Surface Temperature Measurements Research Articles

A STUDY ON THE PREDICTION FOR DEW CONDENSATION ON PLATFORM METAL ROOFS (PART1)：ESTIMATION OF CONDENSATION AND FROST GENERATION BASED ON MOCKUP EXPERIMENTS

To solve the problem of condensation on the metal roofs of station platforms, it is necessary to estimate the surface temperature of the metal roofs and predict condensation. Therefore, we compared the measured surface temperatures obtained from experiments using flat plates with the estimated surface temperatures calculated from ambient weather conditions to confirm the validity of the estimated values. In the folded-plate experiment, the relationship between the surface temperature and the occurrence of condensation and frost on the upper and lower portions of the square chevron-shaped cross section was clarified by determining the water vapor partial pressure.

Spatio-temporal development of the urban heat island in a socioeconomically diverse tropical city

Urban heat islands, where temperatures are elevated relative to non-urban surrounds, are near-ubiquitous in cities globally. Yet, the magnitude and form of urban heat islands in the tropics, where heat has a large morbidity and mortality burden, is not well understood, especially for those of urban informal settlements. We used 29 years of Landsat satellite-derived surface temperature, corroborated by in situ temperature measurements, to provide a detailed spatial and temporal assessment of urban heat islands in Makassar, Indonesia, a city that is representative of rapidly growing urban settlements across the tropics. Our analysis identified surface urban heat islands of up to 9.2 °C in long-urbanised parts of the city and 6.3 °C in informal settlements, the seasonal patterns of which were driven by change in non-urban areas rather than in urban areas themselves. In recently urbanised areas, the majority of urban heat island increase occurred before land became 50% urbanised, whereas the established heat island in long-urbanised areas remained stable in response to urban expansion. Green and blue space protected some informal settlements from the worst urban heat islands observed across the city and maintenance of such space will be essential to mitigate the growing heat burden from urban expansion and anthropogenic climate change. Settlements further than 4 km from the coast and with Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) less than 0.2 had higher surface temperatures, with modelled effects of more than 5 °C. Surface temperature measurements were representative of in situ heat exposure, measured in a subset of 12 informal settlements, where mean indoor temperature had the strongest relationship with surface temperature (R2 = 0.413, P = 0.001). We advocate for green space to be prioritised in urban planning, redevelopment and informal settlement upgrading programs, with consideration of the unique environmental and socioeconomic context of tropical cities.

Acute effects of combined isometric and plyometric conditioning activities on sports performance and tendon stiffness in female volleyball players.

This study aimed to compare the effects of bilateral and unilateral conditioning activities (CA; combined isometric and plyometric) on countermovement jump performance, modified t-agility test, Achilles tendon stiffness and skin surface temperature. Thirteen female semi-professional volleyball players performed two CAs in random order: 1) bilateral isometric half back squats followed by bilateral drop jumps (BI-CA); and 2) unilateral isometric half back squats followed by unilateral drop jumps (UNI-CA). To assess the effects of CAs, countermovement jump, modified t-agility test, Achilles tendon stiffness and skin surface temperature measurements were performed 5 min before and 6 min after the CA. Both CAs significantly increased thigh skin surface temperature from pre- to post-CA (BI-CA, p < 0.001; effect size [ES] = 1.41 and UNI-CA, p = 0.001; ES = 1.39) but none of them influenced modified t-agility test time (interaction: p = 0.338, main effect of time: p = 0.121 and condition: p = 0.819). The countermovement jump height and modified reactive strength index significantly increased from pre-to post-CA during the BI-CA condition (p = 0.003, ES = 0.45, and p = 0.008, ES = 0.48) but not for UNI-CA (p = 0.061, ES = 0.18 and p = 0.065, ES = 0.26). No significant impact has been found for countermovement depth (interaction: p = 0.054, main effect of time: 0.097, and condition: p = 0.41) as well as for contraction time (interaction: p = 0.536, main effect of time: p = 0.224, and condition: p = 0.807). Moreover, stronger and weaker limb CMJ relative peak force significantly decreased from pre-to post-CA (p = 0.014, ES = −0.31, and p = 0.027, ES = −0.26; respectively) during UNI-CA condition but not for BI-CA (p = 0.096, ES = 0.23, and p = 1.41, ES = 0.18). The stronger and weaker limb Achilles tendon stiffness significantly increased from pre-to post-CA during the UNI-CA condition (p = 0.013, ES = 0.60 and p < 0.001, ES = 0.79; respectively) but not for BI-CA (p = 0.66; ES = 0.15 and p = 0.265; ES = 0.42). Furthermore, the post-CA stronger limb Achilles tendon stiffness during the UNI-CA was significantly higher than that noted during the BI-CA (p = 0.006, ES = 0.7). The present study showed that combined isometric and plyometric bilateral CA effectively improved the countermovement jump but did not enhance the t-agility test performance. These findings indicate that exercise combinations could effectively produce a post-activation performance enhancement effect but should replicate the following explosive task as much as possible.

