Surplus Production Research Articles

An Ex-post Impact Assessment of Seed-to-Seed Mechanization in Maize in Telangana State, India

In Telangana, India, maize is cultivated in large areas next to rice and cotton. Considering the importance of the crop, Professor Jayashankar Telangana state Agricultural University (PJTSAU) is focusing on the development of new maize hybrids and agro-technologies that increase yield and income for farmers and reduce input and management costs. In order to evaluate the impacts of seed-to-seed mechanization technology, the Economic Surplus (ES) approach was applied in the present study that quantifies aggregate social benefits which includes producer and consumer surplus. Results revealed a total surplus of Rs. 19.61 lakhs, mainly benefiting producers (72.09 per cent) and consumers (27.91 per cent). The investment in seed-to-seed mechanization demonstrated a promising 23 per cent internal rate of return (IRR), a net present value (NPV) of Rs. 3.2 lakhs, and a favorable BC ratio of 1.67:1. The results of study found that the adoption of novel technology increased farm income and reduced the labour cost.

Development of a new control rule for managing anthropogenic removals of protected, endangered or threatened species in marine ecosystems.

Human activities in the oceans are increasing and can result in additional mortality on many marine Protected, Endangered or Threatened Species (PETS). It is necessary to implement ambitious measures that aim to restore biodiversity at all nodes of marine food webs and to manage removals resulting from anthropogenic activities. We developed a stochastic surplus production model (SPM) linking abundance and removal processes under the assumption that variations in removals reflect variations in abundance. We then consider several 'harvest' control rules, included two candidate ones derived from this SPM (which we called 'Anthropogenic Removals Threshold', or ART), to manage removals of PETS. The two candidate rules hinge on the estimation of a stationary removal rate. We compared these candidate rules to other existing control rules (e.g. potential biological removal or a fixed percentage rule) in three scenarios: (i) a base scenario whereby unbiased but noisy data are available, (ii) scenario whereby abundance estimates are overestimated and (iii) scenario whereby abundance estimates are underestimated. The different rules were tested on a simulated set of data with life-history parameters close to a small-sized cetacean species of conservation interest in the North-East Atlantic, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and in a management strategy evaluation framework. The effectiveness of the rules were assessed by looking at performance metrics, such as time to reach the conservation objectives, the removal limits obtained with the rules or temporal autocorrelation in removal limits. Most control rules were robust against biases in data and allowed to reach conservation objectives with removal limits of similar magnitude when averaged over time. However, one of the candidate rule (ART) displayed greater alignment with policy requirements for PETS such as minimizing removals over time.

Qlaʿ: A Royal Oil- and Wine-Production Centre in the Kingdom of Israel

Salvage excavations at Qlaʿ, a small fortified Iron IIB site in the southwestern Samaria Highlands, conducted in 1980, revealed several stone-built structures, numerous rock-cut olive-oil extracting installations and two large wine presses. In this article we present the main findings from this investigation, discuss technological and economic aspects of local production and evaluate the probability of royal ownership. In our opinion, the features of this site and other nearby settlements indicate that it was one of the royal production centres of the Kingdom of Israel in the 8th century BCE. The finds uncovered at the site showcase a unique attempt of transformation from a simple subsistence economy into a surplus production, profit-oriented, ‘market’ economy. This process was initiated and led by the central government in Samaria and probably provided economic prosperity and political strength in the days of Jeroboam II (786–746 BCE). Olive oil and wine were produced at Qlaʿ continuously until the very last days of the Kingdom of Israel.

Bilateral Models of Cross-Licensing for Smart Products

Motivated by the new practice of cross-licensing and price competition in smart products, as well as the lack of cross-licensing literature, this article develops a theoretical framework to investigate the incentive for bilateral cross-licensing between two competing firms with asymmetric bargaining power under price competition in smart products. In this article, one firm possesses quality-improving innovation, and another offers cost-reducing innovation for smart products. We find regardless of cost-reducing innovation scale, when the production cost of a holder of quality-improving technology is high enough, the competing firms have the motivation to cross-licensing; compared with a quantity competition, cross-licensing in price competition draws a higher price and producer surplus, but lower consumer surplus and poorer social welfare. This is an interesting finding for the discussion over whether a Bertrand price competition is more efficient than a Cournot quantity competition; and price competition, plus the stability of tacit collusion in cross-licensing, requires that participants have moderate bargaining power. Our article provides a potential explanation for the use of cross-licensing in the smart product industry with price competition, as well as management insights for decision makers by considering different effects elicited by cross-licensing of the smart products.

