Surface Tension Method Research Articles

Studies of aggregation properties of surfactant with and without polyelectrolyte in water and binary mixture of methanol-water from the surface tension measurements

The critical aggregation concentration (cac), polymer saturation concentration (psc), critical micellar concentration (cmc) and the apparent critical micellar concentration (cmc*) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS) system are studied from the surface tension method. The standard free energy of micellization (∆Gmο), maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax), area occupied by per surfactant molecule (Amin), surface pressure (πcmc), solution surface tension (γcmc), solvent surface tension (γo), the effect of NaPSS concentration and CTAB/NaPSS molar ratio, slope (dγdlogC), correlation of ∆Gmο with Gordon parameter (G), correlation of γoγcmc with the binary mixture of methanol-water, free energies of adsorption (Gadsο), the efficiency of adsorption (pC20), Gibbs energy difference (∆Gpsο), degree of binding (β), packing parameter (P), effective Gibbs free energy (∆Geffο), aggregation number (N), the relation between Amin and πcmc, correlation of ΓΓmax, cmcC20, ΔGadsοΔGmο, cmcpC20, C20 and Gmin with the binary mixture of methanol-water are also discussed.

Capping action of ionic surfactants on the nucleation of lawsone-Ag+ redox system

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used a stabilizing agent to determine the rate of nucleation and growth process for the reduction of Ag+ ions by lawsone. Critical micellar concentration (CMC) were calculated by using surface tension method and found to be 6.3 × 10−3 and 9.2 × 10−4 mol dm−3 for SDS and CTAB, respectively in presence of Ag+ ions. Reaction rates increases with increasing the surfactant concentrations. SDS aggregates formed complex with Ag+ ions due to electrostatic interaction with negative head group as well as solubilized the lawsone into the aqueous micellar phase through hydrophobically. CTAB effect might be due to the solubilization of lawsone into the Stern layer. The rate constants were found to be 3.2 × 10−4 and 8.1 × 10−5 s−1 for CTAB and SDS, respectively. SDS exhibited inhibition effect at post-micellar concentrations. Menger-portnoy model modified by Bunton and his coworkers was used to determine the micelles assisted parameters. For CTAB micellized reaction, binding constant (Ks = 42 mol−1 dm3 and KL = 86 mol−1 dm3), micellar phase rate constant (km = 3.5 × 10−3 s−1) were calculated with pseudo-phase kinetic model. Morphology of AgNPs strongly depends on nature of surfactant head group.

Synthesis of potassium methyl ester as foaming agent

Forest and land fires in Indonesia have been historically causing extensive damages and losses on economies, ecosystems, and environment, and affects all life in the region. Forest fire management in Indonesia still relies on water that is less effective than foaming agents i.e., extinguishers. Chemicals used in conventional extinguishers are expensive. Foaming agents based on palm oil can be used as an alternative for the extinguishers. The foaming agent synthesized in this study was potassium methyl ester, made from palm oil methyl ester (ME), with saponification by adding potassium hydroxide (KOH). The forming performance tests (foam stability and forming ability) and form related physicochemical analyses (surface economies, interface surface tension, density, and contact angle) of potassium methyl ester were conducted with ME:KOH molar ratio of 1:1; 1:1.25; and 1:1.5 and the saponification duration of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 hours. The molar ratio had significant effects on foam stability, interface surface tension, density, and contact angle. The duration of the saponification had a significant effect on density. There was no significant effect of the interaction between the molar ratio and saponification duration. The best foaming agent selected by the ranking method (composite performance index) of foam stability, foaming ability, and surface tension were one with ME:KOH molar ratio of 1:1 and 1.5 hours saponification.

