Border Surveillance Research Articles

E2MR-HOA: Conservation of Energy through Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for WSN’S Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Consuming energy at the maximal level is a major concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many researchers focus on reducing and preserving the energy. The duration of active network of WSNs is affected by energy consumption of sensor nodes. For typical applications such as structure monitoring, border surveillance, integrated into the external surface of a pipeline, and clambered along the sustaining structure of a bridge, sensor node energy efficiency is an important issue. The paper proposed an energy-efficient multi-hop routing protocol using hybrid optimization algorithm (E2MR-HOA) for WSNs. The proposed routing protocol consists of two algorithms, i.e., hybrid optimization algorithm. We present modified chemical reaction optimization (MCRO) algorithm to form clusters and select cluster head (CH) among the cluster members. Then the modified bacterial forging search (MBFS) algorithm is used to compute reliable route between source to destination. The proposed E2MR-HOA protocol is evaluated using NS2 simulations. The simulation result shows that the proposed routing protocol provides significant energy efficiency with network lifetime over the existing routing protocols.

The multitude beyond measure: Building a common stupor

In response to contagion, competing and contradictory movements emerge that engender openness to new modes of life and reactionary defenses of old ones, that acknowledge mutual dependency and vulnerability and that heighten the policing and surveillance of borders. Through reading the Empire project, this article articulates these as struggles over measure that unfold on the terrain of sovereignty and biopolitical economy. We show that the passage from modern to imperial sovereignty hinges on the former’s inability to adequately impose calculatory regimes, to which the latter’s flexibility and fluidity responds. This accompanies the passage from industrial to biopolitical command, from regulation through the wage to rearbitration through extractivism. Having articulated the contemporary coordinates within which the multitude finds itself, we then propose an educational weapon for the struggle against sovereignty and capital: stupidity. Turning to Jean-François Lyotard, we demonstrate just how fundamentally the rule of Empire depends on the outside of measure for its continual reproduction, and how Empire frames the communicative networks of biopolitical labor, a framing from which Hardt and Negri haven’t adequately broken. As the other of thought, as that which can’t be articulated, commanded, or absorbed by capital, stupidity remains totally useless and unproductive for Empire, which is exactly where its potency lies for the multitude. By critically engaging stupidity, we can refrain from reducing the pandemic to a need for heightened immunity and enclosure achieved through articulation.

Implementasi Program Pemberantasan Peredaran Gelap Narkotika MelaluiI Jalur Perbatasan Negara Republik Indonesia Di Kalimantan Barat

AbstractThis research entitled The Implentation of the Narcotics Dark Circulation Eradication Program Through the Republic of Indonesias Border Line in West Kalimantan analyzed based on the theory put forward by Merilee S. Grindle. This research is a type of descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The type of data in this study is primary data obtained from interviews with informants and secondary data obtained from various official documents related to research.The implementation of the Narcotics Dark Circulatioan Eradication Prgoram through the Republic of Indonesias Border Line in West Kalimantan has not been able to run optimally due to several factors, namely: 1. The esistence of interests that influence the parties affected by the program, 2. The strategy of the disadvantaged actors especially those involved in narcotics illicit traffincking, 3. Limited resources, 4. Top-down decision making locations.Based on these problems, the author can make suggestions, namely: 1. There needs to be a support program in the form of a border surveillance program, 2. Increasing the capacity of program implementors both in quality and quantity, 3. Focusing on eradication programs and other support programs in border areas. Key words : The Implementation Policy, Narcotics Eradication.

Multilevel Governance of Maritime Border Surveillance in the EU and Accountability

The article strives to examine the accountability of the Swedish Coast Guard in the field of maritime border surveillance. Border management, including border surveillance, lies close to states’ core interests, such as sovereignty and security, and are inherently sensitive to human rights violations. This has affected the developments of the regulatory framework at the EU level in different ways. The question is posed how EU law, and the instruments that are directly applicable in the member states, impact on the accountability of the Swedish Coast Guard in the field of maritime border surveillance. The member state in focus is Sweden and in that sense it deals with maritime border surveillance in the Baltic Sea region, and not the Mediterranean Sea region, which has often been the debated issue due to the migration pressure in that region. However, it is of interest to examine also an actor in a Nordic EU member state, taking into account inter alia the vast fragmentation regarding authorities with responsibilities in border management in the EU. Also the multilevel system of rules as well as of actors – Frontex and the member states’ authorities – makes it relevant to make such an investigation. Whether multi-level regulation promotes or undermines accountability is to some extent dependent on which concept of accountability one holds. When applying a concept of individual accountability, the existence of a range of accountability avenues regarding the Coast Guard’s activities transpires as quite satisfactory. However, if more actors would be involved in the Coast Guard’s maritime border surveillance activities based on the existing multilevel system of actors and rules, this would negatively impact the possibilities to hold the different actors accountable, for instance since different ‘accountability rules’ apply to different actors.

