Electrode Surface Research Articles

Enhancing Ice Nucleation: The Role of Surface Roughness in Electrofreezing Using Laser Shock Processed Al6061 T6 Electrodes

The present study investigates the impact of the electrode surface roughness on the electrofreezing of water. This research focuses on how the electrode microstructure induced by a laser treatment affects the nucleation and growth of ice crystals under controlled electric fields. For this, electrofreezing experiments of deionized water over electrodes with varying surface roughnesses and crystalline textures were conducted. The electrodes of the Al6061 T6 alloy were microstructured via the Laser Shock Processing (LSP) method. For this purpose, the pulse densities during the LSP process were varied (900, 1600, and 2500 pulses/cm2). The increase in pulse density was correlated to the microstructural features and average roughness of the LSP-treated Al6061 alloy. A wave-like microstructure was induced upon the LSP treatment, with roughnesses between 3.5 and 6 µm at the selected pulse densities. The results indicate that electrode roughness significantly influences the electrofreezing process. Rougher electrodes were found to increase the nucleation temperature, suggesting enhanced ice nucleation activity. These findings are attributed to the increased electric field concentration at the asperities of the rough surfaces and the (111) planes of the Al6061 alloy, which may facilitate the alignment of water molecules and the formation of critical ice nuclei.

Fabrication of ultra-sensitive and disposable electrochemical biosensor: Detection of kidney injury molecule-1 protein in urine for diagnosis of kidney injury

This research study indicates the development of the indium tin oxide-polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) coated electrode-based electrochemical biosensor system to sensitively and specifically detect kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), an acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker. The ITO-PET electrode surface was modified with 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propanethiol (3-TMESP) silane agent. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and single frequency impedance (SFI) techniques were utilized to examine the interactions between anti-KIM-1 antibody and KIM-1 antigen. The ITO-PET electrode surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to analyze the morphological characterization at each electrode development stage. Optimization studies have been conducted to determine the optimal concentrations for detecting the 3-TMESP silane agent, the NHS crosslinker, the anti-KIM-1 antibody, and the optimum incubation period for the anti-KIM-1 antibody and the KIM-1 antigen. Analytical characteristic properties of the developed biosensor, including linear determination range, and the studies of reproducibility, regeneration, repeatability, storage life, and selectivity were investigated. The KIM-1 biosensor system, based on 3-TMESP, has a broad linear range and is capable of providing sensitive measurements between 0.1 fg/mL and 1000 fg/mL. The values of low limits of detection (0.26 fg/mL) and of quantification (0.87 fg/mL) were calculated, highlighting its high sensitivity and precision in detecting KIM-1. In addition, five different commercially purchased human urine samples were tested to validate the practicability of the developed biosensor.

Tailoring Zn2+ Flux by an Ion Acceleration Layer Modified Separator for High-Rate Long-Lasting Zn Metal Anodes.

A large concentration gradient originating from sluggish ion transport on the surface of Zn metal anodes will result in uneven Zn2+ flux, giving rise to severe dendrite growth, especially at high current density. Herein, an ion acceleration layer is introduced by a facile separator engineering strategy to realize modulated Zn2+ flux and dendrite-free deposition. Zinc hexacyanoferrate as the modifying agent featuring strong zincophilicity and rapid diffusion tunnel can enable fast trap for Zn2+ near the electrode surface and immediate transport onto deposition sites, respectively. The ion acceleration effect is substantiated by improved ion conductivity, decreased activated energy, and promoted Zn2+ transference number, which can moderate concentration gradient to guide homogenous Zn2+ flux distribution. As a result, the separator engineering guarantees Zn||Zn symmetrical cells with long-term stability of 2700 h at 2 mA cm-2, and 1770 h at a large current density of 10 mA cm-2. Moreover, cycling stability and rate capability for full cells with different cathodes can be substantially promoted by the modified separator, validating its superior practical feasibility. This study supplies a new scalable approach to tailoring ion flux near the electrode surface to enable robust Zn metal anodes at a high current density.