Study on the surface activity and aggregation behavior of a polyether surfactant for acidification

Four kinds of biological phenolamine resin block ethers (BPPC) surfactants with different molecular weights were synthesized from biological phenol, formaldehyde and polyvinyl polyamines. The structure of BPPC was characterized by Ft-ir and H NMR. The surface properties of BPPC polyether surfactant and the change curve of surface tension with concentration in aqueous solution at different temperature were studied by surface tension method. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of BPPC and the γcmc increased with the increase of EO content. With the increase of molecular weight, number of branched chains and length of branched chains, cmc and γcmc decreased. The thermodynamic calculation results show that BPPC shows enthalpy/entropy compensation during micellization in aqueous solution. The compensation temperature T was all (300±2) K, and with the increase of molecular weight, number of branched chains and length of branched chains, the stability of BPPC formed in aqueous solution was enhanced.

Aggregation and surface phenomena of amitriptyline hydrochloride and cationic benzethonium chloride surfactant mixture in different media

Mixed association behavior of cationic nature of drug amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMHCl) and surfactant benzethonium chloride (BTC) have been studied at five mole fractions of BTC (α1) via surface tension (ST) and fluorescence methods at 298.15 K in occurrence of three dissimilar media (H2O, electrolyte (NaCl), urea (UR)) to evaluate the interactions present amongst them. The evaluated values of critical micelle concentration (cmc) come out beneath the values of cmcid (ideal cmc value) demonstrating attractive interactions amongst the studied constituents (AMHCl and BTC) within mixed micelles. Electrolyte decreases the cmc value of the system while the effect of UR is found to increase in cmc. The micellar mole fraction of BTC (X1R) analyzed by the Rubingh model in solution mixture, mole fraction at mixed monolayer (X1σ) determined by Rosen model and argued in detail. The interaction parameter in the solution mixture (βRb) and at the interfacial surface (βσ) is constantly achieved negative in the entire cases. Activity coefficients of the mixed micellar system (f1Rb (BTC) and f2Rb (AMHCl)) and mixed monolayer (f1σ (BTC) and f2σ (AMHCl)) were forever less than one telling the nonideal behavior of systems. Various surface parameters have been estimated along with various thermodynamic parameters have also been assessed. Fluorescence measurements were carried out to evaluate further results for the above-stated system in all studied media. At 298.15 K, the aggregation number (Nagg) values computed by means of pyrene (PY) as a fluorescent probe along with many other related parameters were also estimated.

Synthesis, aggregation and adsorption behavior of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium based double-chained metallosurfactants

Benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium (BDHA) based double-chained metallosurfactants, BDHA2[MCl4] (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR (1H, 13C) and FT–IR spectroscopy. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed more stability of synthesized metallosurfactants as compared to the precursor benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. Their critical micelle concentration (cmc) values were determined in aqueous medium by using surface tension, conductivity and fluorescence spectrophotometric methods. The cmc values follow the order: Mn > Co ≈ Cu ≈ Zn > Ni. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization were computed from the temperature dependence of the cmc. These metallosurfactants have surprisingly low counterion binding constant values (0.25 to 0.31) compared to benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride and other ionic surfactants. Compensation of enthalpy and entropy of micellization of BDHA2[MCl4] metallosurfactants is observed in the aqueous medium. Adsorption behavior of BDHA2[MCl4] metallosurfactants was assessed by calculating surface excess and area per molecule at the air/water interface. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements revealed the small average hydrodynamic diameter of highly stable micelles of the metallosurfactants in aqueous solutions (hydrodynamic diameter = 4–6 nm with polydispersity index <0.13 and zeta potential >+45 mV). Transmission electron microscope measurements also showed the presence of small spherical micelles.

Application of Oxidative Fatty Acid Esters in Amino Acid Surfactants

Abstract The amino acid surfactants were synthesized by using natural fatty acid esters (FAE) as raw materials, but FAE with a high iodine value has thermal and oxidative instabilities in chemical reactions. The oxidation of FAE by peroxyacetic acid generated was studied under various conditions, then the oxidized FAE and different amino acids (glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid) were used to form sodium N-acyl amino acids in glycerol. By the surface tension method, the relationship between temperature and critical micelle concentration (CMC) has been researched. The CMC value, the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), and the maximum surface excess concentration Γmax were calculated, respectively. For different amino acids surfactants, the surface tension of the solution was greatly reduced at the low CMC value, and the γCMC constantly decreases with rising temperature.

