Surface Stress Field Research Articles

Principal Stress Ratio Effect at Residual Stress Determination Utilizing the Variation of Indentation Hardness

The determination of residual stresses is an important issue when it comes to material failure analysis. The variation of global indentation properties, due to the presence of residual stresses, can serve as a guideline for the size and direction of such stresses. One of these global indentation properties, the material hardness, is unfortunately invariant of residual stresses when metals and alloys are at issue. In this situation, one has to rely on the size of the indentation contact area for residual stress determination. For other materials such as ceramics and polymers, where elastic deformations are of greater importance at indentation, such invariance is no longer present. Here, this variation is investigated based on finite element simulations. The aim is then to determine how the indentation hardness is influenced by the principal residual stress ratio and also discuss if such an influence is sufficient in order to determine the size and direction of such stresses in an experimental situation. It should be emphasized that this work does not suggest a new approach to residual stress determination (by indentation testing) but investigates the applicability of previously derived methods to a situation where the surface stress field is not simplified as equi-biaxial or uniaxial. For simplicity, but not out of necessity, only cone indentation of elastic-perfectly plastic materials is considered.

Fractal dimension analysis for seismicity spatial and temporal distribution in the circum-Pacific seismic belt

In this study, we present the fractal characteristics of the spatio-temporal sequence for seismic activity in the circum-Pacific seismic belt and vicinity regions, which is one of the most active seismic zones worldwide. We select the seismic dataset with magnitude $$M\ge 4.4$$ in the circum-Pacific seismic belt region and its vicinity from 1900–2015 as the objects. Based on the methods of capacity dimension and information dimension, using $$\hbox {ln}(1/\delta )$$ – $$\hbox {ln }N(\delta )$$ of the relationship to evaluate and explain, the results show that (1) in the circum-Pacific seismic belt and the surrounding areas, for the seismic activity with magnitude $$M\ge 4.4$$ , the time series dimension is 0.63, the spatial distribution dimension is 0.52 and they have fractal structure. (2) For the earthquakes with $$M\ge 7.0$$ , the time series dimension increases greatly, which indicates that the cluster characteristics in time is greatly reduced. And the earthquakes with magnitude $$7.0 \ge M \ge 4.4$$ have significant impact on the characterized by clustering in time in the study region. (3) There is significant fractal structure at spatio-temporal distribution of earthquakes in the circum-Pacific seismic belt. It reveals the tectonic movements keep continuous, obvious anisotropism characteristic of geological structure and the distribution of surface stress field is spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the study area.

Effect of shot-peening and low-plasticity burnishing on the high-cycle fatigue strength of DIN 34CrNiMo6 alloy steel

This work presents a study and comparison of the effect of shot-peening (SP) and low-plasticity burnishing (LPB) on the high cycle fatigue of a DIN 34CrNiMo6, quenched and tempered, steel. Additionally, this work also provides data, coefficients, and procedures for the fatigue design and analysis of components treated by SP and LPB. Four sets of specimens have been tested to obtain alternating bending S-N curves, namely, machined, mirror-polished, and SP and LPB treated specimens. Compared with the machined specimens, the fatigue limit of the SP specimens increased by 39%, whereas that of the LPB specimens increased by 52%. Attention has been given to the measurement of the surface and in-depth residual stress field of the SP and LPB specimens, including a study on the relaxation of the surface residual stresses under cyclic load and the development of a model to predict the evolution of residual stresses with time.

Residual Stress in Selective Laser Melted Inconel 718: Influence of the Removal from Base Plate and Deposition Hatch Length

Abstract The residual stress distribution in IN718 elongated prisms produced by selective laser melting was studied by means of neutron (bulk) and laboratory X-ray (surface) diffraction. Two deposition hatch lengths were considered. A horizontal plane near the top surface (perpendicular to the building direction) and a vertical plane near the lateral surface (parallel to the building direction) were investigated. Samples both in as-built (AB) condition and removed from the base plate (RE) were characterized. While surface stress fields seem constant for the AB condition, X-ray diffraction shows stress gradients along the hatch direction in the RE condition. The stress profiles correlate with the distortion maps obtained by tactile probe measurements. Neutron diffraction shows bulk stress gradients for all principal components along the main sample directions. We correlate the observed stress patterns with the hatch length, i.e., with its effect on temperature gradients and heat flow. The bulk stress gradients partially disappear after removal from the base plate.