Electrochemically Gated Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry in Electric Double Layer.

The recent discovery of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) during the activation of small molecules has inspired extensive research across the full span of chemical science. Owing to the nature of weak interactions, it is experimentally challenging to directly observe and modulate FLP at the molecular scale. Here we design a boron cluster anion building block (B10H82-) and organic amine cations ([NR4]+, R= -CH3, -C2H5) as the FLP to prove the feasibility of controlling their interaction in the electric double layer (EDL) via an electrochemical strategy. In situ single-molecule electrical measurements and Raman monitoring of B10H82--[NR4]+ FLP formed at the positively charged Au(111) electrode surface, in contrast to the free-standing B10H82- near or below the potential of zero charge (PZC). Furthermore, this FLP chemistry leads to a shift in the local density of states of boron clusters towards the EF for enhancing electron transport, providing a new prototype of a reversible single-cluster switch that digitally switches upon controlling FLP chemistry in the electric double layer.

Electrochemically Gated Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry in Electric Double Layer

The recent discovery of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) during the activation of small molecules has inspired extensive research across the full span of chemical science. Owing to the nature of weak interactions, it is experimentally challenging to directly observe and modulate FLP at the molecular scale. Here we design a boron cluster anion building block (B10H82‐) and organic amine cations ([NR4]+, R= ‐CH3, ‐C2H5) as the FLP to prove the feasibility of controlling their interaction in the electric double layer (EDL) via an electrochemical strategy. In situ single‐molecule electrical measurements and Raman monitoring of B10H82‐–[NR4]+ FLP formed at the positively charged Au(111) electrode surface, in contrast to the free‐standing B10H82‐ near or below the potential of zero charge (PZC). Furthermore, this FLP chemistry leads to a shift in the local density of states of boron clusters towards the EF for enhancing electron transport, providing a new prototype of a reversible single‐cluster switch that digitally switches upon controlling FLP chemistry in the electric double layer.

A Comprehensive Review of Electromyography in Rehabilitation: Detecting Interrupted Wrist and Hand Movements with a Robotic Arm Approach

Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic technique that measures the electrical activity generated by skeletal muscles. Utilizing electrodes placed either on the skin (surface EMG) or inserted directly into the muscle(intramuscular EMG), it detects electrical signals produced during muscle contractions. EMG is widely employed in clinical and research settings to assess muscle function, diagnose neuromuscular disorders,and guide rehabilitation therapy. Over the years, EMG has evolved from a basic measurement tool into an essential technology within clinical and research environments, propelled by advances in recording techniques and digital innovations. The integration of wearable technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly expanded its applications, particularly in rehabilitation and sports science. By capturing muscle electrical activity through surface or intramuscular electrodes, EMG benefits from enhanced signal processing that improves accuracy and data analysis. Despite challenges such as signal interference and the complexities of movement patterns—especially in wrist and hand rehabilitation—EMG combined with robotic systems offers real-time feedback for precise and personalized therapy. However, obstacles like cost, complexity, and variability among patients still remain. Future advancements aim to make EMG more accessible and to integrate AI for tailored rehabilitation strategies, alongside improvements in sensors and wireless communication to enhance reliability and performance. This review explores various facets of EMG,from its fundamental principles to its application in detecting disrupted wrist and hand movements through robotic approaches. It provides a comprehensive analysis of EMG’s historical and technological evolution, recent innovations like AI and wearable devices, and its extensive applications in rehabilitation and sports science. Detailed case studies illustrate its effectiveness in areas such as stroke recovery and spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Additionally, the review addresses challenges like technical limitations and patient variability while emphasizing the integration of EMG with robotic systems for personalized therapy. It also discusses the significance of real-time feedback, future enhancements in AI and sensor technology, and the pressing need for more affordable, user-friendly solutions to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Sonication-Assisted Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles.