Determining the Critical Micelle Concentration of Surfactants by a Simple and Fast Titration Method.

Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is a crucial parameter of widely used surfactants, and many methods have been developed for CMC determination. However, the current methods for CMC determination, such as conductive, surface tension, and fluorometric methods, are tedious and time- and sample-consuming because a series of samples with different concentrations of surfactants need to be prepared and measured. Although an economical, simple, and fast titration method for CMC determination (only one sample and several minutes are needed) was reported using changes in the color/fluorescence of ionic organic dyes, it has not been used in practical CMC determination owing to the disadvantages of these dyes: very narrow application range (only suitable for cationic or anionic surfactants) and difficult to identify titration end point, especially using different concentrations (10-300 μM) for the same kind surfactants. Here a C6-unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidine (THP-T1) was found to possess unique and excellent characteristics in titrated surfactant solutions: above CMC, preferring to dissolve in micelles and showing no emission, and not until near/at CMC, being released from micelles and instantly forming aggregates with strong fluorescence. The fluorescence-turn-on change at CMC (titration end point) is so sensitive that it can be clearly observed without comparison of blank and control of dye concentration, and the concentration (c'THP) of THP-T1 in titrated solution at CMC is only about 1 μM for zwitterionic surfactants and 2.5 μM for other kinds of surfactants. The CMC values determined by the THP-T1-based titration method are almost the same as those determined by the fluorometric method using THP-T1 as probe. THP-T1 overcomes the disadvantages of reported dyes for CMC titration and realizes the economical, simple and fast CMC titration of different kinds of surfactants for the first time.

2-aminobenzimidazole derivative with surface activity as corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in HCl: Experimental and theoretical study

The 2-aminobenzimidazole (ABI) derivative with surface activity, namely, 2-(n-hexylamino)-4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropyl)amino-6-(2-aminobenzimidazol)-1,3,5-s-triazine (BDCT) was synthesized and its effect on the corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution was compared with ABI through weight loss method, electrochemical measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption performances were studied by surface tension method, quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamics simulation. The results revealed that BDCT acted as a mixed type inhibitor, and its inhibition efficiency showed an improvement of about 40% over ABI.

Salinity Effect on the Surfactant Critical Micelle Concentration through Surface Tension Measurement

One of the tertiary methods for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the injection of chemicals into oil reservoirs, and surface active agents (surfactants) are among the most used chemicals. Surfactants lead to increased oil production by decreasing interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and the injected water and to the wettability alteration of the oil reservoir rock. Since surfactants are predominantly expensive materials, it is required to consider an appropriate and high-performance plan for project economics when they are injected into oil reservoirs. One of the operational issues in surfactant flooding is the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which is usually achieved by the injection of surfactant at concentrations higher than CMC. Therefore, the lower the CMC is, the lower the amount of the material needed to be injected into the reservoir becomes, so it will help to economize the project. The salinity of the aqueous phase is a factor affecting the CMC, and with its optimal design, it can reduce the CMC. In this study, the variations of Triton X-100 CMC’s as a nonionic surfactant were measured by altering the concentration of three salts with divalent ions (CaCl2, MgCl2, and Na2SO4) and a single-capacity ion salt (NaCl), as the predominant salts in the porous medium of oil reservoirs, using surface tension (ST) method at ambient temperature and pressure. Each of these salts was dissolved at three concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 wt.% in distilled water containing specific concentrations of surfactant, and the surfactant CMC in the presence of these salt concentrations was measured. The results showed that increasing the concentration of each salt resulted in a decrease in the CMC, and, in the studied salts, NaCl produced the lowest CMC.

