Survey Design Research Articles

Investigating the Levels of Schools as a Professional Learning Community

Purpose: The study aims to reveal the levels of schools as being a PLC regarding the opinions of teachers working at the high schools. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was carried out in accordance with the correlational survey design. Participants were selected by the stratified sampling method, which is one of the random sampling types. It consists of 385 teachers. The participants of the research are from Maltepe, Sultanbeyli, Esenler and Bakırköy districts of İstanbul during 2021-2022 academic year. To get the data, PLC Scale was used and to analyze descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance were used. Findings: The level of being a professional learning community is at the level of "agree". When the scale’s sub-dimensions were examined, a significant difference was found between the employment type, length of service and district variables. On the basis, some suggestions are given to policy makers. Highlights: It is important to establish an online platform that allows the expansion of the learning network. In addition, a framework plan for schools to ensure sustainability is planned. Lastly, the implementation of rotation between schools could be considered to transform individual intelligence into collective intelligence.

Impact of chronic pelvic pain on quality of life in diverse young adults.

To examine the relationship between quality of life (QoL) and chronic pelvic pain (CPP), including an evaluation of whether differences exist between reported races and coping mechanisms used. We used a cross-sectional survey design and analyzed data using descriptive and inferential statistics. We administered two surveys: the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (26 items) and the Impact of Female Chronic Pelvic Pain Questionnaire (8 items). We recruited young adults aged 18-25 who menstruate from college campuses in a large metropolitan area in the Midwest region of the United States, utilizing flyers, online social media platforms, and snowball sampling techniques. Out of the 585 respondents, 153 (26%) reported "yes," and 95 (16%) were "unsure" they had CPP. Those with CPP and unsure reported using various coping mechanisms for pain. They had lower scores in all four domains (physical health, psychological, social relationship, and environment) and statistically significant lower scores in three domains (physical health, social relationship, and environment) on the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF when compared to those who said "no." Respondents identifying as Black, Indigenous, or People of Color had statistically significantly lower QoL in the physical health and environment domains compared to white respondents. Young adults with CPP experience a significantly lower QoL than those without CPP, and racial differences further widen this gap. Future research should explore coping mechanisms that could benefit young adults' daily lives.

Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices of Integrating Critical Thinking Skills when Teaching Reading

The aim of this study is to explore teachers’ perceptions and practices of instilling critical thinking skills in reading instruction, to enhance students’ reading comprehension. It also identifies perceived challenges that hinder the practice of critical thinking skills in reading classes. Methodology. The research was carried out at Hawassa University in Ethiopia, using a descriptive survey design and an explanatory mixed-methods approach to collecting data. Forty out of a total of fifty-two English educators and three reading teachers participated in this study. The questions were randomly selected. Texts used in quizzes, mid-term exams and final exams were chosen, to evaluate the texts in which teachers integrated critical thinking skills into classroom reading activities and assessments. Quantitative data was gathered through questionnaires, while qualitative data was obtained through document analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24, and content analysis was used for the qualitative data. Results. The survey results revealed that teachers had a moderate level of perception with regard to integrating critical thinking skills (m=3.59) and identified student-related challenges (m= 3.76) as significant obstacles to the practice of critical thinking skills. The results of document analysis indicated that the practice of critical thinking skills was infrequent. It can be concluded that teachers' conceptual perception at moderate level was not sufficient to incorporate critical thinking skills into reading instruction in order to enhance students' reading comprehension. Therefore, it is imperative to train teachers in the integration of critical thinking skills in an interactive reading curriculum to motivate and engage students and help them comprehend reading skills in greater depth. Further research is recommended to explore the impact of teachers' perceptions of critical thinking skills on students' reading comprehension.

Assessment of the sentiments expressed by traumatic brain injury patients and caregivers: A qualitative study based on in-depth interviews

IntroductionTraumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern that causes death, disability, and economic burden. Its repercussions affect physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of long-term care needs. Despite improvements in communication among multidisciplinary teams, the management of TBI remains fragmented. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess patients and caregivers’ experiences through sentiment analysis. Materials and methodsA qualitative cross-sectional study utilized structured topic modeling (STM) to analyze in-depth interview data. The study involved 29 patients with TBI and 27 caregivers in Madrid (Spain), using a survey design. The interviews were conducted, transcribed, and coded independently over 5 months. Sentiments such as anticipation, fear, and emotional concerns were analyzed using three dictionaries. The STM analysis identified four key concepts: desire for independence, potential improvement, need for injury information, and psychological consequences. STM diagnostic graphs were used to determine the number of topics relevant to the evaluation of patient and caregiver concerns. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted across four topics. ResultsThe average age of the patients was 44.2 ± 14.9 years (69 % males). Regarding TBI severity, 59 % of patients had severe TBI, whereas the remaining 41 % had experienced moderate TBI. Among the caregivers, the majority were parents (30 %), partners (24 %), or siblings (24 % each). Among the 51 participants, sentiments were analyzed using three dictionaries. While there were no significant age differences (Z = 0.24, p = 0.815), the STM model was adjusted for significant sex differences (p = 0.017) between patients and relatives. Anticipation and fear prevailed in both groups, highlighting the shared emotional patterns. DiscussionThe analysis of diagnostic graphs indicated the optimal number of topics for evaluation, emphasizing key concerns across different phases of TBI. Patients' main worries shifted from physical symptoms to limitations in daily life and independence. Caregivers highlighted the importance of staff interactions, misinformation challenges, and the need for psychological care. ConclusionKey patient concerns, including dependency on daily activities, limitations in autonomy, and caregiver burden, emphasize crucial areas for enhancement in multidisciplinary treatment. Moreover, the lack of long-term psychological support is a significant barrier to optimal patient and caregiver well-being.

Associations of Wearable Activity Tracker Use With Physical Activity and Health Outcomes in Patients With Cancer: Findings from a Population-Based Survey Study.

Physical inactivity is a global issue for cancer survivors. Wearable activity trackers are promising to address physical inactivity by providing real-time feedback on physical activity and offering opportunities for self-monitoring and goal setting. Meta-analysis has reported the effects of interventions that incorporate wearable activity trackers on improved physical inactivity and related health outcomes (eg, BMI, anxiety and depression, and self-rated health status). However, wearable activity trackers were often used as an adjunct to physical activity interventions, and the effectiveness of wearable activity trackers alone is unknown. This study aims to determine the association of wearable activity trackers with physical activity and health outcomes in patients with cancer. Data from 957 cancer survivors from the Health Information National Trends Survey-Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (HINTS-SEER) were analyzed. The outcome variables examined were time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity, weekly frequency of strength training, BMI, anxiety and depression levels, and self-assessed health status. The primary independent variable was whether cancer survivors had used wearable activity trackers within the past 12 months. Design-based linear regression for continuous outcome variables and ordinal logistic regression for ordinal outcome variables were conducted to determine the associations after controlling for sociodemographic, cancer-related, and health-related factors. All data analyses accounted for the complex survey design and sample weights. Only 29% of cancer survivors reported wearable activity tracker use. Bivariate analyses showed that younger age (P<.001), higher education (P=.04), higher income (P<.001), and an employed status (P<.001) were significantly associated with wearable activity tracker use. Wearable activity tracker use was significantly associated with higher time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (adjusted =37.94, 95% CI 8.38-67.5; P=.01), more frequent strength training per week (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.09-2.06; P=.01), and better self-rated health status (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09-2.29; P=.01), but not with BMI or anxiety and depression. This study suggests that the uptake of wearable activity trackers is low and highlights the digital divide among patients with cancer. This study has confirmed the associations of wearable activity tracker use with physical activity and self-rated health, supporting using wearable activity trackers as a promising tool to facilitate physical activity promotion.

A Framework for Industry 4.0 Related Green Concept Integration of Services Component in Commercial Buildings