Correcting flat mirrors with surface stress: analytical stress fields.

Thin mirrors, important for next-generation space telescopes, are difficult to accurately fabricate. One approach is to fabricate a mirror using traditional methods, then to bend the mirror using surface stress to correct residual height errors. We present two surface stress fields that correct any height error field in thin flat plates. For round plates, we represent these as linear combinations of Zernike polynomials. We show that equibiaxial stress, a common and easy-to-generate state of stress, cannot generally be used to make exact corrections. All three components of the surface stress are needed for exact corrections. We describe a process to design an equibiaxial stress field to make approximate corrections in round plates. Finally, we apply the three stress fields to simulate flattening of a measured glass wafer with 3.64μm root-mean-squared (RMS) height error. Using our chosen equibiaxial stress field, the residual error is 0.34μm RMS. In comparison, using all three stress components, the correction is exact and the required RMS stress is about 2.5× smaller than when using equibiaxial stress only. We compare the deformation with a finite element model and find agreement within 10nm RMS in all three cases.

Study on coal damage evolution and surface stress field based on infrared radiation temperature

Study on coal damage evolution and surface stress field based on infrared radiation temperature

Bivariate Fourier-series-based prediction of surface residual stress fields using stresses of partial points

Surface residual stresses are critical parameters for evaluating the surface quality and can have an influence on many mechanical properties of solids. These stresses inevitably arise in almost all engineering components during manufacturing. However, most experimental and finite element approaches cannot obtain a complete surface residual stress field in a mechanical part. In this study, we propose a predictive method to determine surface stress fields, depending on residual stresses being self-equilibrating. The effectiveness of the approach is verified using a numerical surface of a beam example with ideal measurements and a casting–milling surface with experimental data. Using the proposed method, surface residual stress fields can be obtained from the stresses of a limited number of points including boundary points to solve the governing equations via a Fourier series bivariate polynomial as an Airy stress function with the Tikhonov regularization method. Our method does not require simulations of the residual stress generation process. This method is suitable for complex engineering parts where the manufacturing process is difficult to recreate in detail. The predicted stress field can be imported into a finite element solver as initial stresses to promote the design, manufacturing, and assessment of mechanical components.

Saw damage as an etch mask for the acidic texturization of multicrystalline silicon wafers

The surface of multicrystalline silicon solar cells are etched by mixtures of HF, HNO3 and H2SiF6 in order to remove saw damage caused by wafer slicing, as well as to create a water surface topography that provides a low reflectance for incident light, otherwise known as the texture. Topographically analyzing wafer surfaces before and after etching has revealed that the saw damage controls the texturized wafer surface's final topography. The first key factor is the dimension and magnitude of the plastic stress field introduced by indenting SiC grains into the wafer surface during the wafering process. The second key factor is that lattice-stressed silicon is etched at a higher rate than unstressed bulk silicon. At the wire entrance, side sharp and large SiC grains create the deepest indention pits, and therefore the deepest of the water surface stress fields. The lattice-disturbed silicon inside these pits is etched at a higher rate compared to the pit's side walls, which are uniformly attacked across the wafer area. Consequentially, existing pits deepen, and these areas generate the wafer's lowest reflectivity. At the wire exit side, a higher number of smaller and rounder SiC particles indent the surface and create more numerous and shallower indention pits compared to the wire entrance side. The resulting stress field is less deep, so less silicon is removed from inside of these pits during etching compared to the wire entrance side. This yields to a wafer surface region consisting of shallowly etched pits and higher reflectance. It is concluded that the saw damage acts like an etch mask in the texturization of multicrystalline silicon wafers.