Effect of Spironolactone on the Micellar Properties of Non-Ionic Surfactant: Assessment by Conductivity and Surface Tension Methods

An interaction of spironolactone (SPI) with octyl phenol ethoxylate (Triton-X-100 or TX-100) has been investigated by using conductometric and tensiometric measurement. The value of critical micellar concentration (CMC), degree of ionization (a) and thermodynamic parameters like standard enthalpy of micellization (?H°m), standard entropy of micellization (?S°m) and standard Gibb’s free energy (?G°m) were determined by conductivity data. The negative value of ?G°m shows spontaneity in the solubilization of drug. Various interfacial parameters such as maximum surface excess concentration (Gmax) and minimum area per molecule (Amin) was determined by surface tension measurement. All these parameters have been discussed in terms of drug-surfactant interactions. Based on the result it was found that variation in the presence of spironolactone in micellar properties of TX-100 increases with increase in concentration of drug. This study will help the pharmaceutical industries in the discovery of new drug and enhancement of their bioavailability.

Ecotoxicity and micellization behavior of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and its mixtures with nonionic surfactant fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether (AEO)

Surfactant mixtures have extensive industrial applications due to their ideal properties and low ecotoxicity. However, the ecotoxicity of surfactant mixtures with different proportions and their correlation with surface properties have remained poorly investigated. In this study, the ecotoxicity and surface activity of the composites of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and nonionic surfactant fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether (AEO) in various mass ratios were assessed, and the correlation between ideal application properties and safe ecological perspective of the composites was explored. The ecotoxicity of individual SDBS, AEO, and SDBS/AEO mixtures was determined using the bioluminescence inhibition assay with Photobacterium phosphoreum, and the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were measured by surface tension method and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) showed a considerably higher toxicity than individual AEO and SDBS/AEO mixtures. Scanning electron microscope images illustrated the rupture of bacteria membrane induced by SDBS, and the addition of AEO alleviated the damage. According to the dose–response relationship on luminous bacteria, SDBS/AEO mixtures were divided into three groups (group I with a high proportion of SDBS, SDBS:AEO = 4:1 and 3:2; group II, SDBS:AEO = 1:1; group III with a high proportion of AEO, SDBS:AEO = 2:3 and 1:4). The sequence of toxicity of the SDBS/AEO mixtures was group II > group III > group I, demonstrating that the toxicity of the composites was related to the mixture proportion instead of the amount of AEO added. The CMC order of SDBS/AEO mixtures was group II > group I > group III, and it was proportion dependent. Furthermore, ΔCM was defined as the difference of the experimental (CM) and ideal CMC (CMideal) of the mixed system, indicating the interaction between the two kinds of surfactants. The order of the ΔCM was group II > group III > group I, which was consistent with the sequence of the toxicity. Therefore, ΔCM can be a potential indicator for the hazardous assessment of surfactant mixtures involving high ionic strength.

Specific ion effects on the aggregation behavior of aquatic natural organic matter

Specific ion effects on the aggregation behavior of a reference aquatic natural organic matter (NOM), Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM), were investigated using kinetic, titration, calorimetric, and surface tension methods. Monovalent cations induced structural compacting of SRNOM, but not its aggregation. Their ability to induce structural compacting follows the order: Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+. Divalent cations except Mg2+ can readily induce SRNOM aggregation. Their critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) follow the order: CCCSr > CCCCa > CCCBa. Electrokinetic, titration, and calorimetric data suggest that monovalent cations have weak interactions with SRNOM, while divalent cations strongly interact with SRNOM. Overall, the cation specificity in aggregation is determined by cation-NOM interactions and their ability to modulate surface tension. Specific ion effects of monovalent cations correlate to their hydration free energy, while that of divalent cations correlate to the ratio of the hydration entropy of cation to the enthalpy change of cation-NOM interactions. The cation specificity is consistent with the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory, and the intermolecular interaction energy is dominated by the Lewis acid-base interactions. Our results suggest that specific cations should be targeted to predict or manipulate intermolecular interactions of aquatic NOM in natural and engineered settings.