The effects of global warming are far-reaching and can affect and threaten every aspect of human existence. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation have mainly contributed to the emission of these greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Construction activities and practices are one such human activity. Building services are the aspects of a building that ensure the occupants are comfortable and secure within the building. However, building services use resources such as energy and water to create such comfort. The 4.0 era of industry has introduced dimensions to Green Building Concepts and practices of creating structures and processes that are environmentally friendly, responsible and resource efficient. This research, therefore, seeks to develop a framework for the integration of Industry 4.0-related green concepts into services in commercial buildings. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted in this research to provide information concerning integrating green concepts into building services in commercial buildings in Nigeria. Data were collected with questionnaires from 106 built environment professionals who also use commercial buildings in the study area of Abuja. Statistical tools for frequency, percentage, mean score, relative important index (RII), independent samples t test, Mann–Whitney U test and the factor reduction method based on eigen values were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that quality indoor air conditioning is the most critical satisfaction parameter for users within commercial buildings, with an average mean score of 3.81. The aesthetic effect of installed services on the building façade and high-quality building services components was ranked high, with an average mean score of 3.33 for each. The results also indicated that the lack of relevant technology and inadequate training of service personnel hindered the growth of green building concepts in Nigeria. These factors had a mean score of 4.35 each. Professionals ranked energy efficient/saving bulbs, e.g., CFLs, remote controlled, sensored lights, natural daylight, solar photovoltaic panels and building management systems, as the most effective green components that can be incorporated into commercial buildings. These factors and others were combined to create a framework for integrating green concepts for services into commercial buildings. When the construction industry and government in Nigeria adopt this framework, it can promote more integration of green concepts into commercial building services.

Leadership, management, and team practices in research labs: Development and validation of two new measures.

Effective leadership and management practices contribute to responsible, high-quality research and the well-being of team members. We describe the development and initial validation of a measure assessing principal investigators' leadership and management practices and a measure of research team practices. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 570 postdoctoral researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health reported on the perceived behaviors of their principal investigator (PI) and the research team. The PI leadership and management items factored into two dimensions: fostering relationships and directing research. Correlations of these new scales with existing, validated measures of ethical leadership and general leader behavior provided evidence of convergent validity. Providing evidence for criterion-related validity, scores on the new measures predicted lab climate for research ethics, self-reported productivity, and job satisfaction. Research team practices provided additional predictive value beyond leadership and management behaviors. This study provides construct validity evidence for the new Leadership and Management in Science (LAMPS) Measure and the Research Team Practices (RTP) Measure. Qualitative responses to an open-ended item reinforced the importance of relationships and directive supervision for a positive environment. These measures can be useful tools for future research or may be useful for PIs seeking feedback about their practices.

Effects of Table Banking on Socio-Economic Empowerment of Households in Turkana County, Kenya.

Table banking is a concept that has gained popularity in the recent past in Kenya. The aim of this type of informal banking is to enhance the socio-economic status of citizens, particularly those from poor areas of the country. However, measuring and tracking changes in the levels of socio-economic empowerment of households through table banking is not well documented, although it is becoming popular, especially among women groups in Kenya. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of table banking on the socio-economic empowerment of households in Turkana County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: to establish the effect of table banking financial accessibility, table banking awareness, table banking group participation, table banking group credit risks management strategies on socio-economic empowerment in Turkana County. The study is guided by the theory of change by Loiseau and Walsh 2015, vulnerable group theory of financial inclusion and public good theory of financial inclusion. The study adopted descriptive survey design where questionnaires were used to get primary data. Secondary data was used to validate the primary data collection. The study involved a sample of 398 members drawn using simple random sampling method from a population of 60,500 Table banking members from Kalobeyei ward, Kakuma ward in Turkana West Subcounty in Turkana County. A total of 398 questionnaires were administered with a return rate of 97.0%. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study relied on Pearson’s correlation, linear regression and factor analysis to draw inferences from the responses. Statistical analysis was done with the aid of statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) software version 24. The findings of the study revealed a strong, positive and statistically significant relationship between access to finance and socio-economic empowerment of households. The findings of the study also showed a fairly, strong, positive and statistically significant relationship between table banking awareness on socio-economic of households. Besides, the findings revealed a very strong, positive and statistically significant relationship between Table banking and active group participation on socio-economic empowerment of women. The results of the study also revealed a very strong, positive and statistically significant relationship between table banking credit risk management strategies and socio-economic empowerment of women. According to the findings, this study recommends continuous, operative and thorough training of all groups involved in table banking to enhance their capacity in leading the groups and enhancing financial management capability and performance. Additionally, the study recommends creating a functional system for financial access through the use of several financial products at affordable prices, this focuses on government considering increasing the avenues and mechanisms for socioeconomic empowerment of women and special interest groups, especially in the rural areas. As shown in this study, findings provide evidence of active participating of women in the table banking compared to men involvement, based on this it will also be pivotal to further research the basis of men’s involvement in table banking and how affects their contribution to socio -economic empowerment at the household level.

Clinical supervision effectiveness in NHS nursing, medical and allied health professionals: Exploring interaction with workplace factors, supervision factors and burnout.

