Surface Treatment Agent Research Articles

Evaluation of the influence of fine particle surface modification with the Hansen solubility parameters

Abstract In this study, we determined the Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) of metal fine particles by experiments based on the Hansen solubility sphere method. A silane coupling treatment was applied to the metal fine particles to determine the HSPs from their dispersibilities. We examined changes in the HSP values after treatment by a silane coupling. We confirmed that the treatment with silane coupling agents, caused the HSPs of the particles to tend towards the HSPs of the surface treatment agent. We suggest that HSP theory is useful for selection of silane coupling agents.

Self-induced liquid crystal q-plate by photoelectric interface activation

Here, we report on the experimental demonstration that highly efficient self-induced spin-orbit optical vortex generation can be achieved by using standard liquid crystal materials and surface treatment agents. This is done by revisiting the recent attempt by Zolot'ko and coworkers to produce self-induced liquid crystal vortex plates using the dc electric field [I. A. Budagovsky, S. A. Shvetsov, and A. S. Zolot'ko, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 637, 47 (2016)] that remains, so far, limited to moderate efficiencies. The phenomenon is the result of the self-back-action of light arising from the spontaneous creation of a liquid crystal topological defect. These results demonstrate photo-electric interface activation as a candidate towards the development of a self-adapted spin-orbit photonic toolbox, thus enabling agile management of the orbital angular momentum of light.

Surface treatment of jute fibre using eco-friendly method and its use in PP composites

Abstract Jute fibre finds application as filler in many polymer matrices. Polypropylene(PP) is a polyolefin which has found to be used extensively in applications where low density and optimum strength is require because of it optimum melting point and ease of processability. Jute has been used as filler in PP. However due to problem in interface adhesion of PP and jute, surface treatment and coupling agent have been used to improve interfacial adhesion. But in all these methods chemicals are used to improve the interfacial adhesion which affect environment and also the people working with it. Here we have used a eco-friendly method to modify the surface of jute. The method involves the treatment of fibre using enzyme. Jute fibre was treated using various concentration of the enzymes and optimum enzyme content was chosen. Modified Jute fibre was used in different concentrations in PP and mechanical properties and thermal properties of the composites were studied.

Organic ammonium salt surface treatment stabilizing all-inorganic CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br perovskite

All-inorganic perovskite cesium lead halides with superior stability, suitable bandgap and high absorption efficient have become a promising candidate for photovoltaic application. In all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites, CsPb<i>X</i><sub>3</sub> (<i>X</i> = Br, I) exhibits excellent photoelectric properties, which are similar to those of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. The CsPbI<sub>3</sub> faces a challenge of unideal tolerant factor for perovskite phase while CsPbI<sub>3–<i>x</i></sub>Br<i><sub>x</sub></i> has better tolerant factor. Among them, CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br is one of most popular candidates because of its good thermal stability. Nevertheless, CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br shows instability due to the phase transition caused by moisture and lower efficiency because of defects. For all inorganic perovskite devices, the alkyl chain length of surface treatment agent should be taken into account when using organic cationic passivation method. In this paper, CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br perovskite is treated with different organic ammonium salts to enhance its phase stability. The experimental results show that <i>α</i>-phase CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br is more stable with the increase of the alkyl chain length. Butylamine iodine (BAI) among three kinds of surface treating agents is proved to have the best defect passivation and phase stabilization effect. With the increase of alkyl chain length, the hydrophobicity of the organic molecular layer increases, which plays a crucial role in protecting optically active CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br. Meanwhile, it is found that the stability of perovskite is enhanced with the concentration of the BAI solution increasing. This should be related to the organic cation termination formed on the surface of CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br film. Solar cell devices based on the CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br thin films treated with different concentrations of BAI are assembled and then the effect of organic ion surface treatment on the photoelectric performance of batteries is further explored. The experimental results show that when the concentration of BAI is relatively high (4 mg/mL and 8 mg/mL), the device’s photovoltaic performance decreases especially the photocurrent obviously decreases, while the post-treatment process using 2 mg/mL BAI will enhance not only the phase stability but also the photovoltaic parameters after defect passivation. Considering both humidity resistance and device efficiency, this work demonstrates that the CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br thin film with suitable BAI treatment can improve the wet stability of perovskite, and enhance the photovoltaic performance.