Geometric analysis of hyper-stresses

A geometric analysis of high order stresses in continuum mechanics is presented. Virtual velocity fields take their values in a vector bundle W over the n-dimensional space manifold. A stress field of order k is represented mathematically by an n-form valued in the dual of the vector bundle of k-jets of W. While only limited analysis can be performed on high order stresses as such, they may be represented by non-holonomic hyper-stresses, n-forms valued in the duals of iterated jet bundles. For non-holonomic hyper-stresses, the analysis that applies to first order stresses may be iterated. In order to determine a unique value for the tangent surface stress field on the boundary of a body and the corresponding edge interactions, additional geometric structure should be specified, that of a vector field transversal to the boundary.

Observed El Niño SSTA Development and the Effects of Easterly and Westerly Wind Events in 2014/15

Abstract The unexpected halt of warm sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) growth in 2014 and development of a major El Niño in 2015 has drawn attention to our ability to understand and predict El Niño development. Wind stress–forced ocean model studies have satisfactorily reproduced observed equatorial Pacific SSTAs during periods when data return from the TAO/TRITON buoy network was high. Unfortunately, TAO/TRITON data return in 2014 was poor. To study 2014 SSTA development, the observed wind gaps must be filled. The hypothesis that subseasonal wind events provided the dominant driver of observed waveguide SSTA development in 2014 and 2015 is used along with the available buoy winds to construct an oceanic waveguide-wide surface stress field of westerly wind events (WWEs) and easterly wind surges (EWSs). It is found that the observed Niño-3.4 SSTA development in 2014 and 2015 can thereby be reproduced satisfactorily. Previous 2014 studies used other wind fields and reached differing conclusions about the importance of WWEs and EWSs. Experiment results herein help explain these inconsistencies, and clarify the relative importance of WWEs and EWSs. It is found that the springtime surplus of WWEs and summertime balance between WWEs and EWSs (yielding small net wind stress anomaly) accounts for the early development and midyear reversal of El Niño–like SSTA development in 2014. A strong abundance of WWEs in 2015 accounts for the rapid SSTA warming observed then. Accurately forecasting equatorial Pacific SSTA in years like 2014 and 2015 may require learning to predict WWE and EWS occurrence characteristics.

Relationship between the Aspect Ratio of a Collapsed Caldera and the Regional Stress Field - Their Evaluations Using a Single Small Spherical Magma Chamber Model in an Anisotropic Stress Field

We show a fundamental equation that yields a caldera morphology caused by a single magma chamber in an anisotropic homogeneous regional stress field, where the ratio between the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses is constant. The equation was obtained by evaluating the surface stress field due to the magma chamber's change in volume and the regional stress field using the Coulomb failure criteria.

Is Ekman pumping responsible for the seasonal variation of warm circumpolar deep water in the Amundsen Sea?

Ekman pumping induced by horizontally varying wind and sea ice drift is examined as an explanation for observed seasonal variation of the warm layer thickness of circumpolar deep water on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf. Spatial and temporal variation of the warm layer thickness in one of the deep troughs on the shelf (Dotson Trough) was measured during two oceanographic surveys and a two-year mooring deployment. A hydrographic transect from the deep ocean, across the shelf break, and into the trough shows a local elevation of the warm layer at the shelf break. On the shelf, the water flows south-east along the trough, gradually becoming colder and fresher due to mixing with cold water masses. A mooring placed in the trough shows a thicker and warmer layer in February and March (late summer/early autumn) and thinner and colder layer in September, October and November (late winter/early spring). The amplitude of this seasonal variation is up to 60m. In order to investigate the effects of Ekman pumping, remotely sensed wind (Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System wind data) and sea ice velocity and concentration (EASE Polar Pathfinder) were used. From the estimated surface stress field, the Ekman transport and Ekman pumping were calculated. At the shelf break, where the warm layer is elevated, the Ekman pumping shows a seasonal variation correlating with the mooring data. Previous studies have not been able to show a correlation between observed wind and bottom temperature, but it is shown here that when sea ice drift is taken into account the Ekman pumping at the outer shelf correlates with bottom temperature in Dotson Trough. The reason why the Ekman pumping varies seasonally at the shelf break appears to be the migration of the ice edge in the expanding polynya in combination with the wind field which on average is westward south of the shelf break.