Investigation of Mixing Behavior of both a Conventional Surfactant and Different Inorganic Salts with a Cationic Gemini Surfactant in Aqueous Solution

AbstractN,N′‐bis [3‐(dodecanoylamino)propyl]‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylhexane‐1,6‐diaminium dibromide is a cationic Gemini surfactant including quaternary ammonium salt with amide groups. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) and some thermodynamic parameters of the cationic Gemini surfactant were investigated using surface tension and conductivity methods. Mixed micellization of binary mixtures of the cationic Gemini surfactant with a conventional surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was investigated using the conductometric method at five different temperatures ranging from 303.15 to 323.15 K. CMC, micellar ionization degree (αm), counterion binding constant (g1), interaction parameter (β), and activity coefficients ( and ) of mixed systems were found out from data of conductivity at different mole fractions for all studied temperatures. Additionally, the effects of some inorganic salts with different concentrations on the surface properties of cationic Gemini surfactant were examined by surface tension measurements. Some surface properties of the pure cationic Gemini surfactant and mixed salts systems were calculated using the data of surface tension.

Mixed Micellization of Cationic/Anionic Surfactants: Role of Matching Water Affinities between Oppositely Charged Headgroups and That between Oppositely Charged Constituent Counterions.

To explore the role of matching water affinities between the oppositely charged headgroups, the micellization of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTA+Br-)/sodium dodecanoate (Na+L-) mixed system and the CTA+Br-/sodium dodecylsulfonate (Na+AS-) mixed system has been investigated by the surface tension method and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. In comparison with the CTA+Br-/Na+L- system, the CTA+Br-/Na+AS- system shows stronger micelle formation ability, smaller critical micelle concentration (cmc), and stronger synergistic effect arising from the higher degree of matching water affinities between the headgroups CTA+ and AS-. To explore the role of matching water affinities between the oppositely charged constituent counterions, the micellization of CTA+X-/Y+L- mixed systems with various counterions has been investigated. The higher degree of matching water affinities between counterions X- and Y+ and the higher degree of mismatching water affinities between headgroups and counterions are unfavorable to the screening effect of counterions on the electrostatic attraction between headgroups CTA+ and L-, leading to stronger micelle formation ability and smaller cmc and vice versa. MD simulation results also indicate that, for the mixed micellization of cationic/anionic surfactants, the role of matching water affinities between oppositely charged headgroups is more important than that between oppositely charged constituent counterions.

Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Block-Graft Copolymer Based on PCL and PEG Analogs, and Preparation of Hydrogel via Click Chemistry.

Thermo-responsive cross-linkable mPEG-b-[PCL-g-(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA)]-b-mPEG was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Then, the cross-linkable block-graft copolymer was used to prepare hydrogel via a copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. The chemical structure and composition of copolymer were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The self-assembly behaviors of the copolymer in aqueous solution were studied by UV spectrophotometer, fluorescence probes, the surface tension method, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The results proved that the copolymer has excellent solubility and better temperature response. The three-dimensional network structure of the gels, observed by scanning electron microscopy at different temperatures, indicated that the gels have temperature response.

Laser based method for surface tension and density measurements for liquid refractory metals (Nb, Ta, and W)

The increase of process simulations in industry leads to the need of accurate knowledge of material thermal properties. As the determination of liquid metal properties is quite difficult, this article presents an experimental setup and a technique to estimate the surface tension and the density of several refractory metals (Nb, Ta, and W) and their variation with the temperature. This work is based on the well known sessile droplet method applied in a controlled atmosphere (Ar) and coupled to thermal measurements. The particularity of this work is the acquisition of measurements up to high temperatures (over 3500 K).