In this work, we propose a method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) utilizing a sonication-assisted electrochemical approach with a common ultrasonic cleaner. Silver nitrate is employed as the precursor and polyvinylpyrrolidone functions as the ligand. The incorporation of sonication is identified as crucial for achieving several benefits such as enhanced mass transfer, improved dispersion of reactants, and the prevention of electrode fouling. Optimized sonication and electrochemical conditions synergistically contribute to a higher yield of well-dispersed Ag NPs, which are characterized by an average size of 10 nm. Furthermore, the electrode's suitability for the continuous synthesis of Ag NPs over an extended period is highlighted owing to effective electrode surface cleaning facilitated by sonication. This cleaning process proves to be essential in maintaining the electrochemical activity of the electrode, ensuring consistency in the synthesis process. The proposed sonication-assisted electrochemical synthesis method not only addresses challenges associated with electrode fouling but also significantly enhances the dispersity and yield of the resulting particles, making it valuable for scalability and practical applications in various fields, including sensors, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Surface Science and Engineering for Electrochemical Materials.

ConspectusIn electrochemical energy storage systems, the reversible storage capacity of battery materials often degrades due to parasitic reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, transitional metal dissolution, and metallic dendrite growth at the surface. Surface engineering techniques offer the opportunity to modify the composition and structure of a surface, thereby enabling control over chemical reactions occurring at the surface and manipulating chemical interactions at the solid-solid or solid-liquid interface. These modifications can help stabilize the surface of electrode materials and prevent unwanted reactions with electrolytes without changing the original properties of the bulk structure. This allows for achieving full theoretical capacity and maximizing battery material capacity retention with minimal overpotentials. In the past decade, our teams have been working on developing a variety of surface engineering techniques. These include applying atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD), templating, doping, and coating via wet-chemical processes to stabilize the surfaces of electrode materials. The aim is to mitigate parasitic side-reactions without impeding charge transfer kinetics, suppress dendrite growth, and ultimately improve the electrode performance.This Account summarizes the research conducted in our research laboratory with an aim to improve battery cycling durability and efficiency by modifying electrode surfaces. We have employed techniques such as ALD, MLD, templating, and wet-chemical processes to illustrate how the stabilized surface improves the performance of lithium-ion (Li-ion), solid-state electrolytes and magnesium-metal (Mg-metal) batteries. For instance, by applying ultrathin layers of inorganic (e.g., Al2O3) or organic-inorganic coatings (e.g., alucone, lithicone, and polyamides) to the surface of LiNixMnyCozO2 (x + y + z = 1, NMC) and silicon (Si) electrodes─usually just a few angstroms or nanometers thick─we have observed notable improvements in cycling efficiency and durability. When using ultrathick electrodes, the traditional electrode fabrication has a problem with high tortuosity, which hinders both rate capability and long-term cycling. To solve this issue, three-dimensional templates have been employed to reduce electrode tortuosity, enabling high-rate performance and long-term cycling. In the case of Mg-metal batteries, the buildup of an insulating MgO layer due to side reactions with electrolytes blocks Mg2+ ion transport, which can ultimately cause the battery to fail. To address this issue, we have developed an artificial solid-electrolyte interface using cyclized polyacrylonitrile and magnesium trifluoromethanesulfonate. This interface prevents the reduction of the carbonate electrolyte while allowing Mg2+ diffusion, ultimately boosting overall cell performance.This Account also discusses the significance of choosing suitable materials and effective surface engineering methods with the objective of enhancing surface properties while preserving the bulk properties of the electrodes. It is believed that surface modification and engineering can not only significantly improve the electrochemical performance of existing battery materials but also facilitate the development of new battery materials that were previously incompatible with current electrolytes. By highlighting these aspects, this Account underscores the transformative potential of surface modification and engineering in battery technology, paving the way for future innovations in energy storage solutions.

Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Electrocatalytic Semi-Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-Diformylfuran by Operando Dissociated N-Oxyl Mediator.

The conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) is a promising approach for enhancing biomass utilization. Nevertheless, traditional methods using noble metal catalysts face challenges due to high costs and poor selectivity towards DFF. Herein, we developed a novel catalytic electrode integrating N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) into a metal-organic framework on a hydrophilic carbon cloth. This design significantly enhances the selective adsorption of HMF due to stronger hydrogen-bond interaction between the electrode's hydrophilic surface and the C(sp3)-OH group in HMF compared to the C(sp2)=O in DFF. Additionally, the electro-driven dissociation of the NHPI-linker generates stabilized N-Oxyl radicals that promote selective semi-oxidation of HMF under neutral conditions. As a result, this approach achieves a high yield rate of 138.2 mol molcat-1 h-1 with a selectivity of 96.7% for the HMF-to-DFF conversion. This work introduces a novel strategy for designing catalytic electrodes with stabilized N-Oxyl radicals, and offers a promising method for electrocatalytic DFF synthesis, leveraging hydrogen-bond interaction between electrode surface and HMF.

Microstructure Evolution Analysis of Ni/YSZ Cermet Electrode using Cross-Sectional Model Cells

Abstract Degradation of solid oxide cells can be partially attributed to the microstructural changes in Ni/YSZ fuel electrodes owing to Ni migration. This study aims to evaluate the microstructural evolution of Ni/YSZ fuel electrodes as a function of the oxygen potential along the thickness direction. To this end, comb-shaped Ni-patterned electrodes were designed on the top layer of a YSZ thin film using two different systems: (a) a symmetrical Ni-patterned electrode and (b) an asymmetrical Ni–Pt electrode with a reference electrode. In the symmetrical electrode, one side of the Ni-patterned electrode operated at the fuel cell (FC) mode, exhibiting expansion that led to an increase in triple-phase boundary (TPB) length and a decrease in electrolyte width. Conversely, the Ni-patterned electrodes that operated in electrolysis (EC) mode showed a slight migration away from the electrolyte. Detailed microstructural changes in the EC mode were examined using the asymmetrical electrode, revealing a correlation between water vapor content and Ni morphology. The results suggest that the amount of water vapor adsorbed on the electrode surface causes the decrease of oxygen potential at TPB. This causes the decrease in the wettability that led to significant change of Ni microstructure across the electrode length.

Hydrogen Spillover Mechanism of Superaerophobic NiSe2‐Ni5P4 Electrocatalyst to Promote Hydrogen Evolution in Saline Water

AbstractThe hydrogen spillover mechanism of metal‐supported electrocatalyst can significantly improve HER activity. However, the rational design of binary heterojunction hydrogen spillover electrocatalysts remains a challenge. Here, a NiSe2‐Ni5P4 heterojunction electrocatalyst with superaerophobic structure is synthesized by using a simple substrate self‐derived strategy. Experimental characterization and theoretical calculation reveal the hydrogen spillover mechanism of NiSe2‐Ni5P4 heterogeneous electrocatalyst. NiSe2 and Ni5P4 synergistically promote the adsorption/dissociation of H2O and the adsorption of H*, respectively. The smaller ΔΦ effectively reduced the electron density at the interface, weakening the proton adsorption at the interface and promoting the migration of H* from NiSe2 to Ni5P4. The NiSe2‐Ni5P4 exhibits excellent HER activity in alkaline electrolyte, requiring only a potential of 65, 270 mV to achieve a current density of 10, 500 mA cm−2, respectively, and a stability of up to 200 h. Moreover, the design of NiSe2‐Ni5P4 with superaerophobic structure can reduce the deposition of impurity ions on the electrode surface and avoid Cl− corrosion of the electrode, which results in NiSe2‐Ni5P4 showing better HER activity and stability than commercial Pt/C in brackish water. This study deepens the understanding of hydrogen spillover mechanism of binary heterojunction electrocatalysts, broadens the application of hydrogen production in complex water quality.