Surface profile and stress field evaluation using digital gradient sensing method

Shape and surface topography evaluation from measured orthogonal slope/gradient data is of considerable engineering significance since many full-field optical sensors and interferometers readily output such a data accurately. This has applications ranging from metrology of optical and electronic elements (lenses, silicon wafers, thin film coatings), surface profile estimation, wave front and shape reconstruction, to name a few. In this context, a new methodology for surface profile and stress field determination based on a recently introduced non-contact, full-field optical method called digital gradient sensing (DGS) capable of measuring small angular deflections of light rays coupled with a robust finite-difference-based least-squares integration (HFLI) scheme in the Southwell configuration is advanced here. The method is demonstrated by evaluating (a) surface profiles of mechanically warped silicon wafers and (b) stress gradients near growing cracks in planar phase objects.

Mechanical back-action of a spin-wave resonance in a magnetoelastic thin film on a surface acoustic wave

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) traveling on the surface of a piezoelectric crystal can, through the magnetoelastic interaction, excite traveling spin-wave resonance in a magnetic film deposited on the substrate. This spin-wave resonance in the magnetic film creates a time dynamic surface stress of magnetoelastic origin that acts back on the surface of the piezoelectric and modifies the SAW propagation. Unlike previous analyses that treat the excitation as a magnon-phonon polariton, here the magnetoelastic film is treated as a perturbation modifying boundary conditions on the SAW. We use acoustical perturbation theory to find closed form expressions for the back-action surface stress and strain fields and the resultant SAW velocity shifts and attenuation. We demonstrate that the shear stress fields associated with this spin-wave back-action also generate effective surface currents on the piezoelectric both in-phase and out-of-phase with the driving SAW potential. Characterization of these surface currents and their applications in determination of the magnetoelastic coupling are discussed. The perturbative calculation is carried out explicitly to first order (a regime corresponding to many experimental situations of current interest) and we provide a sketch of the implications of the theory at higher order.

Tidal disruption of Phobos as the cause of surface fractures

AbstractPhobos, the innermost satellite of Mars, displays an extensive system of grooves that are mostly symmetric about its sub‐Mars point. Phobos is steadily spiraling inward due to the tides it raises on Mars lagging behind Phobos' orbital position and will suffer tidal disruption before colliding with Mars in a few tens of millions of years. We calculate the surface stress field of the deorbiting satellite and show that the first signs of tidal disruption are already present on its surface. Most of Phobos' prominent grooves have an excellent correlation with computed stress orientations. The model requires a weak interior that has very low rigidity on the tidal evolution time scale, overlain by an ~10–100 m exterior shell that has elastic properties similar to lunar regolith as described by Horvath et al. (1980).

Wintertime variability of the Beaufort gyre in the Arctic Ocean derived from CryoSat‐2/SIRAL observations

AbstractWe processed the sea surface height measured by the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)/Interferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL) on board CryoSat‐2 (CS‐2) and successfully estimated the monthly dynamic ocean topography (DOT) of the Arctic Ocean. The CS‐2 monthly DOT showed the interannual and monthly variability of the Beaufort Gyre (BG) during winter between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015. The northward flow at the western edge of the BG was primarily estimated over the Chukchi Borderland (CBL). However, the BG extended across the CBL, and the northward flow was estimated over the Mendeleev Ridge in the winter of 2012/2013. Our analyses revealed a significantly variable BG in response to changes in the sea surface stress field. Our analysis indicated that (1) sea ice motion, driven by wind fields, acts as a driving force for the BG when sea ice motion was intensified during winter and (2) sea ice motion can also act as an inhibiting force for the BG when sea ice motion is weakened during winter. In addition, the relationship between the DOT, steric height, and ocean bottom pressure implied that the DOT during winter responded to varying wind stresses through baroclinic and barotropic adjustments. According to a tracer experiment, we inferred that in the winter of 2012/2013, the Pacific‐origin water carried into the BG through the Barrow Canyon was transported to the northern shelf and shelf break of the Chukchi Sea rather than the CBL, which is where the Pacific‐origin water had been transported in the other years of the observation period.

