pleistocene age and not recent alluvium. To Dr. A. L. Lugn belongs much of the credit for this discovery.

Some Idiosyncrasies of Ground Waters

Journal AWWAVolume 22, Issue 1 p. 110-116 Article Some Idiosyncrasies of Ground Waters† W. D. Gerber, W. D. GerberDivision Engineer, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author W. D. Gerber, W. D. GerberDivision Engineer, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1930 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1930.tb14783.x †Presented before the Illinois Section meeting, May 13, 1929. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume22, Issue1January 1930Pages 110-116 RelatedInformation

The Effect of Certain Illinois Waters on Lead

Journal AWWAVolume 19, Issue 6 p. 714-724 Article The Effect of Certain Illinois Waters on Lead† O. W. Rees, O. W. ReesChemist, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorA. L. Elder, A. L. ElderChemistry Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author O. W. Rees, O. W. ReesChemist, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorA. L. Elder, A. L. ElderChemistry Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 1928 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1928.tb13605.xCitations: 4 †Presented before the Illinois Section meeting, March 29, 1928. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume19, Issue6June 1928Pages 714-724 RelatedInformation

Ground Water Resources of Illinois

If you cross the river to East Dubuque or go to the City of Galena which is close by and then travel in any direction across the State of Illinois, you will find that the farther you proceed, the poorer are the ground water resources. The principal water-bearing strata in the state are sandstones of the Cambrian system often referred to as Potsdam sandstone. Sandstones of this system outcrop in the central and western part of Wisconsin, north of a line through Milwaukee as far north as Wisconsin Rapids, to the northeast and northwest of that city, and in Iowa and Minnesota along Mississippi River. The St. Peter sandstone, which is above the Cambrian sandstones, is next in importance. The principal outcrop of this sandstone is in southern Wisconsin. It is exposed in Illinois in an area near Oregon on the Rock River, near Ottawa along Fox and Illinois Rivers, and is exposed or close to the surface in a few other small areas. These strata slope downward to the east and south with one sharp fold, the LaSalle anticline, from near the northwest corner of the state southeastward through LaSalle, as given in detail in publications of the State Geological Survey Division. Possibly the statement that the farther we travel from East Dubuque or Galena the poorer are the ground water resources, is a little broad, for, to the east throughout much of the northern part of the state, considerable water is available in gravel deposits and in the underlying rock strata, especially the sandstones referred to. As far to the east as Rockford, water obtained from Cambrian sandstones is of as good quality as that at Galena and it is available in large quantity. Farther east, in the northeastern part of the state, waters from these sandstones are more highly mineralized and the sandstones are also probably softer than the same strata in other sections. Conditions are probably worst at Des Plaines. Gray Brothers drilled a well there into Cambrian sandstone and, after

The Sensitivity of the Ortho‐Tolidine and Starch‐Iodide Tests for Free Chlorine

Journal AWWAVolume 14, Issue 5 p. 384-400 Article The Sensitivity of the Ortho-Tolidine and Starch-Iodide Tests for Free Chlorine A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellChief, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorC. S. Boruff, C. S. BoruffAssistant Professor of Chemistry, Monmouth College, Monmouth, Ill.Search for more papers by this author A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellChief, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorC. S. Boruff, C. S. BoruffAssistant Professor of Chemistry, Monmouth College, Monmouth, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1925 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1925.tb13342.xCitations: 6 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume14, Issue5November 1925Pages 384-400 RelatedInformation

Discussion

Journal AWWAVolume 12, Issue 3 p. 358-359 Discussion Discussion A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellState Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Shive., R. A. Shive.State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellState Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorR. A. Shive., R. A. Shive.State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1924 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1924.tb12473.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue3November 1924Pages 358-359 RelatedInformation

Municipal Water Softening in Illinois

Journal AWWAVolume 12, Issue 1 p. 107-107 Article Municipal Water Softening in Illinois† A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellThe Chief, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellThe Chief, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 1924 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1924.tb12432.x †Abstract of paper before the Illinois Section meeting, March 22, 1923. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue1September 1924Pages 107-107 RelatedInformation

Yield of Wells

Journal AWWAVolume 11, Issue 4 p. 840-843 Article Yield of Wells† G. C. Habermeyer, G. C. HabermeyerEngineer State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author G. C. Habermeyer, G. C. HabermeyerEngineer State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1924 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1924.tb14313.x †Presented before the Illinois Section meeting, March 20, 1924. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume11, Issue4July 1924Pages 840-843 RelatedInformation

Microbiology and Theory of Activated Sludge

Journal AWWAVolume 10, Issue 2 p. 309-321 Article Microbiology and Theory of Activated Sludge† A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellChief, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorH. L. Long, H. L. LongAssistant Bacteriologist, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author A. M. Buswell, A. M. BuswellChief, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorH. L. Long, H. L. LongAssistant Bacteriologist, State Water Survey Division, Urbana, Ill.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1923 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1923.tb14184.xCitations: 12 †Presented before the Chemical and Bacteriological Section, Philadelphia Convention, May 18, 1922. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume10, Issue2March 1923Pages 309-321 RelatedInformation

The Sewage Testing Station of the Illinois State Water Survey Division.

The Sewage Testing Station of the Illinois State Water Survey Division.

Coal Resources of District No. I (Longwall). Gilbert H. Cady

Prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Illinois State geological survey division, the Engineering experiment station of the University of Illinois, and the U.S. Bureau of mines.