The study aimed to (1) determine if a variety of workplace and supervision factors predict clinical supervision effectiveness; and (2) establish if clinical supervision effectiveness predicts burnout, amongst a variety of mental health staff (medical, allied health, and nursing staff). The study adopted a multicentre cross-sectional online survey design. Participants included 204 mental health staff (89 allied health staff, 81 nursing staff, and 34 medical staff). The Manchester Clinical Supervision Scale (MCSS-26) was used to measure clinical supervision effectiveness, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) was used to measure burnout. Linear regression analyses and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The main findings suggested that supervision frequency, supervision duration, choice of supervisor, workplace setting, and supervisee profession, were all significant predictors of clinical supervision effectiveness. Additionally, clinical supervision effectiveness was a significant negative predictor of burnout. Workplace and supervision factors should be considered in supervision practice across professional groups. Policies need to promote effective clinical supervision practice.

Effect of Succession Planning on the Sustainability of Family Owned Businesses Evidence From Plateau State, Nigeria

The study examines the impact of succession planning (SP) on the sustainability of family-owned businesses (FOBs) within Plateau State, Nigeria. A quantitative research methodology was employed utilizing a survey design. Data were gathered from 293 FOBs in Plateau State through structured questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the variables and validate the hypotheses. The findings indicated that the engagement of successors in business management (β = .378, t = 2.081, p = 0.038), the training of successors (β = .378, t = 3.520, p = 0.001), and organizational culture (β = .367, t = 3.813, p = 0.000) exhibit a positive association with the sustainability of FOBs. Conversely, internal recruitment (β = .024, t = .213, p = .813) and the successor's work fit (β = - .089, t = - 801, p = .424) do not show a significant positive relationship with the sustainability of FOBs. This research contributes to the existing body of literature by providing empirical evidence regarding the efficacy of succession planning in promoting the sustainability of FOBs in Nigeria through the frameworks of generational theory and socio-emotional wealth theories. The results substantiate the generational theory's assertion that family enterprises prioritize legacy and continuity across generations. Additionally, the socio-emotional wealth theory is supported, as FOBs value non-economic aims, encompassing family harmony and the integrity of their business reputation.

Success Stories of Multilingual Literacy: A Case Study of Ife 1970 Nigeria’s Project and the 2002 Western Cape’s LOITASA’s Project in South Africa

In a progressively interrelated world, the advancement of strong multilingual literacy skills among learners is of great importance. This article showcases successful multilingual literacy initiatives, analyzing their implementation and impact. The study revealed a great positive influence on communities and individuals after the initiatives. The predominant aim is to give extra weight to the indispensable importance of appreciating and paying attention to linguistic diversity through effective multilingual/translanguaging literacy opening moves. Using a survey design, this study paid attention to documenting instances of multilingualism implementation in educational settings, purposefully selecting South Africa and Nigeria as central points. Using a qualitative approach, the research examined success stories by analyzing reports, publications, archival materials, and scholarly articles associated with the projects. Special attention was paid to the Ife 1970 Nigeria’s Project and the 2002 Western Cape LOITASA’s project and the findings were presented in a descriptive narrative format. The study elaborated on the objectives, strategies, and results of these projects, presenting findings in a descriptive narrative format. Moreover, the study contributes valuable insights to the debates surrounding effective literacy practices in multilingual contexts. By presenting success stories from these African nations, the study provided practical guideposts for policymakers, educators, and practitioners who want to develop or improve multilingual literacy programs. Lastly, the findings stressed the significance of culturally responsive and context-specific approaches to literacy, proposing the adoption of multilingual/translanguaging pedagogies within school systems. Through these, the study will promote inclusive and efficient educational practices that honor and celebrate linguistic diversity. Keywords: Educational Outcomes, Language Diversity, Multilingual Education, Multilingual Literacy, Repertoire Knowledge

Beyond Hunger: Assessing Influence of School Feeding Programmes on Primary Education Enrolment Rate in Twic East County, South Sudan.