Effect of the titanium-dioxide addition on the structural, dielectric, and mechanical properties of different cement-based mortars with corundum aggregate

The primary objective of this study was to look into the role of titanium dioxide in the production of corundum-based mortars, with a focus on finding the optimal mortar composition for achieving improved mechanical and dielectric performances. Changes in the mix design (different binders, different additive dosages), as well as their effects on the hydration pathway, chemical bonds, phase modifications, and microstructure, were examined. These findings were then correlated to the designed mortars' mechanical strengths and dielectric properties. Experimental mortars were produced with binders made from ordinary Portland cement, high alumina cement, and their mixtures, and corundum as aggregate. Titanium dioxide was employed as an additive (3 and 5wt.%). Nine different mortars were submitted for comprehensive mineralogical and microstructural characterization upon curing and solidification. The compressive and flexural strengths were monitored throughout the 28-day period. The dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss tangent (tanδ), and electrical resistivity (ρ) were measured over a frequency range of 100Hz to 1MHz. XRD analysis highlighted the appearance of mayenite as a dielectric-prone phase in the samples doped with titanium dioxide. Differential thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy identified a higher amount of extra-low crystalline phase in OPC and HAC mortars with TiO2 addition, which accelerated hydration mechanisms, created a surplus of hydration products and made a more compact cement matrix. TiO2 added in 3wt.% amount led to higher mechanical strengths in OPC-based mortars, while it improved the dielectric properties of HAC mortars.

Designing control systems and multimode power management of WECS including Energy Storage

This research focuses on the design of a nonlinear controller and establishes an efficient management of aerogenerators. The system comprises a wind turbine driving a permanent magnet generator, which transfers power to the grid via a Vienna converter and a DC network associated with a battery storage system. To handle the unpredictable nature of wind power and consumption variations, one introduces a voltage controller and a unique energy management strategy. This approach operates in two modes: i) Maximum energy extraction uses intelligent adaptive optimization based solely on measurements of electrical signals; and ii) adaptive production, based on network demand. Dual employed modes meet the power factor criteria, which improves the aerogenerator’s efficiency. Additionally, the storage unit can store the surplus production and feed the grid when demand increases. Simulations demonstrate the achievement of all control objectives, emphasizing the usefulness of the proposed control and management system.

Evaluation of the status of marine fishery resources of Tamil Nadu, India using surplus production models

Evaluation of the status of marine fishery resources of Tamil Nadu, India using surplus production models

Estimating the Total Annual Economic Loss Attributed to Climate Variations in Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary: The Case of Fishing and Farming Activities in Talacogon, Agusan del Sur, Philippines

The cost of alterations in the quantity or quality of ecosystem services (ES) that are traded on commercial markets can be approximated with the aid of a revealed preference approach, such as the market price method. This study used the market price method to estimate the total annual economic loss from the changes in the demand and supply of fish and crops due to climate variations in Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS). Household interviews were done in the municipality of Talacogon using four sets of structured survey instruments to gather information such as the quantity supplied monthly by fisherfolks and farmers as well as the quantity demanded by residents at different market prices. The consumer surplus and producer surplus during peak and off-seasons were calculated to estimate the annual loss in economic benefits to consumers and producers. The most commonly consumed and produced products in terms of fishing and farming were Channa striata and Oryza sativa L., respectively. Climate variations have an impact on both fishing and farming commercial activities. During the dry season (March to August), fewer fish are caught due to low water levels in rivers and lakes, while crops cannot be planted during the wet season (September to February) because a lot of land areas are flooded. The total annual economic loss was calculated at PHP 99,974.50. This estimated monetary value can be a basis for decision-makers and concerned stakeholders to efficiently allocate funds for sustainable programs to capacitate the fisherfolks and farmers to increase adaptation mechanisms for climate variations.