Mobile sensors' patrol path planning in unobservable border region

PurposeThe border control becomes challenging when a protected region is large and there is a limited number of border patrols. This research paper proposes a novel heuristic-based patrol path planning scheme in order to efficiently patrol with resource scarcity.Design/methodology/approachThe trespasser influencing score, which is determined from the environmental characteristics and trespassing statistic of the region, is used as a heuristic for measuring a chance of approaching a trespasser. The patrol plan is occasionally updated with a new trespassing statistic during a border operation. The performance of the proposed patrol path planning scheme was evaluated and compared with other patrol path planning schemes by the empirical experiment under different scenarios.FindingsThe result from the experiment indicates that the proposed patrol planning outperforms other patrol path planning schemes in terms of the trespasser detection rate, when more environment-aware trespassers are in the region.Research limitations/implicationsThe experiment was conducted through simulated agents in simulated environment, which were assumed to mimic real behavior and environment.Originality/valueThis research paper contributes a heuristic-based patrol path planning scheme that applies the environmental characteristics and dynamic statistic of the region, as well as a border surveillance problem model that would be useful for mobile sensor planning in a border surveillance application.

Bodies and borders in post-imperial Japan: a study of the coloniality of biometric power

ABSTRACT In this article, I conduct a study of what may be called the coloniality of biometric power. In recent years, scholars in social sciences and humanities have shown the continuities of colonialism and racism in the politics of biometric identification. Not only are the origins of biometrics closely related to colonial governance and scientific racism, but contemporary biometric technologies also continue to carry on colonial and racial dimensions in their infrastructures and operations. Inspired by Quijano’s notion of ‘coloniality of power’ and departing from existing social and cultural studies of biometrics, the article explores how biometrics is used for the racial classification of people, the (re)production of colonial structures and subject-object relations during and after colonialism. The article focuses on the case of fingerprinting border controls and surveillance in post-imperial Japan. This particular case geographically expands the literature on the relationship between biometrics and colonialism, which has been largely centred upon European and North American contexts. It also helps to understand how one mode of racialization through biometrics is replaced by another, which empowers a new form of racial governance. Drawing on my analysis of the postwar Japanese fingerprinting system, I suggest that it is important to register different forms of racialization through biometrics as there are different forms of racialized control in different historical and geographical contexts.

Cross-Border Mobility in Nogales Since Trump’s Election

ABSTRACT Building upon previous research on mobility, our study applies the concept of motility as developed by Kaufmann to border towns. This paper seeks to extend our knowledge on cross-border mobility under the Trump presidency by analyzing cross-border practices at the Mexico/US border, in the border towns of Nogales, Arizona and Sonora. The results of the survey lead us to conclude that though the border is present in the residents’ daily lives, the dynamics that shape the border are changing. Cross-border mobility is reorganized locally in a context of rebordering and increased border surveillance.

A Review on Surveillance using Thermal Imaging System for Animals and Birds in the Field of Agriculture

- Thermal imaging systems are most commonly associated with military and defense. It is most used by the military, army and in navy also for border surveillance and law enforcement. Also in the detection of heat leakage from buildings, inspection of defects on technical installations or building protection against the unwanted entry of undesirable persons. In the field of healthcare, both for humans and animals also it used. By considering the various application of thermal image this technique is helpful for farmers in detection of crop diseases. Not only crop disease but also in the detection of animals. This paper intends to focus on the survey on application of thermal image processing in agriculture field such as imaging techniques for crop protection in order to monitor the birds and animals.