School feeding programmes attract learners in developing countries, improves enrolment rates, academic performance, nutrition and participation. However, challenges like persistent hunger and food scarcity greatly impede their ability to learn and grow. Therefore, in this paper we investigate the influence of school feeding programme on learners' enrolment rates in primary education in Twic East County, Jonglei State, South Sudan. The paper employed descriptive survey design, the sample size was 371 respondents who included; County Education Director (CED,1), Headteacher (10), Teachers (30), Leaners (300), and Parents (PTA, 30). The paper primarily collected data through questionnaires and interviews. The study established that 90% of head teachers, 97% of teachers, 87% of learners, 96% of parents, and one CED acknowledged the presence of the School Feeding Programme (SFP) and meals in primary schools. The paper established that School feeding programmes (SFP) during education in emergencies (EiE) had a positive effect on enrolment rate in primary education in Twic East County, Jonglei State, South Sudan. The paper recommends the upscaling of school feeding programmes to other schools to enhance learners’ participation and academic performance in South Sudan.

Community members’ perspective on social accountability in the health system: a cross- sectional study from Tanzania

Introduction: Social accountability initiatives are considered a way to address inefficiencies and improve overall health system performance. Tanzania has introduced Health Facility Governing Committees (HFGCs) to improve social accountability of the health system. However, information on how communities perceive these committees is lacking. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and social determinants of the HFGCs accountability from the community perspective in Tanzania. Methods: The research employed a cross-sectional survey design in two Tanzanian districts (Handeni and Mbarali) selected for their contrasting health performance. Data collection took place from July to October 2022, involving 1184 households in 31 villages/mitaa. The study measured social accountability through a set of six questions, focusing on community support, sensitization, feedback, trust, engagement, and overall accountability of HFGCs. Socio-demographic data such as sex, age, education, occupation, type of health facility and district were also collected and analyzed using linear regression to identify factors influencing perceptions of accountability. Results: The findings revealed a low prevalence of social accountability as measured by the variables of community awareness and engagement with the HFGCs. Only a small percentage of respondents felt adequately informed or involved in the activities of these committees. Social determinants such as higher education levels and certain occupations, such as business and retirement and those living in Handeni district, correlated positively with a better perception of social accountability. Conclusion: The study highlights significant challenges in the operational effectiveness of HFGCs in Tanzania, with a notable disconnect between these bodies and the communities they serve. Despite the theoretical framework for social accountability, actual community engagement remains low, impacting the overall efficacy of health governance at the local level. Future research should focus on improving community awareness and participation in these committees to improve their functionality and accountability, thereby aligning with national health objectives and local needs.

Nurse-related behavioural determinants associated with healthy eating support provided by Dutch community nurses: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCommunity nurses (CNs) play an important role in supporting healthy lifestyles, including healthy eating behaviour of patients. However, many CNs do not incorporate healthy eating support in their daily routines to the fullest extent possible. This study aimed to explore (1) the associations between nurse-related behavioural determinants and self-reported healthy eating support practices of Dutch CNs and (2) CNs’ need for additional knowledge.MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey design, 244 Dutch CNs completed an online, self-administered questionnaire in October-November 2021. The 60 questionnaire items were related to CNs’ characteristics, nurse-related determinants, healthy eating support practices (observing problems, having a conversation about patients’ dietary behaviour, motivating patients to eat and drink healthier and supporting patients in goal setting) and the need for additional knowledge. The items on determinants and practices used a 5-point Likert scale. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadjusted) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were obtained for the associations between determinants and practices, using adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance estimations.ResultsMore CNs practiced observing problems (75%) and having a conversation (70%) than did motivating patients (45%) and supporting goal setting (28%) at least often. A more positive attitude (PRadjusted 1.8; 95%CI 1.5–2.2), greater self-efficacy (PRadjusted 1.3; 95%CI 1.1–1.5), greater motivation (PRadjusted 1.5; 95%CI 1.3–1.7) and better abilities (PRadjusted 1.4; 95%CI 1.2–1.6) were associated with a greater prevalence of supporting healthy eating at least often (vs. never to sometimes). Barriers were not associated with healthy eating support (PRadjusted 1.1; 95%CI 1.0-1.2). CNs especially desired more knowledge on diet in relation to cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, severe psychiatric diseases and dementia; methods for motivating patients to start and for supporting patients to sustain healthy eating; and dealing with patient autonomy.ConclusionsThis study suggests that nurse-related behavioural determinants such as attitude, self-efficacy, motivation and ability should be addressed to improve CNs’ competences in healthy eating support. In addition, based on self-reported need for additional knowledge, it is recommended to pay attention to evidence-based behaviour change techniques, dealing with patient autonomy, and diet in relation to cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, severe psychiatric diseases and dementia.Reporting methodThe STROBE Statement was followed for reporting.