Self-doped Ti–TiOx nanomultilayer films as low-emissivity absorber by one-step sputtering

Solar absorbers are the heart of sustainable photothermal utilization. To obtain higher photothermal conversion efficiency, nanomultilayer absorbers with low emissivity are undoubtedly the best choice. However, the strategy of co-sputtering with at least two targets is usually employed, which makes the preparation process complex and costly, so it is necessary to develop a one-step sputtering preparation through a target. Herein, we propose preparation of Ti–TiOx nanomultilayer solar selective absorption coatings (SSACs) with a single metal Ti target by one-step sputtering. The self-doped Ti nanoparticles as well as the Ti2+, Ti3+ and Ti4+ oxides in TiOx matrix can easily customize the band gap from ultraviolet to visible light, resulting in a high absorption of 0.92 and a low thermal emissivity of 0.07 (298.15K). The obtained Ti–TiOx SSACs exhibit excellent thermal stability after heat treatment at 250 °C for 300 h in air. More significantly, the measured surface temperature reached 114.5 °C under 1.5 suns simulated illumination, indicating its outstanding solar-thermal conversion ability. This work extends the application range of the titanium oxide, developing a simple method for designing low-emissivity solar absorbers.

Development of inverse methods for infrared thermography in fusion devices

• Infrared quantitative thermography challenging in fully reflective and radiative environment. • Development of inverse processing using infrared synthetic diagnostics to retrieve the real surface temperature in tokamak. • Comparison of inverse methods based on a gradient minimisation and machine learning techniques. Infrared (IR) thermography system is a key diagnostic in fusion devices to monitor the Plasma Facing Components. Nevertheless, both qualitative and quantitative analysis (i.e. hot spot detection and surface temperature measurement) are challenging due to the presence of disturbance phenomena like variable emissivity and multiple reflections in fully metallic environment. Through the comparison with the experimental IR measurements, simulation is an essential tool for anticipating, quantifying and analysing the effects of the various errors involved in the interpretation of IR images. This paper goes a step further for achieving IR quantitative thermography in developing inverse methods to retrieve the real surface temperature, by taking into account variable emissivity and filtering reflections. Two approaches are studied: (1) using gradients methods through a reduced photonic model (2) using machine learning techniques based on simulated dataset. Applied on WEST-like tokamak numerical prototype, the temperatures are estimated, with these two approaches, with an accuracy better than 6%, which is a clear improvement compared to usual methods (i.e. assuming blackbody object).

Measurement and analysis of conductor surface temperature in dependence of current variation

The reliability and service life of power cables is closely related to the cable ampacity and temperature rise in the power cable. In a conductor carries AC current, complex processes may appear, which directly affect the temperature of the conductor surface. So, to keep a conductor in a good state, it is necessary to maintain the conductor temperature in a acceptable value. In this paper, a procedure for measuring the temperature of conductor surface and the corresponding numerical processing of measurement results has been presented. The measurement of the temperature probe characteristics and the temperature measurement on the surface of the conductor, both required the use of certain numerical methods, such as interpolation and fitting of the measured values in time diagrams. The procedure was applied to three copper conductors with different cross section area and one aluminum conductor and the final results are presented graphically, in the form of time diagrams.