EKONOMI MATEMATIKA: BAGAIMANA FUNGSI LINEAR MENENTUKAN KESIMBANGAN HARGA PASAR

The primary objective of this scientific inquiry is to thoroughly investigate and expound upon the practical application and implementation of linear function equations within the domain of economic mathematics. The central focus lies in dissecting the intricate modeling of market equilibrium prices, with a specific emphasis on the assessment of consumer and producer surpluses associated with essential commodities, such as rice. The core methodology of this study involves an in-depth literature review, which serves as the backbone for understanding the nuances of market equilibrium price models and the nuanced application of linear equations within economic mathematics. The economic and business disciplines are often considered semi-precise sciences, demanding a nuanced blend of qualitative and quantitative analyses to achieve a comprehensive understanding of their multifaceted dynamics. In this context, quantitative analysis in economics and business invariably necessitates the utilization of mathematics as an indispensable tool. Hence, this study consciously adopts a quantitative research approach, a methodological process rooted in the systematic acquisition of knowledge using numerical data as a tool to dissect and analyze crucial information relevant to the subject matter. Delving into the intricacies of supply and demand laws through the lens of linear functions, the study ultimately concludes that the adoption of mathematical models grounded in linear functions holds the potential to effectively determine the demand and supply functions, especially concerning staple commodities like rice. Moreover, it proves instrumental in identifying and comprehending market equilibrium, furnishing invaluable insights that can significantly contribute to a nuanced understanding and effective management of economic phenomena. In essence, this research aims not only to contribute to the theoretical discourse in economic mathematics but also to provide practical insights that can inform decision-making processes within the realms of economics and business.

Modern Methods Used in Enterprise Resource Planning About the Business of International and Iraqi Commercial Companies

The concept of enterprise resource planning depends on knowledge and the production of knowledge and its optimal use to determine the nature of the economy and its activities and means. Plan and expand the resources, methods, and techniques used in these activities. Research, planning, and development are important factors in the economy, and countries seek to invest in this important activity to achieve a renewable and diversified source of research and development. The economic institutions of these countries have become a window to get rid of surplus production that exceeds the need of the local market to be able to create a future vision for the possibilities of advancing this activity and its vital role for the economy and society. For it to be a model that can be applied, followed, and benefited from in drawing a picture of a bright role in an effective economic activity, despite the difficulty of obtaining some data and indicators related to this important activity in Iraq and some of them. This led to an increase in the volume of international competition based on product quality and lower costs and prices.

An analysis of a rural hospital's investment decision under different payment systems.

From an economic perspective, large investments in medical equipment are justifiable only when many patients benefit. Although rural hospitals play a crucial role locally, the treatments they can offer are limited. In this study, I characterize investment level that maximizes the total surplus, encompassing patients' welfare and producer surplus, and subtracting treatment costs. Specifically, I account for economic externalities generated by the investment in the rural hospital and for different utility losses that patients suffer when they cannot be treated locally. I demonstrate that the optimal investment level can be implemented if the Health Authority has the power to set specific prices for each disease. Additionally, I explore a decentralized situation wherein the investment decision lies with the rural hospital manager, and the Health Authority can only make a discrete decision between two payment systems: Fee-for-service, which covers all treatment costs, or Diagnosis-Related-Groups, which reimburses a price per patient based on the overall average cost. I find that the Diagnosis-Related-Groups system outperforms the Fee-for-service in terms of total surplus when the treatment cost at the rural hospital is lower. However, when the rural hospital has higher costs and the Health Authority seeks to incentivize investment, the Fee-for-service system is superior.

Proyeksi Produksi dan Keunggulan Komparatif Perdagangan Ubi Kayu Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the largest cassava importers among the ten cassava-producing countries. While there is a production surplus, Indonesia's cassava imports tend to increase yearly to meet industrial needs. This research has four objectives. First, to analyze (change) the production and trade of the world's largest cassava-producing countries in the future and the implications for Indonesia. Second, to evaluate the enabling environment for cassava production and marketing. Third, to identify the comparative advantages of Indonesia's cassava trade compared to other producing countries. Fourth, evaluate the potential for partnerships to increase Indonesian cassava production and marketing sustainability. This study used FAOSTAT data (1961-2020) projected to 15 years (2021-2035) with a double exponential smoothing method. Comparative advantages are evaluated with the Relative Export Advantage, Relative Import Advantage, Relative Trade Advantage, Net Export, and Grubel-Lloyd indexes. This study found that Indonesia's cassava harvested area will likely decrease while cassava imports will likely increase. Indonesia has a comparative advantage in exporting cassava. However, it is under-optimized due to inefficient cassava trades at the regional level and less successful cassava partnerships (between farmers and industry). This study recommends improving cassava production and trade conditions through improving enabling environments and collaborations between actors in the cassava chain.