Effect of surface treatment of cellulose fiber (CF) on durability of PLA/CF bio-composites

Bio-composites made of polylactic acid (PLA) matrix reinforced with cellulose fibers (CF) were prepared using a twin-screw extruder and injection molding. The CFs were coated with epoxy-based surface treatment agents. Accelerated degradation tests were carried out on these PLA/CF composites at high temperatures (60 °C) or at constant temperature and constant humidity (60 °C/70% RH), and the higher-order structure changes and degradation characteristics of the molded products were evaluated. In the accelerated degradation test at 60 °C, the thermal and mechanical properties of PLA/CF composites showed no degradation, whereas at 60 °C and 70% RH, the melting point decreased ca. 25 °C and the storage modulus with increasing elapsed time decreased more than 50%. However, the thermal and mechanical properties of the PLA/CF composites treated with low-molecular-weight epoxy did not degrade, even at the high humidity of 70% RH. These results strongly suggest that the surface treatment agent not only improves interfacial adhesion between CF and PLA but also plays an important role in inhibiting degradation of the PLA matrix.

Effect of inorganic surface treatment on surface hardness and carbonation of cement-based materials

Surface treatment is a simple way to improve quality of surface of cement-based materials and thus increase the resistance of cement-based materials to environmental aggressions. Magnesium fluorosilicate, waterglass, sodium fluorosilicate, and combination of waterglass and sodium fluorosilicate were used as surface treatment agents. Their effects on compressive strength, surface hardness and resistance to carbonation were studied. The experimental results indicated that magnesium fluorosilicate and waterglass decreased the carbonation depth and increased surface hardness of concrete, while their effects were limited on compressive strength. A greater reduction in carbonation was found when sodium fluorosilicate pretreatment was used, because it could not only accelerate the hardness of waterglass but also react with cement. A liner relationship between Autoclam air permeability index and carbonation depth was found in all the treated concrete. Meanwhile, effects of treatments on morphology and microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pore-blocking effects of inorganic surface treatment agents and new reaction products were observed.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Aluminum Laminated Film for a Pouch-Type Secondary Battery.

In this study, we intend to find the laminate condition for improvement of the chemical resistance of the aluminum pouch film widely used as the coating material of the secondary battery. Here, we investigated the properties including the initial adhesive strength and electrolyte resistance between the metal film layer aluminum and the sealant layer cast polypropylene (CPP) film. As for the laminating condition, we changed the temperature and line speed and maintained the identical pressure conditions. A roll-to-roll dry laminate coating system was used in surface treatment agent coating, adhesive coating, and film laminate. As for the laminate condition of the surface treated aluminum and CPP film, the initial adhesive strength of the laminated pouch film manufactured with 110 °C temperature and 30 m/min line speed was 1300 gf/15 mm. The adhesive strength of the 85 °C electrolyte resistance measured after being immersed for 7 days was found to be 800 gf/15 mm. The initial adhesive strength of CPP film laminated to aluminum without surface treatment showed 900 gf/15 mm and decreased sharply to 150 gf/15 mm in the electrolyte at 85 °C after an hour. The initial adhesive strength and electrolyte resistance of the aluminum and CPP were measured by using the universal testing machine.

Effects and mechanisms of surface-treatment of cementitious materials with nanoSiO2@PCE core-shell nanoparticles

A commercial interest in the improvement of durability is driving efforts to develop new generation of surface-treatment agents. In the previous paper, a series of nanoSiO2-polycarboxylate superplasticizer core-shell nanoparticles (NS@PCE) were synthesized by “grafting to” method. In this paper, we aim to explore the potential of NS@PCE to densify the surface of cementitious materials, and to study the mechanism of nanoparticles surface-treatment process by measuring water absorption ratio, dispersion stability, pozzolanic reactivity, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Results show that NS@PCE is effective in reducing the water absorption. Various NS@PCE present different influences, it seems that NS@PCE with a moderate shell-core ratio is a more reasonable choice. A hypothesis was proposed to explain the surface-treatment effect of nanoparticles, it utilizes two properties (dispersity and pozzolanic reactivity) of nanoparticles to describe their refining-pore performance. This research indicates a new pathway for nanoSiO2 to optimizing cementitious materials.

A Review: Research into Organic Surface Treatment of Titanium Dioxide Material

Titanium dioxide is currently the most important white pigment material used in the world and its surface properties are very important for consumer industries such as paints, papermaking and plastics. If agglomerates are present, the down-stream product properties such as gloss, opacity, and storage stability will be greatly affected. The addition of organic surface treatment agents onto the surface of titanium dioxide particles can change its surface: reduce the inter-particle forces to reduce particle agglomerates; change the hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of particle surface to enhance the compatibility with the solvent, water, or organic resin; can also improve the particle mobility and industrial processing. Therefore, it is very important to fully understand the interaction mechanism between pigment particles and functional organic surface treatment agents. This paper summarizes the related research results and progress.