Temperature distribution in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell as described by finite element analysis

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool for numerically solving partial differential equations over complex geometries and is thus useful for analyzing heat transport in laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) experiments. Our models expand on previously published simulations by calculating the volume-averaged temperatures of both the sample and insulation/pressure media under steady-state heating to determine the thermal pressure of the hot sample. Our goal is to produce an accurate relationship between the measured surface temperature of the absorbing sample and the temperature of the transparent insulating media, which is used to determine thermal pressure but susceptible to steep temperature gradients. We find that in doing so, our FEA models of temperature within the pressure/insulation media can differ from simplified estimates of temperature gradients by more than a factor of 2. We also explore temperature-dependent and temperature-independent thermal conductivity models and find that the volume-averaged temperatures differ by up to a factor of 1.3, forcing the predicted thermal pressures determined to also differ by up to a factor of 1.5 at a temperature of 2000 K at 50 GPa for neon. Higher temperatures exacerbate this difference. We also find that unintentional asymmetric sample insertion and sample heating, which are common in LHDAC experiments, do not have a first-order effect on volume-averaged temperatures. The FEA models, available in both Python and FlexPDE, are versatile across different sample geometries, materials, and heat source laser shapes.

Satellites Can Accurately Take Earth’s Temperature

Satellite-based measurements of land surface temperature may prove to be an essential pairing with near-surface air temperatures to understand global warming and cooling trends.

Cell-level hazard evaluation of 18650 form-factor Lithium-ion battery with different cathode materials

The thermal runaway process was studied in a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) for three types of Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) of 18650 form-factor. Cathode materials are lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, or LCO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, or NMC), and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, or LFP). All batteries have a graphite anode and were at a 100% state-of-charge. Each LIB was externally heated to a thermal runaway event, with the heat input at constant values of 20.4 or 34.1 W, which yielded heating rates on the order of 1 K/s, representative of the thermal runaway propagation process. The mass loss fraction before the thermal runaway events and the maximum values are similar under different heat inputs for a given type of LIB. For different types of LIBs, the maximum mass loss fraction shows the trend of LCO>NMC>LFP. Under the same heating condition, NMC has the highest maximum surface temperature followed by LCO then LFP. A lumped heat transfer thermal runaway model is developed using two decomposition reactions and one internal short circuit reaction to model the internal heat generation. The effective model parameters are optimized using the measured surface temperature and mass loss fraction. The model is able to simulate the thermal runaway behavior of LIB under external heating conditions and reasonably matches the experimental data of LIBs with different cathodes. The model predicts that under the same heat input condition, the thermal runaway time of LCO is shorter than NMC and LFP; the effective average internal heat generations are 22.6, 20.2, and 11.5 kJ for LCO, NMC, and LFP, respectively. The thermal runaway model will be used to predict the thermal runaway propagation in a LIB module.

Operando monitoring Lithium-ion battery temperature via implanting femtosecond-laser-inscribed optical fiber sensors

Current cell performance monitoring, which relies on measurements of sporadic surface temperature through the battery management system (BMS), does not provide a reliable information on the true internal battery state. Here we proposed and demonstrated in-operation temperature monitoring of lithium-ion batteries using an implanted femtosecond-laser-inscribed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. For comparison, both FBG and thermocouple are simultaneously implanted in an 18650 cell. Over repeat cycles with different conditions (0.5C, 1C and 2C), we experimentally demonstrated that implanted FBG and thermocouple sensors show very similar temperature response curves but the FBG sensor provide a much better signal-to-noise ratio. The monitored internal temperature by FBG is 3.71 °C higher than the external temperature during 2C cycling, demonstrating the necessity to record internal temperature especially at long cycles and higher rates within BMS. This operando FBG sensor is a powerful tool in current battery monitoring and its state-of-health evolutions.