Resurgence risk for malaria, and the characterization of a recent outbreak in an Amazonian border area between French Guiana and Brazil

BackgroundIn 2017, inhabitants along the border between French Guiana and Brazil were affected by a malaria outbreak primarily due to Plasmodium vivax (Pv). While malaria cases have steadily declined between 2005 and 2016 in this Amazonian region, a resurgence was observed in 2017.MethodsTwo investigations were performed according to different spatial scales and information details: (1) a local study on the French Guiana border, which enabled a thorough investigation of malaria cases treated at a local village health center and the entomological circumstances in the most affected neighborhood, and (2) a regional and cross-border study, which enabled exploration of the regional spatiotemporal epidemic dynamic. Number and location of malaria cases were estimated using French and Brazilian surveillance systems.ResultsOn the French Guianese side of the border in Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock, the attack rate was 5.5% (n = 4000), reaching 51.4% (n = 175) in one Indigenous neighborhood. Entomological findings suggest a peak of Anopheles darlingi density in August and September. Two female An. darlingi (n = 1104, 0.18%) were found to be Pv-positive during this peak. During the same period, aggregated data from passive surveillance conducted by Brazilian and French Guianese border health centers identified 1566 cases of Pv infection. Temporal distribution during the 2007–2018 period displayed seasonal patterns with a peak in November 2017. Four clusters were identified among epidemic profiles of cross-border area localities. All localities of the first two clusters were Brazilian. The localization of the first cluster suggests an onset of the outbreak in an Indigenous reservation, subsequently expanding to French Indigenous neighborhoods and non-Native communities.ConclusionsThe current findings demonstrate a potential increase in malaria cases in an area with otherwise declining numbers. This is a transborder region where human mobility and remote populations challenge malaria control programs. This investigation illustrates the importance of international border surveillance and collaboration for malaria control, particularly in Indigenous villages and mobile populations.

Military Based Automated Guided Vehicle System

The interest of this research is to provide a solution to the use of Unmanned Ground Vehicles in military applications. This paper model such an Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) that can not only be used as load carriers but also as transportation and surveillance vehicles with an ability to communicate, too. From border surveillance to carrying arms & ammunitions for the camps, there are a lot many applications of this AGV. Furthermore, changing the intelligence of the system to fully automated possible applications are explored in this paper. With this intelligence system, vehicles can provide constant updates about its surroundings, and the data shared with peer vehicles will include information on potential and sudden obstacles on the route. Communication of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or any other AGV can be achieved. The study concludes that the objective of an autonomous vehicle system in military and other applications can be achieved by this model.

RGIM: An Integrated Approach to Improve QoS in AODV, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols for FANETS Using the Chain Mobility Model

Abstract Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles that communicate without any predefined infrastructure. FANET, being one of the most researched topics nowadays, finds its scope in many complex applications like drones used for military applications, border surveillance systems and other systems like civil applications in traffic monitoring and disaster management. Quality of service (QoS) performance parameters for routing e.g. delay, packet delivery ratio, jitter and throughput in FANETs are quite difficult to improve. Mobility models play an important role in evaluating the performance of the routing protocols. In this paper, the integration of two selected mobility models, i.e. random waypoint and Gauss–Markov model, is implemented. As a result, the random Gauss integrated model is proposed for evaluating the performance of AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), DSR (dynamic source routing) and DSDV (destination-Sequenced distance vector) routing protocols. The simulation is done with an NS2 simulator for various scenarios by varying the number of nodes and taking low- and high-node speeds of 50 and 500, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed model improves the QoS performance parameters of AODV, DSR and DSDV protocol.

The Molecular Data Organization for Publication (MDOP) R package to aid the upload of data to shared databases.

Molecular identification methods, such as DNA barcoding, rely on centralized databases populated with morphologically identified individuals and their referential nucleotide sequence records. As molecular identification approaches have expanded in use to fields such as food fraud, environmental surveys, and border surveillance, there is a need for diverse international data sets. Although central data repositories, like the Barcode of Life Datasystems (BOLD), provided workarounds for formatting data for upload, these workarounds can be taxing on researchers with few resources and limited funding. To address these concerns, we present the Molecular Data Organization for Publication (MDOP) R package to assist researchers in uploading data to public databases. To illustrate the use of these scripts, we use the BOLD system as an example. The main intent of this writing is to assist in the movement of data, from academic, governmental, and other institutional computer systems, to public locations. The movement of these data can then better contribute to the global DNA barcoding initiative and other global molecular data efforts.