Effects of Surface Stress on the Phonon Properties in GaN Nanofilms

This work investigates the phonon properties such as phonon dispersion relation, average group velocity, and phonon density of state (DOS) theoretically in GaN nanofilm under various surface stress fields. By taking into account of the surface energy effects, the elasticity theory is presented to describe the confined phonons of nanofilms with different surface stresses. The calculation results show that the influence of surface stress on the phonon properties depends on the thickness of nanofilm. The negative surface stress leads to a higher average group velocity and corresponding lower phonon DOS. The positive surface stress has the opposite effect. The significant modification of thermal properties, e.g., phonon thermal conductivity, in GaN nanofilms is mostly stemmed from the change of phonon average group velocity and DOS by surface stress. These results suggest that the thermal or electrical properties in GaN nanofilms could be enhanced or reduced by tuning the surface stress acting on the films.

On the consistency of the drag between air and water in meteorological, hydrodynamic and wave models

For the design, assessment and flood control of water defences, hydraulic loads in terms of water levels and wave conditions are required and often obtained from numerical models. For these hydraulic loads to be reliable, accurate atmospheric forcing is required. Waves and surges are typically forced by surface stress. However, in most cases, the input for these models consists of 10-m wind velocities that are internally converted to surface stress by applying a particular drag relation. This procedure generally leads to inconsistencies, since the hydrodynamic, wave and atmospheric models often apply different drag relations. By means of a case study, we explored the consequences of this inconsistency in the drag formulation for a North Sea storm wave and surge hindcast. This was done by forcing the hydrodynamic and wave models using both the 10-m wind velocity and the surface stress fields computed by the atmospheric model. Our study results show significant differences between the wave parameter values and water levels computed with surface stress input and 10-m wind velocity input. Our goal is not to assess different drag parameterizations but to raise awareness for this issue and to plea for the use of a consistent drag relation in meteorological and hydrodynamic/wave models. The consistent use of one drag formulation facilitates the identification of problems and the eventual improvement of the drag formulation. Furthermore, we suggest using the so-called pseudo-wind, which is a translation of the surface stress to the 10-m wind speed using a reference drag relation.

Dynamic Response of Viscoelastic CNT Conveying Pulsating Fluid Considering Surface Stress and Magnetic Field

A viscoelastic carbon nanotube (CNT) conveying pulsating fluid is presented which is based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Runge–Kutta scheme is chosen in order to illustrate the transverse and longitudinal behavior of structure. The effects of surface stress, magnetic field and nonlocal small-scale theory on motion of structure are expressed in this study. Equilibrium equations of CNT conveying pulsating fluid are obtained using energy method. Galerkin, differential quadrature and Runge–Kutta methods are applied to solve equations of motion. In this paper, the effect of pulsating fluid on longitudinal behavior of CNT and transverse displacement of CNT are presented. The static and dynamic transverse distributed loads and their effects on CNT are expressed. In this study, regions of CNT with chaotic, quasi-periodic and periodic behaviors are presented. Also the effects of various parameters such as distributed loads, surface stress and magnetic field on those regions are demonstrated. The results of this work could be helpful in design and manufacturing of nano-/micromechanical system in advanced medical applications such as drug delivery systems with magnetic field as a parametric controller.

Effects of pre-stress and surface stress on phonon thermal conductivity of rectangular Si nanowires

This work investigates theoretically the phonon property and thermal conductivity of rectangular silicon nanowires under pre-stress and surface stress. In the framework of elasticity theory, the effects of spatial confinement are considered in the phonon dispersion relation of a stressed nanowire. The surface energy, which brings about the variation of the elastic modulus of nanowire and the influence on the phonon property, is then involved. Under a pre-stress field, the acoustoelastic effect gives rise to the change of phonon properties and thermal conductivity. Our numerical results demonstrate that the applied surface stress and pre-stress field can alter the phonon dispersion relation of a silicon nanowire significantly. The phonon energy increases if the surface stress is negative and the pre-stress is positive, and vice versa. The changes of phonon dispersion relation as well as the various phonon scattering rates lead to the variation of phonon thermal conductivity, which is the consequence of the surface stress and pre-stress fields. We further elaborate the size and temperature dependence of phonon thermal conductivity under different applied surface stresses and pre-stress fields and suggest using the strain engineering to tune the thermal performance of semiconductor nanostructures.