Determination of dynamic deformation behavior of Golden Delicious apple using finite element method and its validation by scanning electron microscopy

Apple fruit is affected by operations such as harvesting, packing, grading, storage, and transportation on the way from the garden to the sales centers. During these stages, the products are subjected to several static and dynamic loads applied to each product, damaging them. The aim of this study was to determine the dynamic deformation behavior using finite element simulation and to investigate the surface temperature changes of Golden Delicious apple cultivar due to impact loads. For this purpose, the physical, mechanical and rheological properties of the internal components of apples were determined in three parts: skin, flesh and core. A viscoelastic material model was defined for more accurate simulation. Scanning electron microscope is used to measure the volume of damage and a thermal camera is used to measure the surface temperature of the product. To collect valid data in the dynamic loading section, the pendulum impact test was performed in the form of a factorial design. In this test, the independent variables included impact levels at 3 levels, product temperature at 2 levels and product radius of curvature at 2 levels, and dependent variables included bruising volume and surface temperature difference. The simulation results showed that the difference in bruise volume in the force-time and velocity-time methods with the bruise volume in the experimental test was 14.12% and 18.53%, respectively, and the maximum difference in reaction force was 9.36% and 15.97%. Therefore, in dynamic simulation based on pendulum impact test results, the use of force-time data offers better results than velocity-time data. The results of surface temperature measurements showed that with a gradual increase in apple temperature, the surface temperature of the bruised area is lower than the temperature of the healthy area. The highest surface temperature difference was observed in 30 minutes after impact and in the third impact level (33 N) equivalent (0.4 °C). Also, the results of the experimental pendulum impact test showed that all three factors of impact level, product temperature and radius of curvature had significant differences in bruising volume. Thus, the volume of bruising is directly related to the impact surface and the radius of curvature and inversely related to the apple temperature.

Size determination of interior defects by reconstruction of subsurface virtual heat flux for step heating thermography

Step heating thermography is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique that inspects interior defects by observing surface temperature rises during a long pulse heat stimulation. Due to the heat diffusion induced blurring of defect shapes, it is a challenging task to accurately determine the sizes of deep and small defects. This work focuses on estimating the size of a subsurface defect by an inversion of temperature images for the step heating thermography, to overcome the information loss during the propagation of thermal waves. We assume a space- and time-dependent virtual heat flux on the defect surface, which is reconstructed from surface temperature measurements by solving a two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem. The local future time concept is combined with the Tikhonov's regularization to stabilize the inverse solution. A prudent choice of the regularization parameter is carried out through the L-curve. The feasibility of the proposed approach is assessed by numerical simulations and experiments. It is shown that the inversion brings an improvement in defect sizing accuracy for defects with low width-to-depth ratios and an efficient suppression of measurement noises.

Evaluation of 15-kHz high-speed Pr:YAG phosphor surface thermometry of a thermal barrier coating in a reciprocating IC engine

The Pr:YAG thermographic phosphor was employed to perform precise single-shot 15-kHz surface temperature measurements of a thermal barrier-coated 4140 steel substrate located in the cylinder head of an optically-accessible engine for two homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) operating conditions. The ability of lifetime-based phosphor thermometry to track the highly-transient temperature swings expected in thermal barrier-coated engines was evaluated in terms of both measurement precision and biases. Single-shot precision over a single engine cycle was estimated to be 1.4 K (one standard deviation) based on a recently developed technique that utilizes weighted linear regression statistics. The precision predictions are in excellent agreement with direct measurements during periods where the surface temperature is relatively constant. Precision was slightly degraded for ∼15 crank-angle degrees (CAD) slightly before top dead center (TDC), due to attenuation of the signal. High background luminosity for the high-load HCCI case was observed during the main heat release, leading to interference with the phosphor signal and resulting in loss of data over a few CAD just before TDC. Heat transfer modeling indicated that the 11 μm thick phosphor coating resulted in a modest level of intrusiveness, with maximum expected temperature differences across the phosphor layer of ∼10 K at the highest temperatures for the high load case. The results indicate that high-speed phosphor thermometry with the Pr:YAG phosphor is a promising diagnostic to quantitatively evaluate the performance of new thermally insulating materials in transient environments.