Use of School Data Management System (SDMS) For Performance of Students in Twelve Years Basic Education in Rwanda

This paper assessed the use of school data management system in performance of students in twelve years basic education in Musanze District. The Research project aimed to achieve the following objectives: to evaluate the DSMS types of financial services in use for the performance of students of 12YBE; to assess the role of SMS academic evaluation in the performance of students of 12YBE; to show how SDMS helps in school infrastructure management for the performance of students of 12YBE; and to ascertain the effects of SDMS personal identification in the performance of students of 12YBE. The research project employed a descriptive survey design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The target population was 1,130 respondents projecting in education sector Musanze District. In this Research project 339 respondents were sampled from 1,130 teaching staff. This sample was scientifically determined using an appropriate research project formula. The sample size was determined using Slovin’s formula. Stratified random sampling was implemented, wherein strata were established according to the schools. The primary data were collected using questionnaires elaborated for 339 respondents. For validity, the questionnaire was shared with seasoned research project for their inputs which were taken into consideration before piloting the questionnaire and conducting comprehensive data collection. The data analysis encompassed both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative research project involved precise measurement techniques to yield accurate mathematical outcomes. Data were presented in tables and graphs, and quantitative data were analyzed and interpreted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings were done for only 330 respondents as 9 questionnaires were not returned. So, the findings from 330 respondents showed that the use of School Data Management Systems (SDMS) in Rwanda’s 12-Year Basic Education system has demonstrated significant potential to enhance educational practices and improve student outcomes. The comprehensive analysis conducted in this Research project reveals strong correlations between SDMS implementation and various facets of student performance, academic evaluation, infrastructure management, and personal identification. Recommendations have been provided to both SDMS users in schools and MINEDUC to optimize SDMS utilization, ensure sustainable implementation, and foster data-driven decision-making.

Primary healthcare rehabilitation users’ views on activity limitations and participation in South Africa

Background: Increasing functional limitations and disabilities have raised the need for comprehensive rehabilitation services at the primary healthcare (PHC) level, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To support the integration of these services into PHC in South Africa, assessing outcomes from the service users’ perspectives is essential.Objectives: This study examined service users’ views on their PHC rehabilitation outcomes in a Metropolitan District of Gauteng, South Africa. The aim was to understand perceived changes in activity limitations and participation restrictions following the rehabilitation intervention.Method: A quantitative survey design, including self-rating measurements and structured interviews, was employed. Thirty-eight rehabilitation service users from eight clinics and community health centres were purposively sampled. Participants rated their pre- and post-rehabilitation levels of difficulty in activity limitations and participation restrictions, with open-ended questions providing additional insights. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, quantitative content analysis, and non-parametric tests.Results: Significant improvements in mobility, self-perception, and quality of life were reported by both adult and child service users. Caregivers of child service users also noted positive experiences (p = 0.019) in community, social, and civic life.Conclusion: This study highlights the perceived positive changes experienced by PHC rehabilitation service users in addressing functional limitations and disabilities. It underscores the effectiveness of integrated rehabilitation service delivery in improving user outcomes.Contribution: The findings offer valuable insights into how rehabilitation interventions enhance functional abilities, social participation, and overall well-being. By focusing on activity limitations and participation restrictions from service users’ perspectives, this study supports the priority of providing person-centred rehabilitation services at the PHC level.

The Effects of Identity Politics on Security in Baringo County, Kenya

Identity politics have been found to create divisions in societies with multiple ethnic communities due to varied cultural and ethnic dynamics leading to insecurity. Baringo County, situated in Kenya's North Rift Valley region, h hosts different ethnic communities and has historically grappled with protracted conflicts. However, there has been limited research exploring the effects of identity politics and the county's security landscape. This study sought to investigate the effect of identity politics on security in Baringo County. This study employed a descriptive survey design utilizing a mixed methods approach for data collection. The target population was comprised residents of Baringo County who had resided there for at least ten years. The findings from the two sets of tools were triangulated to obtain a thick description on the relationship between cultural dynamic and security. This study found that, identity politics had negative effects on security in Baringo County, Kenya manifested four pathways which were: fragmentation and polarization of communities, conflict and violence between communities, radicalization and extremism community members and diversion of resources from the localities. The findings demonstrated that these aspects mutually reinforced each other creating an environment of hostilities that led to violent conflicts. Therefore, rather than unite to fight challenges faced in development, identity politics created fissures whose end result is insecurity thus denying residents peace. To enhance peaceful coexistence there is need to address the underlying issues that that encouraged ethnic diversionary politics and instead embrace inclusivity to enhance unity in the region.