Diffusion coefficients of Al<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>7</sub><sup>–</sup> in low temperature chloroaluminate melt based on triethylamine hydrochloride

With the growing demand for renewable energy sources, much of the research in the battery industry is focused on creating safe and high-capacity energy storage systems that can handle high current loads using inexpensive and readily available materials. The aluminum-ion batteries (AIB) are considered as one of the most promising systems. Such materials as aluminum metal, carbon materials and chloroaluminate ionic liquids are used as anode, cathode and electrolyte, respectively. A low-temperature chloroaluminate melt based on triethylamine hydrochloride (Et3NHCl) is promising and inexpensive electrolytes for AIBs. This melt has the ability to reversibly precipitate/dissolve aluminum metal due to the presence of the Al2Cl7– ion in it. However, the diffusion of Al2Cl7– ions in the Et3NHCl–AlCl3 system has not been studied previously. In the presented work, the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients of the Al2Cl7– anion was studied using chronopotentiometry in the concentration range N = 1.3–1.95 (where N is the molar ratio of aluminum chloride to organic salt). It was shown that diffusion coefficients increase with aluminum chloride content growth in the studied melt: from 1.71·10–7 (N = 1.3) to 4.50·10–7 cm2·s–1 (N = 1.95). This behavior can be caused by the viscosity decrease of the melts with Al2Cl7– concentration growth. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that Et3NHCl–AlCl3 with N = 1.95 is the most suitable electrolyte for AIB. Moreover, it was established that the electrochemical reduction of the Al2Cl7– on the surface of the aluminum electrode is complicated by the nucleation process, which has the lowest overvoltage at N = 1.95.

Novel Eco‐Friendly Electrode: Copper Nanoparticle‐Doped MWCNTs for Green Electro‐Organic Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles With ChCl/Urea as a Solvent and Cocatalyst

ABSTRACTMeticulous electrode design is pivotal in advancing greener and more sustainable electro‐organic synthesis practices. In this research, our team designed and synthesized a copper‐doped electrode on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and characterized it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Subsequently, this electrode was utilized as a catalyst at the electrode surface, serving as a cathode in electro‐oxidation reactions in the presence of phenylacetylene, sodium azide (NaN3), and benzyl halide for the production of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives under ambient temperature, within a 30‐min reaction time, and at atmospheric pressure, achieving an efficiency level ranging from good to excellent, specifically between 88% and 96%. The synthesized 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and melting point. In this paper, choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvents (DES) serve multiple roles in the reaction mechanism. They function as solvents and co‐catalysts, generate weak bases, and provide numerous advantages in green chemistry. These advantages include low toxicity, reduced environmental risks, improved atom economy, and non‐volatility, making them safer alternatives to traditional organic solvents.

Sandwich-Type Electrochemical Aptasensor with Supramolecular Architecture for Prostate-Specific Antigen.

A novel sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor based on supramolecularly immobilized affinity bioreceptor was prepared via host-guest interactions. This method utilizes an adamantane-modified, target-responsive hairpin DNA aptamer as a capture molecular receptor, along with a perthiolated β-cyclodextrin (CD) covalently attached to a gold-modified electrode surface as the transduction element. The proposed sensing strategy employed an enzyme-modified aptamer as the signalling element to develop a sandwich-type aptasensor for detecting prostate-specific antigen (PSA). To achieve this, screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) with electrodeposited reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and gold nanoferns (AuNFs) were modified with the CD derivative to subsequently anchor the adamantane-modified anti-PSA aptamer via supramolecular associations. The sensing mechanism involves the affinity recognition of PSA molecules on the aptamer-enriched electrode surface, followed by the binding of an anti-PSA aptamer-horseradish peroxidase complex as a labelling element. This sandwich-type arrangement produces an analytical signal upon the addition of H2O2 and hydroquinone as enzyme substrates. The aptasensor successfully detected the biomarker within a concentration range of 0.5 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL, exhibiting high selectivity and a detection limit of 0.11 ng/mL in PBS.