Thermal optimization of secondary cooling systems in the continuous steel casting process

A new process design methodology for the cooling system in the continuous steel casting process is introduced. It is based on a semi-empirical approach for choosing the primary cooling zone design parameters and using an optimization-based method to decide on the design parameters corresponding to the secondary cooling zone. The heat flux through the secondary cooling zone is the design parameter in the latter case. Unlike former studies that considered a misfit temperature function as the objective function, it is defined here as the square of the temperature field penalized with the Niyama’s criterion infeasibility to ensure the production of microporosity-free strands. This way, no information about the target temperature field is required in advance. The corresponding heat transfer problem is coupled to CALPHAD to consider commercial steel grades straightforwardly. An efficient gradient-based optimization algorithm is employed to find the optimal values of design parameters. Then, this algorithm is employed in an actual process design problem corresponding to the continuous slab casting of a commercial steel grade. A post-processing approach is suggested to convert the results of numerical optimization to industrially relevant machine parameters, and then they are exploited in practice in the foundry plant. While the optimization problem is only constrained to avoid solidification-induced defects, it produces sound and crack-free strands. Moreover, comparing numerical results to actual surface temperature measurements reveals more petite than a six percent discrepancy between the simulation and experiment. These observations illustrate the feasibility of the presented design methodology as the initial step in deciding on the cooling system parameters in this process.

Grassland greening impacts on global land surface temperature.

Grassland vegetation greenness has been increasing globally during the past decades. Although the vegetation coverage change could have significant effects on climate by affecting albedo and evapotranspiration (ET), the effects of global grassland greening on climate remain unclear due to the lack of long-term field observation data. Here, we used satellite measurements of land surface temperature (LST) from high coverage grassland and adjacent low coverage grassland (divided according to the leaf area index) to quantify, for the first time, the biogeophysical effects of global grassland greening on surface temperatures. Results showed that grassland greening decreased the annual mean LST and daytime LST (LSTD), but did not significantly change nighttime LST (LSTN) globally from 2003 to 2017. Spatially, grassland greening had significant cooling effects on the annual mean LST and LSTD for latitudes south of 50°N due to the cooling effect of increased ET, whereas warming affects on the annual mean LST and LSTD in the high northern latitudes (> 50°N) because of the warming effects of decreased albedo. This study revealed that the effects of grassland greening on surface temperatures changed with latitude. During June, July, and August (JJA), the increasing grassland vegetation coverage decreased the LST between 25°S and 50°N, but increased the mean LST in high northern latitudes. By contrast, grassland greening has no significant effect on the mean LST in the temperate southern hemisphere (> 25°S) during JJA due to cooling and warming effects on LSTD and LSTN, respectively. During December, January, and February, grassland greening decreased the mean LST and LSTD for latitudes south of 25°N, but increased the mean LST and LSTN for latitudes north of 25°N. This study highlights the importance of including grassland vegetation coverage in models of regional surface temperature dynamics and future climate forecast.

Simplified Modeling and Analysis of Surface Temperature Distribution in Electrically Heated Catalyst for Diesel Urea-SCR Systems

Impending emission regulations of diesel engines for construction machineries would regulate nitrogen oxide emissions strictly in cold operating conditions. The urea-based selective catalytic reduction (urea-SCR) system coupled with the electrically heated catalyst (EHC) has been considered as a potential measure to meet the strict emission regulations by promoting evaporation and thermal decomposition of urea–water solution in cold operating conditions. Analyzing the thermal conditions in the EHC is crucial for the optimized operation and control of EHC-based urea-SCR systems under various engine operating conditions. In the current study, we introduce a simple one-dimensional analysis scheme to characterize the surface temperature distribution in the EHC based on energy conservation and the theories of forced internal convection. Since the EHC has a complicated internal structure with fine flow cells inside it, a flow cell in the EHC is extracted for the one-dimensional heat transfer analysis. EHC operation parameters such as exhaust gas flow rate and supplied electric power to the EHC are scaled to be applied for the flow cell analysis. The adequacy of the analysis scheme is then validated by surface temperature measurement results at the EHC outlet. The validation results showed over 95% prediction accuracy of the 1D analysis scheme in the operating conditions of a heavy-duty diesel engine. Based on proven reliability, the effects of geometric and operation parameters on the surface temperature distribution in the EHC were analyzed and discussed using the analysis results.