Modification of Nano Tourmaline Surface Treatment Agent and Its Performance on Negative Ion Release

Modification of Nano Tourmaline Surface Treatment Agent and Its Performance on Negative Ion Release

Unique Hydrophobization and Hybridization via Direct Phase Transfer of ZrO2 Nanoparticles from Water to Toluene Producing Highly Transparent Polystyrene and Poly(methyl methacrylate) Hybrid Bulk Materials

A versatile and promising organic–inorganic hybridization method is proposed for the fabrication of highly transparent polystyrene (PSt) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) hybrid bulk materials containing highly crystalline ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) having a number-average diameter of 3.11 nm. The two key technologies that have been developed are the surface treatment, hydrophobization, and functionalization of ZrO2 NPs originally dispersed in water and their nanodispersion into a polymer continuous phase without any coagulation and/or agglomeration. A unique and fascinating surface treatment method is demonstrated in which the hydrophobization and phase transfer of ZrO2 NPs from water to toluene is simultaneously achieved. Transparent surface-modified ZrO2 nanodispersions in toluene are obtained by a gentle solvent exchange from a ternary solvent mixture composed of water, toluene, and methanol. The addition of carboxylic acids having more than four carbon atoms as the surface treatment agent enables th...

Borosiloxane oligomers for improving adhesion of addition-curable liquid silicone rubber with epoxy resin by surface treatment

The purpose of this study is to improve the interfacial adhesion property between epoxy resin (EP) and addition-curable liquid silicone rubber (AL-SR). A novel surface treatment agent, borosiloxane oligomers (BSiO), was synthesized, and the major chemical structure was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si- and 11B-NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis. BSiO served as surface treatment agent for EP to improve interfacial adhesion characteristics of EP and AL-SR. The adhesion strength between EP and AL-SR was measured by pull-out test, and the results indicated that the adhesion strength increased from 0.02 MPa for EP/AL-SR to 0.18 MPa for BSiO-EP/AL-SR with the failure mode from EP posts dislodgement for EP/AL-SR to rubber breakage for BSiO-EP/AL-SR. Furthermore, adhesive mechanism was analyzed and concluded that the improvement of adhesion characteristics of EP/AL-SR through the oligomers surface treatment was a result of chemical and physical bonding. The BSiO acted as binder by reacting with amino groups on EP surface through the active epoxy groups and absorbing electron clouds of phenyl groups of AL-SR chains through the boron atoms. This feature makes BSiO a superior candidate to improve the adhesion and reduce the dislodgement or exfoliation of silicone rubber or other materials possessing electron-rich groups on the molecular chains from EP in the future.

Surface Treatment Method and Its Metrology for Preventing Pattern Collapse

As semiconductor industry continues to make patterns smaller and more sophisticated, stable patterns with high AR (aspect ratio) is required. Pattern collapse is often affected by the AR, rigidity of pattern material, and surface chemistry of the sidewalls. Historically, hot IPA treatment was used but it does not support latest generation devices. One of the novel effective pattern collapse prevention approaches is the surface treatment with an organic layer [1, 2]. The modified structure surface has lower surface tension and the capillary force is reduced. This treatment process is normally performed by a silane-coupling reaction using organic solvent, so that the hydrophilic surface (-Si-OH) is modified to hydrophobic (-Si-O-SiR3) after silylation reaction. Silyning agent has limited stability and decompose upon exposure to air, moisture or reactive surfaces. Thus, there is a need the tight process control. A variety of spectroscopic methods were studied in order to measure selectively the active silyning agent and breakdown byproducts. Presentation will summarize advantages and disadvantages of different approached, preferred process control strategy and test results for non-reagent, real time analyzer of STM chemistry. TOKYO OHKA KOGYO CO., LTD. (TOK) is highly acknowledged for providing test samples and technical discussions. [1] D. Mori et al. Surface treatment agent and surface treatment method United States Patent Application 15/268,904 [2] E. Kesters et al. Wet clean challenges in 22nm ½ pitch and 16nm ½ pitch Proceedings of SPCC conference 2017 Figure 1

Hardening Performance and Mechanism of Fluosilicate Surface Treatment Agent on Cement-Based Materials

Based on the theory of ecological resources recycling, the effects of matrix quality, surface treatment method, soaking time, age after treatment and fluosilicate cation on hardening cement based materials were investigated by using the byproduct of phosphate fertilizer production namely fluosilicate as the surface treatment agent of cement-based materials and changing different surface treatments. The results showed that the permeation capacity of surface hardener solution , the wear resistance and surface hardness of cement-based materials were significantly improved by the treatments of surface sanding and oven drying. Both surface spraying and submerging methods can promptly increase the hardening effect by more than 20%, manifesting as the rapid improvement of wear resistance in 1 day and the maintenance of that in 7 days. The effective spraying amount and soaking time were 100g/m2-200g/m2 and 6 h, respectively. The fluosilicate surface hardener exhibited better hardening effect than the silicate surface hardener for those matrix materials with different quality, especially for the matrix materials with low compactness. The magnesium fluosilicate displayed the best hardening effect. Besides, the mechanism of fluosilicate and silicate surface hardeners were discussed and compared. The results show that the fluosilicate surface hardener produced crystals and colloids by reacting with cement hydrates to fill the void and improve the compactness, other than the silicate surface hardener which produced calcium silicates by reacting with cement hydrates. As a result, the hardness and wear resistance of cement-based materials are improved, but also the probability of a potential alkali-aggregate reaction is substantially reduced.