Surf & Turf: The role of intensification and surplus production in the development of social complexity in coastal vs terrestrial habitats

Social complexity in coastal and terrestrial environments both emerge as forms of subsistence intensification on previous foraging patterns but take different trajectories because of differences in the spatial and temporal structure and density of harvestable biomass between the two ecozones. Norms and values surrounding standards of living motivate households to intensify production above what is needed for mere survival (i.e., surplus), which in turn has the effect of providing a buffer against unpredictable shortfalls and longer-term population-resource imbalances caused by population growth. Economies of scale introduced by increasing labor group size and differentiation as well as technology fund the production and consumption of surplus and drive the emergence of social complexity among foragers and cultivators alike.

Role of Microfinance and Self Help Groups in Rural Women Empowerment – A Study of Two Sub district under Mahisagar District, Gujarat

Being the most important program in the SHG movement in India, NABARD started the pilot phase of SHG Bank Linkage Program in February 1992. This was the first example of a viable SHG financed directly by a commercial bank. Informal saving and borrowing groups of the poor were recognized as bankable customers. Soon after the SHG-bank linkage was in place, RBI advised commercial banks to consider lending to SHGs as part of their rural credit operations. Linking SHGs with the financial sector was good for both sides. Because banks were able to enter the money lending market, borrowers were lower income families, household costs were lower, and repayment rates were higher. By joining SHGs they were able to expand their operations with more credit and they had productive surplus funds for more credit. (Reddy and Maneck, 2005). This research paper attempts to examine the impact of microfinance in the context of poverty alleviation and socio-economic empowerment of women. Help empower women through microfinance by supporting women's economic participation, thus promoting gender equality and improving household welfare. To study the role of microfinance and self-help groups (SHGs) in women empowerment, Santrampur and Virpur sub district of Mahisagar district have been selected, for the present study a total of 20 SHG organizations have been selected from these two sub district and Out of these 20 SHGs, 150 respondents have been selected for the research. has been selected to start the job. Here tabular analysis has been used to analyze the data collected from local survey reports.

A Framework for the Fair Pricing of Medicines.

As high-cost medicines put increasing pressure on public health care budgets, the need to identify 'fair' prices for medicines has never been greater. This paper proposes a framework, built upon fundamental economic principles, that allows for the consideration of 'fair' prices for medicines. The framework incorporates key considerations from conventional supply-side and demand-side approaches for specifying a cost-effectiveness 'threshold', including the health opportunity cost borne by other patients ([Formula: see text]) and society's willingness to pay for marginal improvements in population health ([Formula: see text]). The costs incurred by manufacturers in developing and supplying new medicines are also considered, as are the incentives for manufacturers to strategically price up to any common price per unit of benefit (cost-effectiveness 'threshold') specified by the payer. The framework finds that, at any 'fair' price, a medicine's dynamically calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) lies below [Formula: see text]. When pricing medicines collectively, the framework finds that a common price below [Formula: see text] is required to maximize population health (consumer surplus) or to maximize total welfare (consumer and producer surplus). This framework has important policy implications for payers who wish to improve population health outcomes from constrained health care budgets. In particular, existing approaches to 'value-based pricing' should be reconsidered to ensure that patients receive a 'fair' share of the resulting economic surplus.

Risk management for barter exchange policy under retail industry

Nowadays, barter exchange has become growingly popular in the national and global industries as an alternative to excessive inventory transfers. Many companies exchange their surplus products on barter platforms for products they need without using money. In a traditional supply chain, the retailer holds unsold products that hinder the supply chain's profitability from reaching its maximum level. This paper solves this issue by proposing a stochastic model of two players (single manufacturer, single retailer) with trade-credit (delayed payment) and barter exchange policy under a supply chain management. In this work, to entice the retailer and increase sales, the manufacturer grants a credit payment facility to the retailer on the items ordered for a specified period, and the manufacturer does not charge any interest on the outstanding amount during this credit period. The concept of a credit period raises the possibility of default risk. In this case, some interest is charged. Several investments are made here to diminish setup and ordering costs and improve the product quality of the system. This work focuses on the flexible production to manage the demand uncertainty and the marginal reduction technology to lessen carbon emissions that occur during the production and inventory holding. In contrast, a retailer can exchange unsold items in the barter market for its required products, which is extensively discussed in this study. Finally, the maximum profit is assessed in terms of credit period, investments, quality improvement, and production rate. The result numerically and graphically proves a huge impact of the barter platform for any business industry on overstock transfers, conserving cash, managing unpredictable demand, and reaching the maximum profit. Moreover, the significant finding is observed in the proposed work that the idea of the flexible production, barter exchange policy, and several investments increase the system profit up to 50.55%.