On the computational complexity of the patrol boat scheduling problem with complete coverage

AbstractOur study is primarily concerned with analyzing the computational complexity of the patrol boat scheduling problem with complete coverage (PBSPCC). This combinatorial optimization problem has important implications for maritime border protection and surveillance operations. The objective of the PBSPCC is to find a minimum size patrol boat fleet to provide ongoing continuous coverage at a set of maritime patrol regions, ensuring that there is at least one vessel on station in each patrol region at any given time. This requirement is complicated by the necessity for patrol vessels to be replenished on a regular basis in order to carry out patrol operations indefinitely. We introduce the PBSPCC via an example, discuss its relationship to related but dissimilar problems in the literature and proffer a mathematical description of the problem. We then show that the PBSPCC is ‐hard by a transformation of the Hamiltonian graph decision problem into the problem of finding a minimum cyclic covering of a patrol network. We conclude that the associated decision problem of whether a patrol network has a continuous cover is ‐complete, subject to the requirement that patrol covering solutions are cyclic of a bounded polynomial order.

Surveillance Aircraft and the Borders of Schengen

There is a widespread perception that the development of surveillance technologies in border management is antagonistic to civil liberties. This article attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the need for new technological means to survey the EU’s external border. Contrary to the critics, it contends that there is no liberty without security. It argues that the so-called militarisation of the EU’s borders is a precondition for countering the dangers which threaten our liberties. These dangers include organised cross-border crime, illegal migration and incursions by hostile powers. The article also demonstrates that the use of border surveillance aircraft contributes to saving lives at the EU’s external border and that the use of modern technologies generates record trails which make it easier to track potential human rights abuses committed by border guards. To manage migration, facilitate legitimate commerce, monitor for illegal waste dumping and guarantee the undisturbed functioning of our institutions, improved border management with the help of modern technologies is a necessity.

Single Pursuer and Two Cooperative Evaders in the Border Defense Differential Game

An interest in border defense, surveillance, and interdiction has recently increased for a variety of reasons related to issues of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and other potential threats. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive alternative to supporting and defending various threats at borders. This paper applies a differential game to define a border defense scenario where one UAV (pursuer) seeks to capture two intruders (evaders) before they reach a designated border. The evaders can be UAVs, marine or ground vehicles, or human agents, but they have a lower maximum speed than the pursuer throughout the game. Simple motion is assumed for the pursuer and evaders with complete state information shared across all agents. The game is played within a rectangular area with a parallel top and bottom border of length and left and right borders with a length of , for a game aspect ratio of . The value of the game is the minimum distance to the bottom border achieved by the evaders at any time before capture of both evaders. Within the region where the pursuer wins, the game of degree is explored and the optimal policy for both the evaders and pursuer is derived using geometric properties.

Secure Path Key Establishment Schemes Based on Random Key Management for WSN

A large number of the path key establishment schemes regard same probability of the node capture attack for each node in the wireless sensor networks. However, in certain critical applications this statement may not be right making such schemes less practical for many real-world applications like border surveillance and disaster management. In this paper, an attack matrix (AM) is designed to calculate the attack coefficient of the sensor nodes at the time of their positioning in the sensor field. The path key exposure problem is minimized by bypassing the nodes with greatest value of attack coefficient. Three attack-resistant path key establishment schemes are presented based on the AM namely attack-resistant proxy-based path key establishment, attack-resistant friend-based path key establishment and attack-resistant disjoint path key establishment. We find that the proposed schemes show improved performance compared to the existing path key establishment schemes. The resistance against node capture of proposed schemes has been verified based on the probability of key recovery and path compromise ratio. The result outcomes prove their expediency in diminishing node capture impact.

RESERVE: An Energy-Efficient Edge Cloud Architecture for Intelligent Multi-UAV

With the increasing attraction of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in civil, public, and military applications, multi-UAV systems can perform environmental and disaster monitoring, border surveillance, and search and rescue. It is foreseen that these multi-UAV-based applications will be an important trend for edge computing scenarios. However, due to UAVs’ limited energy supplies as well as their continuous increase in the number of sensors, energy efficiency is a critical issue in multi-UAV systems. We believe that the fusion of edge computing and cloud computing can provide effective support for energy savings. This article presents an energy-efficient edge cloud architecture called RESERVE for intelligent multi-UAV. Under RESERVE, we study the energy-efficient computation offloading decision-making problem in a decentralized manner. The problem is formulated as a three-layer game in which the discretionary approach to reaching Nash Equilibrium is presented. Based on the proposed game, we design decentralized algorithms for two different cases. The algorithms can both achieve Nash Equilibrium. Furthermore, we propose a decentralized computation offloading mechanism and analyze the performance of the game by its efficiency ratio. We conduct simulation experiments and design a framework prototype. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed game methods can achieve more than 30 percent extra energy consumption reduction compared with the state-of-the-art decentralized algorithm and less than 10 percent performance loss relative to the centralized solution. The prototype framework we have developed proves the concept we propose.