Effects of various surface treatment agents on the adhesion of the thermosetting facing resin to titanium

Effects of various surface treatment agents on the adhesion of the thermosetting facing resin to titanium

On the Morphology of the SDS Film on the Surface of Borosilicate Glass.

Surfactant films on solid surfaces have attracted much attention because of their scientific interest and applications, such as surface treatment agent, or for micro- or nano-scale templates for microfluidic devices. In this study, anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions with various charged inorganic salts was spread on a glass substrate and dried to form an SDS thin film. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to observe the micro-structure of the SDS thin film. The effects of inorganic salts on the morphology of the SDS film were observed and discussed. The results of experiments demonstrated that pure SDS film formed patterns of long, parallel, highly-ordered stripes. The existence of the inorganic salt disturbed the structure of the SDS film due to the interaction between the cationic ion and the anionic head groups of SDS. The divalent ion has greater electrostatic interaction with anionic head groups than that of the monovalent ion, and causes a gross change in the morphology of the SDS film. The height of the SDS bilayer measured was consistent with the theoretical value, and the addition of the large-sized monovalent ion would lead to lowering the height of the adsorbed structures.

이차전지용 파우치 필름의 합지 조건에 따른 알루미늄 층과 실런트 층 간 물성조사

In this study, the intention is the determination of the optimum laminate conditions for the improvement of the chemical resistance of the aluminum-pouch films that are widely used as a packaging material for the secondary battery. Here, the properties including the initial adhesive strength and the electrolyte resistance between the metal-film layer with aluminum and the sealant layer with cast polyprophylene (CPP) film were investigated. Regarding the lamination condition, the lamination temperature, speed, and pressure conditions were changed. A roll-to-roll dry lamination-coating system was used in the surface-treatment agent coating, adhesive coating, and film lamination. For the lamination conditions of the aluminum and CPP films, the initial adhesive strength of the laminated-pouch film manufactured with a 110oC temperature and a 6.0 M/min line speed is 1200 gf/15 mm. The measured adhesive strength of the 85oC electrolyte resistance after its immersion for 7 days is 600 gf/15 mm.

Cement-based composites endowed with novel functions through controlling interface microstructure from Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles

In this paper, Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were introduced in the surface layer of cement-based materials derived by magnetic field to create a wave adsorbing layer. The cement-based materials treated with Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs revealed superior microwave-absorption property comparing with the samples treated with pure Fe3O4 NPs. Because of a SiO2 coating on Fe3O4 NPs, water absorption rates of cement mortars treated with Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs have reduced by 45.3%. In addition, the SiO2 coating on Fe3O4 NPs bonded wave absorbing materials on the surface of cement-based composites by forming a mass of SiO2 and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels. The Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs can be considered as an ideal wave absorption surface-treatment agent for cement-based composites.

Influence of silica-based hybrid material on the gas permeability of hardened cement paste

Surface treatment is one of the most effective ways to elongate the service life of concrete. The surface treatment agents, including organic and inorganic types, have been intensively studied. In this paper, the silica-based hybrid nanocomposite, which take advantages of both organic and inorganic treatment agents, was synthesized and used for surface treatment of hardened cement-based material. The effectiveness of organic and inorganic hybrid nanocomposite was evaluated through investigations on the gas permeability of cement-based materials. The results showed that SiO2/PMHS hybrid nanocomposite can greatly decrease the gas transport properties of hardened cement-based materials and has a great potential for surface treatment of cementitious materials.

The effect of five kinds of surface treatment agents on the bond strength to various ceramics with thermocycle aging

This study evaluated the effects of ceramic surface treatment agents on shear bond strengths to ceramic materials with and without thermocycling. Ceramic plates were prepared from feldspathic ceramic; AAA, lithium disilicate ceramic material; IPS e.max Press, zirconia ceramic; Lava. Ceramic surfaces were pretreated with one of five surface treatment agents (Clearfil PhotoBond mixed with Porcelainbond activator (PB), Clearfil SE One mixed with Porcelainbond activator (SO), Ceramic Primer (CP), Universal Primer (UP), Scotchbond Universal (SU)), and then a resin cement (Clapearl DC) was filled. After 0, 5,000, and 10,000 thermocycles, micro-shear bond strengths between ceramic-cement interfaces were determined. SU exhibited significantly lower initial bond strength to AAA and e.max than PB, SO, CP, and UP. For Lava, PB, SO, CP and SU exhibited higher initial bond strengths than UP. Thermocycles reduced bond strengths to all the ceramic materials with any surface treatment.