Self-assembly of sodium dodecylsulfate and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide mixed surfactants with dyes in aqueous mixtures.

The micellar property of mixed surfactant systems, cationic (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB) and anionic (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) surfactants with variable molar ratios in aqueous system has been reported by using surface tension and conductivity measurements at T = 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K. DTAB concentrations are varied from 1.0 × 10−4 to 3 × 10−4 mol l−1 in 1.0 × 10−2 mol l−1 SDS solution while the SDS concentration is varied from 1.0 × 10−3 to 1.5 × 10−2 mol l−1 in approximately 5.0 × 10−3 mol l−1 DTAB, so that such concentrations of DTAB-SDS (DTAB-rich) and SDS-DTAB (SDS-rich) solutions were chosen 3 : 1 ratio. The critical micellar concentration, as well as surface and thermodynamic properties for DTAB-rich and SDS-rich solutions, were evaluated by the surface tension (γ) and conductivity (κ) methods. The pseudo phase separation model was coupled with the dissociated Margules model for synergism. The Krafft temperature behaviour and optical analysis of mixed surfactants are studied using conductivity and UV–Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The dispersibility and stability of DTAB-rich and SDS-rich solutions with and without dyes (2.5 × 10−5 mol l−1 of methyl orange and methylene blue) are carried out by using UV–Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering.

Experimental Investigations of Behaviour of Biosurfactants in Brine Solutions Relevant to Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

In this study, we investigated the behaviour of rhamnolipid and Greenzyme in brine solutions relevant to hydrocarbon reservoir. Prior to this work, several studies only reported the behaviour of the biosurfactants dissolved in sodium chloride solutions of varied salinity. The results of this study are relevant to the application of the biosurfactants in enhanced oil recovery, during which the compounds are injected into reservoir saturated with formation water, typically of high salinity and complex composition. Surface tension and conductivity methods were used to determine the critical micelle concentrations of the biosurfactants, Gibbs surface excess concentrations and standard free energy at water-air interface. The results show that rhamnolipid and Greenzyme could reduce the surface tension of water from 72.1 ± 0.2 mN/m to 34.7 ± 0.4 mN/m and 47.1 ± 0.1 mN/m respectively. They were also found to be stable in high salinity and high temperature with rhamnolipid being sensitive to brine salinity, composition and pH while Greenzyme showed tolerance for high salinity. Furthermore, the Gibbs standard free energy of micellisation shows that rhamnolipid and Greenzyme have the tendency to spontaneously form micelles with rhamnolipid showing more surface adsorption. However from maximal Gibbs surface excess concentration calculations, Greenzyme monomers tend to favour aggregation more than that of rhamnolipid.

Clay-based superamphiphobic coatings with low sliding angles for viscous liquids

Although significant attention has been paid, most of superamphiphobic surfaces suffer from high sliding angles (SA) for liquids with low surface tension and complicated preparation methods. Also, superamphiphobic coatings with high repellency to the liquids with very high viscosity and low surface tension are rare. Here, we report preparation of clay-based superamphiphobic coatings with low SAs for viscous liquids. A homogeneous suspension was prepared by hydrolytic condensation of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane in the existence of attapulgite, a kind of natural clay mineral with nanorods-like microstructure. The superamphiphobic coatings were readily prepared by spray-coating the suspension onto substrates. The effects of attapulgite on microstructure and superamphiphobicity of the coatings were studied. Also, the static and dynamic superamphiphobicity were investigated. The attapulgite concentration has great influences on superamphiphobicity and solid-liquid adhesion force of the coatings, as it determines microstructure of the coatings. The superamphiphobic surfaces feature high contact angles and low SAs for various liquids including those with extremely high viscosity and low surface tension, e.g., hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and the HTPB/Al mixture (1:1, w/w). The coating also shows low solid-liquid adhesion force, high impact resistance and fast rolling of various liquids.