Spatiotemporal Reconstruction of Antarctic Near-Surface Air Temperature from MODIS Observations

Abstract MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) land surface temperature measurements in combination with in situ air temperature records from 119 meteorological stations are used to reconstruct a monthly near-surface air temperature product over the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) by means of a neural network model. The product is generated on a regular grid of 0.05° × 0.05°, spanning from 2001 to 2018. Comparison with independent in situ air temperature measurements shows low uncertainty, with a mean bias of 0.09°C, a mean absolute error of 2.23°C, and a correlation coefficient of 97%. Furthermore, the performance of the reconstruction is better than ERA5 (the fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis model) against in situ measurements. For the 2001–18 period, the MODIS-based near-surface air temperature product yields annual warming in the East Antarctica, but cooling in the Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctica. However, they are not statistically significant. This product can also be used to investigate the impact of the Southern Hemisphere annual mode (SAM) on year-to-year variability of air temperature. The enhanced positive phase of SAM in recent decades in austral summer has a cooling effect on East and West Antarctica. In addition, the dataset has the potential application for climate model validation and data assimilation due to the independence of the input of a numerical weather prediction model.

Thermal Characterization Approach for In Situ Estimation of Thermophysical Properties of Magnetic Components of Electric Vehicle Fast Chargers

This article presents a cost-effective thermal characterization approach that relies on temperature measurements and numerical simulations to solve an inverse heat transfer (IHT) problem for the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> estimation of thermophysical properties of high-frequency magnetic components. This approach is applied to the magnetic components of a commercial electric vehicle dc fast charger, specifically, to an air-cooled inductor-transformer assembly. Numerical simulations solve a conjugate conduction–convection IHT problem based on surface temperature measurements collected during realistic operating conditions of the charger. These simulations enable rapid <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> estimation of the specific heat capacities, thermal conductivities, volumetric heat generation rates, and convective heat transfer coefficients of the cores and windings of these magnetic components. These estimated properties are then used as inputs in a direct heat transfer (DHT) simulation for the thermal analysis of these components under different cooling conditions, namely natural and forced convection. The thermal analysis of the inductor-transformer assembly shows that active air cooling with forced convection allows sustaining the measured charging power (28.8 kW) up to 6630 s when the surface temperatures of the cores reach the 100 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> C threshold. This charging time is 61.7% longer than that allowed by the passive air cooling at the same charging power.

Optical filter-fiber combination based infrared measurement device for surface temperature measurement.

Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) is one of the four efficient ways of assistant heating on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) device. Measures have been taken to ensure more reliable monitoring of NBI components' thermal data. Infrared thermometers, unlike surface-mounted thermocouples, have the advantage of non-contact and thus will not cause interference and get far less chance of malfunctioning [Childs etal., Rev Sci. Instruments 71, 2959-2978 (2000)]. In this paper, the remote infrared temperature measurement with optical fiber is reported to meet the requirement of the EAST-NBI diagnostic system. Some tests have been conducted on the remote infrared temperature measurement under the working condition, and an atmospheric propagation simulation was performed to estimate the atmosphere absorption. The results indicate that the detector's response is in line with the theory, and the atmosphere absorption within a certain wavelength should not be ignored. Temperature measurement error is within one percent at temperatures above 200 °C. So, for the temperature range of 200-600 °C, the remote infrared temperature measurement by the optical fiber can fully meet its expectation.

Effects of Green Roof in Reducing Surface Temperature and Addressing Urban Heat Island in Tropical Climate of Malaysia

Urban heat island (UHI) in cities across Malaysia has worsened due to rapid development and construction. Previous research highlight temperature difference between Putrajaya and its suburban neighbouring area is as high as 5˚C. Green roofs in urban areas can be used as a green intervention strategy to reduce UHI impact by increasing air moisture and surface wetness through its plants, which consequently decreases surrounding air and surface temperature. Green roofs also provide additional insulation that reduces heat transfer into buildings, therefore reducing cooling demand and operational energy in buildings. Conventional building roofs in tropical climate have measured surface temperature up to 60˚C, compared to surrounding irrigated grass and water bodies that are measured as low as 15˚C. This paper compared surface temperatures of green roof and conventional non-green roof case studies in a tropical climate setting, to combat urban heat island effect. A triangulation technique was adopted, using a case study analysis with an in-depth structured interview and physical fieldwork investigation. The findings concluded that green roofs had significantly lower surface temperature compared to non-green flat roof. This paper provides evidence that supports green roof as a green intervention strategy in reducing urban heat island and encourage building designers to maximize under-utilized spaces of roofs to increase urban greenery coverage.