MUSCOP: Mission-Based UAV Swarm Coordination Protocol

Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become the preferred, and sometimes the only support tool when facing critical scenarios such as earthquakes, search and rescue missions, and border surveillance. In these scenarios, deploying a UAV swarm instead of a single UAV can provide additional benefits when, for example, cargo carrying requirements exceed the lifting power of a single UAV, or when the deployment of several UAVs simultaneously can accelerate the accomplishment of the mission, and broaden the covered area. To this aim, in this paper we present MUSCOP, a protocol that allows multiple UAVs to perfectly coordinate their flight when performing planned missions. Experimental results show that the proposed protocol is able to achieve a high degree of swarm cohesion independently of the swarm formation adopted, and even in the presence of very lossy channels, achieving minimal synchronization delays and very low position offsets with regard to the ideal case.

The Strasbourg Court Judgement N.D. and N.T. v Spain. A Carte Blanche to Push Backs at EU External Borders?

This Paper examines the N.D. and N.T v Spain judgment by the European Court of Human Rights (EtCHR) of 13 February 2020. The Grand Chamber of the Strasbourg Court concluded that expedited expulsions to Morocco (pushbacks or ‘hot returns’) by Spanish authorities at the border fences in Melilla did not amount to a violation of the prohibition of collective expulsions under Article 4 Protocol 4 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). Counterintuitively, the Court’s ruling is not a carte blanche for states to engage in automatic expulsions or push backs of irregular immigrants and asylum seekers at EU external borders. The Grand Chamber has confirmed that the notion of expulsion for ECHR purposes covers non-admission border management policies, and it applies to every individual irrespective of seeking asylum or not. It has also held that governments must not instrumentally frame certain parts of their territory through law as ‘non-territory’ to escape from their ECHR obligations in the context of border policies. The Grand Chamber has also demanded that States provide genuine and effective access to legal entry mechanisms for purposes of asylum and employment. The N.D. and N.T v Spain judgement is, however, fraught with legal inconsistencies and factual inaccuracies. It denies justice to voiceless victims of human rights violations. The ruling’s inconsistent legal argumentation leaves crucial nuances to avoid arbitrariness and rule of law violations in states’ border policies. By focusing on the individuals’ own conduct instead of the Spanish authorities’ compliance with the ECHR, the judgement displaces the individual from the heart towards the periphery of the ECHR system. It wrongly applies an ‘own conduct doctrine’ to human rights which are absolute in nature and accept no exception. The judges’ arguments are also factually wrong, chiefly in respect of the practical accessibility by the applicants to legal channels for admission to Spain. The Grand Chamber’s choice to first assess whether the individual is worthy of human rights contradicts Article 1 ECHR and the Strasbourg Court mandate to impartially and independently supervise States parties’ compliance with everyone’s human rights within their jurisdiction. The ruling provides an inequivalent level of human rights calling for lower protection standards in contradiction to those required by United Nations human rights bodies. It is also incompatible with the Spanish government’s obligations under EU law to comply with human rights in border control and surveillance policies, and the fundamental right to asylum.

Towards an Machine Learning-Based Edge Computing Oriented Monitoring System for the Desert Border Surveillance Use Case

The design of border surveillance systems is critical for most countries in the world, having each border specific needs. This paper focuses on an Internet of Things oriented surveillance system to be deployed in the Sahara Desert, which is composed of many unattended fixed platforms, where the nodes in the edge have a Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) camera for field monitoring. To reduce communications and decentralise the processing, IR images should be fully computed on the edge by an Automated Target Recognition (ATR) algorithm, tracking and identifying targets of interest. As edge nodes are constrained in energy and computing capacity, this work proposes two ATR systems to be executed in low-power microprocessors. Both proposals are based on using Bag-of-Features for feature extraction and a supervised algorithm for classification, both differing in segmenting the InfraRed image in regions of interest or working directly with the whole image. Both proposals are successfully applied to infer about a dataset generated to this end, getting a trade-off between computing cost and detection capacity. As a result, the authors obtained a detection capacity of up to 97% and a frame rate of up to 5.71 and 59.17, running locally on the edge device and the workstation, respectively.