Competence Level of Graduates on Procurement Strategies for Digital Supply Chains in Tanzania

Strategic procurement enables companies to develop and enhance their advantage over its competitors –both by cost advantage or differentiation advantage. Accordingly, modern and future procurement is highly strategic in comparison to traditional and e-procurement practices. However, the extent to which the graduates are prepared on procurement strategies for digital supply chains is scarcely known in Tanzania. In other words, very little is known on the competence level of graduates on digital supply chain management. Therefore, this study evaluated the competence level of graduates on procurement strategies for digital supply chains in Tanzania. It specifically determined the level of awareness of graduates on procurement strategies for digital supply chains; the extent to which the graduates are prepared on procurement strategies for digital supply chains while at educational institutions studying, and ranking of skills on digital supply chains acquired by the graduates in relation to hard and soft supply chain skills. This study used quantitative approach with descriptive cross-sectional survey design. The data were collected from 500 graduates of Procurement and Supply in Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Mwanza and Dodoma who were sampled using multi-stage sampling techniques. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings reveal that, majority of the graduates had low level of awareness on procurement strategies for digital supply chains. In addition, the majority of graduates were prepared on procurement strategies for digital supply chains to the very small extent. Moreover, skills on digital and soft supply chains were ranked thirdly/low in acquisition when at the education institutions compare to hard supply chain skills. The graduates acquired digital and soft supply chain skills in lower rate (rank) compare to hard supply chain skills acquired in moderate rate. It is generally concluded that, the graduates had low level of competence on procurement strategies for digital supply chains in Tanzania. This study advocates for serious engagement of both private and public stakeholders in collaborating with colleges/institutes in training on procurement strategies for digital supply chains in Tanzania in order to produce competent labour force for the digital world of work.

Assessing the Credibility and Motivation in E-Learning during the Covid-19 Education Shift

The purpose of this study is to assess the complex relationship between e-learning credibility and student motivation during COVID-19. Online education is growing, so educators, institutions, and governments must understand student motivation and e-learning attitudes. The study examines student COVID-19 management to discover crucial components. We explain the difficulty of e-learning credibility and its large impact on student motivation to help educators and scholars. Four research hypotheses guided the investigation; a descriptive survey design and an online questionnaire were utilized to collect data from 480 Saudi higher education students. Because of these factors, this study examines e-learning methods, tools, and approaches in today's complicated landscape. How e-learning systems motivate and engage students depends on interaction, adaptability, and reliability. This case study combines rapid educational technology advancement with pandemic-level disruption. It examines how e-learning will change post-pandemic education. The study's findings are noteworthy given the COVID-19 pandemic's widespread use of e-learning. Politicians and schools utilize them to engage pupils and enhance e-learning amid emergencies. This study may provide teachers, administrators, and instructional designers with confidence in e-learning. It may improve online learning. E-learning credibility and motivation should be studied across institutions and student populations.

Assessing the Effect of Strategic Alliances on Organizational Performance of Commercial Banks in Nigeria

This study was carried out to examine the effect of Strategic Alliances on Organizational performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design with primary data generated through self-administered questionnaire. The population for this study was five (5) commercial banks in South-South, Nigeria. The study however focused mainly on their regional offices located in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Six regional managers for each bank were used as the study respondents giving a total of 30 respondents. Census sampling was adopted since the study sample was small. The reliability of the instrument was achieved by the use of the Cronbach Alpha with all the items scoring alpha coefficient above 0.70. The hypotheses were tested using the spearman rankorder correlation co-efficient with the aid ofstatistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The tests were carried out at a 95% confidence interval and a 0.05 level of significance. The study findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between strategic alliances on revenue performance, cost efficiency performance and on the profitability of commercial banks in South-South, Nigeria. The study recommends that commercial banks should invest in modern technologies to effectively integrate all the banks functions and activities to minimize operational costs. The top management team should invest more on financial innovations so that customers will have a wide scope of banking products to choose from leading to customer satisfaction and improve value addition which in turn enhances financial performance.