Implementation of a simple functionalisation of graphene (Gii-Sens) in the determination of a suitable linker for use in biocatalytic devices

We adapted a single-step method to functionalise three-dimensional graphene foam (Gii-Sens) electrodes with a 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pyr-NHS). The physical and chemical properties of these functionalised electrodes were subsequently probed via Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Combined with data acquired from cyclic voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopy, we confirmed the presence of Pyr-NHS on the surface of the graphene foam in sufficient quantity for it to serve as a suitable linker for the immobilisation of the enzyme glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) on the electrode. Evidence of this immobilisation was provided through electrochemical characterisation, before demonstrating an active enzyme response from GDH via the mediated oxidation of glucose at the electrode surface. A proportional relationship between the concentration of glucose and the peak anodic current from the redox mediator p-aminophenol led to the determination of a high sensitivity of 22.7µA/mM/cm2 and a limit of detection of 5.25 µM. Such a result confirms the viability of these functionalised graphene foam electrodes as a metal-free high-performing anode within miniaturised, glucose-based biocatalytic devices, including enzymatic biofuel cells and biosensors.

Cadmium oxide/calcium ferrite nanocomposite-based enhanced electrochemical sensing of metronidazole

The current study aimed to synthesize a cadmium oxide/calcium ferrite nanocomposite (CdO/CaFe2O4–NC) by sol–gel auto-combustion method, then applied on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode to fabricate a (CdO/CaFe2O4–NC/GCE) as a sensor for the electrochemical detection of metronidazole (MNZ). The characterization of synthesized CaFe2O4-NPs and CdO/CaFe2O4–NC was carried out through various analytical techniques, to confirm surface morphology, crystallite nature, average particle size, magnetic behavior, and stability. It is an effective electrochemical method for the detection of MNZ. The fabricated electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, indicating its diffusion-controlled electron transfer behavior. Thus, CdO/CaFe2O4–NC/GCE was used to quantify MNZ using differential pulse voltammetry with a dynamic range of 0.05–130 µM (R2 = 0.0996) and LOD of 0.034 µM. The electrochemical method showed significant stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility (RSD < 4.00 %). The fabricated sensor was successfully applied to the contaminated water samples with quantitative recoveries up to 93.02 % by the spiking method.

In situ synthetic H2 on composite cathode surface for CH4 production from CO2 in microbial electrosyntshesis

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an innovative technology that employs microbes to synthesize chemicals by reducing CO2.This study explores the CH4 production performance at different cathodic reduction potentials in MES. In this study, in situ H2 production on the surface of composite electrode was realized by regulating cathode potential. Pathway for H2-mediated CH4 synthesis was the main synthesis pathway, but it was susceptible to interfere from the external environment (such as cathode potential, pH). The optimal CH4 production potential was −1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl, meanwhile the CH4 synthesis rate was 58 ± 0.4 mLm−2d−1 and the CE was 67 ± 0.5%. Excessively high reduction potentials (−1.4 V vs Ag/AgCl) reduce the activity of microbial populations at the cathode. Synergistic interactions between H2-producing bacteria (Hydrogenophaga, Clostridium, Enterobacter, and Escherichia coli) and Hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanobacterium and Methanomassiliicocus) promoted efficient synthesis of CH4. These insights provide new perspectives on reactor operation, thus contributing to the efficiency of MES.

A novel Co/Zn-ferrite molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical assay for sensing of gallic acid in plant extracts, wine, and herbal supplement.