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Bread Wheat Technologies at Highlands of Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Increment of human population with the depletion of natural resources is challenging agriculture-based economy of developing countries. Hence, it is mandatory to find possible solutions to feed the increasing population. Ethiopian government has a vision the motto of food self-sufficiency by wheat production. for surplus production breeders have released many bread wheat varieties for different agroecologies. Therefore, released variety must be extended to the end users. This activity was proposed to evaluate bread wheat varieties at highlands of Guji zone. Three districts were selected based their wheat production potential. Sinja, Wane and Sanate bread wheat varieties were demonstrated on 10mx10m of 21 farmers’ land. Training and mini field day was organized for bread wheat promotion in selected districts. Descriptive statistics and cost-benefit analysis were used to analysis the data. The result showed that highest yield of 28.71qt/ha was harvested from Sanate followed by Wane (26.29 qt/ha) and Sinja (23 qt/ha) varieties. Production of Sanate, Wane and Sinja in highlands of Guji zone could generate 55489 birr/ha, 61263 birr/ha and 49846 birr/ha, respectively. Regardless of higher yield of Sanate experimental farmers preferred Wane variety as its color attract the market demand. Farmers witnessed the higher yield, good return and acceptance of Wane variety. Hence, Wane variety should be disseminated in highlands of Guji zone through pre scaling up and large scale production.

Selection of suppliers using FBWM-FGRA hybrid approach in hospital food supply chain

In the current study, a new approach to assess and select food suppliers in hospitals is presented using integrated group evaluation method of fuzzy best- worst method (FBWM) and fuzzy gray relational analysis (FGRA). Evaluation criteria are selected by experts and weighed by the fuzzy best-worst method. After that, suppliers are rated using FGRA method. The proposed approach was implemented with seven criteria in one of the Iranian hospitals, and the results showed that quality, delivery time and trust criteria had the highest and skilled manpower and lack of surplus production criteria had the lowest score. Using FGRA, existing suppliers were ranked and the appropriate supplier was identified. In order to evaluate the reliability of the results, sensitivity analysis was performed on the criteria changes. The results showed that the supplier’s selection is greatly influenced by the criteria estimation values by the experts.

The Effectiveness of Regulation of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries Number 2 of 2015 Concerning the Utilization of Demersal Fish Landed at PPN Brondong, Lamongan

The Nusantara Fishing Port of Brondong in Lamongan, is one of the largest fishing bases in East Java. Types of fish caught by fishermen are dominated by Nemipterus japonicus, Upeneus moluccensis, and Gerres oyena. The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization rate of demersal fish landed at PPN Brondong, Lamongan. This research was conducted using quantitative and descriptive statistical methods. Maximum sustainable yield analysis uses the production surplus model from Schaefer (1954). Based on the model of Schaefer (1954) demersal fish are stated in a fully exploited to over exploited condition. Analysis of the Schaefer model (1954) found the Fmsy value of 12,457 trips, the Cmsy value of 25,216 tons and the allowable catch of 20,173 tons. PERMEN KP Number 2 of 2015 in terms of response effectiveness according to respondents obtained a value of 52%. Based on research, the issuance of PERMEN KP Number 2 of 2015 was not effective on the level of utilization of demersal fish landed at Nusantara Fishing Port of Brondong, Lamongan.

The influence illegal fishing surveillance policies on marine fisheries business

Illegal fishing that occurs in Indonesian waters has the potential to harm the marine fisheries business. The government seeks to overcome losses due to illegal fishing through policies and surveillance programs through increasing the fleet of surveillance vessels, increasing operations by sea and air and utilizing information technology. Surveillance of illegal fishing is a public policy, in order to measure the impact and benefits of the policy, economic valuation is needed as a basis for stating that the policy is feasible and provides benefits presented in a value. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect impact of illegal fishing Surveillance policies on the marine fisheries business. The research method uses producer surplus and analysis uses Extended Cost Benefit Analysis (ECBA). The results showed that the policy of increasing Surveillance provides positive benefits of Rp.1.8 trillion/year, so the policy is feasible. The policy has the potential to save economic and social losses, when the supervision conditions before the policy of increasing Surveillance of social and economic impacts obtained amounted to Rp.466.9 billion / year and after the policy increased Surveillance to Rp. 2.3 trillion / year. The policy of increasing supervision greatly affects the fisheries business at sea, namely the needs and supply of fish for raw materials for the fishery industry are met, increasing the productivity of catches, absorption of labor as fishermen on ships, sufficient fuel stocks and for the government, state revenues from PNBP and fisheries taxes increase.