In this study, a new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based sensor platform was developed for the electrochemical determination of gallic acid (GAL) in plant extracts, wine, and herbal supplements. Gallic acid is known for its natural antioxidant properties, which play an important role in preventing cell deterioration that can lead to various diseases. In addition, gallic acid has therapeutic potential due to its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties. Accurate analysis of gallic acid in complex matrices, in mixed samples where different components coexist, is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this compound. Cobalt ferrite-zinc-dihydro caffeic acid (CFO_Zn_DHCA) nanoparticles, sphere-like in shape and 5 ± 1nm in size, were incorporated into the MIP-based electrochemical sensor design to enhance the active surface area and porosity of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. The functional monomer chosen for this study was aminophenyl boronic acid (3-APBA). In the GAL/CFO_Zn_DHCA/3-APBA@MIP-GCE sensor, which was developed using photopolymerization (PP), 3-APBA as a functional monomer was designed, and obtained in the presence of basic monomer (HEMA), cross-linker (EGDMA), and initiator (2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone) by keeping it under a UV lamp at 365nm. It aims to detect GAL in real samples such as Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel, Camellia sinensis (green and black tea leaves), wine, and herbal supplements. Morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the designed GAL/CFO_Zn_DHCA/3-APBA@MIP-GCE sensor were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The linear range for the determination of GAL using the indirect method (5.0mM [Fe(CN)6]-3/-4) was found to be 1.0 × 10-13M-1.0 × 10-12M, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for standard solutions werecalculated as 1.29 × 10-14 and 4.29 × 10-14M, respectively. As a result of the study, the developed MIP-based electrochemical sensor was suitable for detecting GAL with high specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. Recovery studies were performed to determine the practical applicability of the sensor, and the results were satisfactory. This innovative sensor platform stands out as a reliable and sensitive analytical tool for determining GAL.

Thermo-electric behavior analysis and coupled model characterization of 21,700 cylindrical ternary lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging

In order to achieve a balance between the precision of thermal behavior simulation of lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging and the practicality of engineering popularization and application, a simple degraded battery thermal model needs to be constructed. In this article, a characterization approach for the coupled battery thermo-electric model affected by cyclic aging is designed. This method is suitable for simulating the thermal behavior of lithium degraded batteries with different materials and shapes under different environmental temperatures. This paper introduces the idea by taking the 21,700 cylindrical ternary lithium batteries as an example. Firstly, based on the interaction mechanism between the growth of the solid electrolyte interface film on the battery negative electrode surface at the microscopic level and the battery thermoelectric coupling characteristics at the macro level, the paper constructs a theoretical model of the degraded battery. Further, it conducts experiments to analyze the battery charging and discharging behaviors in the process of cyclic aging. Based on experimental data, this paper conducts multiple fitting calculations to extract essential modeling parameters. Subsequently, this paper builds the battery physical model in the simulation software based on the above modeling parameters. It applies the battery physical model to simulate the thermal characteristics and temperature field. Then, it conducts experiments to demonstrate the precision of the model. This paper uses the infrared imaging technique to visualize and analyze temperature field variations on the battery surface. And it uses thermocouple temperature sensors to capture the battery surface temperature changes. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, the errors are less than 5 %. Compared with other existing battery thermal models, the model of this paper is more suitable for engineering popularization and application of thermal behavior simulation of lithium batteries affected by cyclic aging.

β-Cyclodextrin-Modified Laser-Induced Graphene Electrode for Detection of N6-Methyladenosine in RNA.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) possesses characteristics of easy handling, miniaturization, and unique electrical properties. We modified the surface of LIG by electropolymerizing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which was used to immobilize antibodies on the electrode surface for highly sensitive detection of targets. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent reversible modification in mammalian messenger RNA and noncoding RNA, influencing the development of various cancers. Here, β-CD was electropolymerized to immobilize the anti-m6A antibody, which subsequently recognized the target m6A. This was integrated into the catalytic hydrogen peroxide-hydroquinone (H2O2-HQ) redox system using phos-tag-biotin to generate electrochemical signals from streptavidin-modified horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP). Under optimal conditions, the biosensor exhibited a linear range from 0.1 to 100 nM with a minimum detection limit of 96 pM. The method was successfully applied to the recovery analysis of m6A from HeLa cells through spiking experiments and aims to inspire strategies for point-of-care testing (POCT).