Surface Runoff Research Articles

Calculating Surface Runoff by Scs-Cn Model in the Sanjai River Basin, Jharkhand

Surface runoff prediction is a very intricate, evolving, and exponential phenomenon controlled by numerous interconnected components. Regulated by numerous types of related factors, surface runoff production is a highly complex, dynamic, and non-linear phenomena. Advancement and long-term control of water resources depend on run-off forecast. For runoff forecasts, many techniques and models are at hand; Among strategies, “Soil Conservation Services curve number(SCS- CN)” approach stands out. In order to determine potential outflow from a drainage system or region, the SCS implemented the Curve Number index. It is possible to figure out the curve number of a drainage basin by taking into account the antecedent moisture conditions(AMC), the soil, land surface use and land cover (LULC). Considered also is the Hydrological Soil Group (HSG). Four kinds of soils are offered at HSG: “A, B, C, and D”. Whereas soil type D stands for low penetration rates and greater surface flow capacity, soil category A comprises higher penetration rates below the surface and less runoff potentiality. The study's research site was the Sanjai river basin in Jharkhand. Arc Gis 10.1 and Erdas 14 software helped produce thematic layers like soil maps, LULC maps, and so on. The whole catchment was divided into sub-watersheds in order to more accurately measure runoff. The findings demonstrate that the SCS-CN simulation performs productive runoff estimates. The research demonstrates that more sustainable water use results from suitable surface runoff analysis.

Airport Runoff Water: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

The increase in the quantity and variety of contaminants generated during routine airport infrastructure maintenance operations leads to a wider range of pollutants entering soil and surface waters through runoff, causing soil erosion and groundwater pollution. A significant developmental challenge is ensuring that airport infrastructure meets high-quality environmental management standards. It is crucial to have effective tools for monitoring and managing the volume and quality of stormwater produced within airports and nearby coastal areas. It is necessary to develop methodologies for determining a wide range of contaminants in airport stormwater samples and assessing their toxicity to improve the accuracy of environmental status assessments. This manuscript aims to showcase the latest advancements (2010–2024 update) in developing methodologies, including green analytical techniques, for detecting a wide range of pollutants in airport runoff waters and directly assessing the toxicity levels of airport stormwater effluent. An integrated chemical and ecotoxicological approach to assessing environmental pollution in airport areas can lead to precise environmental risk assessments and well-informed management decisions for sustainable airport operations. Furthermore, this critical review highlights the latest innovations in remediation techniques and various strategies to minimize airport waste. It shifts the paradigm of soil and water pollution management towards nature-based solutions, aligning with the sustainable development goals of the 2030 Agenda.

Potential contribution of land cover change on flood events in the Senegal River basin

The increase in flood events observed in West African countries, and often in specific river basins, can be influenced by several factors, including anthropogenic land use and land-cover changes. However, the potential contribution of land cover changes to flood events still needs to be explored, especially in West Africa. Here, the fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology WRF-Hydro system, which comprises an atmospheric model and additionally incorporates the surface, subsurface, overland flow, and channel routing, is used to investigate the potential impact of a land cover change scenario on flood events in the Senegal River basin. The simulation was performed from 2010 to 2020, with a calibration period spanning from 2011 to 2012 and a validation period from 2013 to 2020. Several skill scores, including Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), BIAS, and Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), were utilized to assess the calibration and validation performances. Additionally, two planetary boundary layer schemes (PBL5 and PBL7) were used to determine their associated uncertainty. Our results show that the best calibration results (NSE = 0.70; KGE = 0.83; PBIAS = −7% and BE = 0.67) in the Senegal River basin are obtained with PBL5 when the calibration is performed with a SLOPE parameter 0.03. A similar good performance was also obtained for the validation with NSE = 0.74, KGE = 0.84, and PBIAS = −8%. Likewise, our findings indicate that converting savanna to woody savannas can elevate water resources, with a 2% rise in precipitation and a 4% increase in runoff. This transition also correlates with an increase in moderate flood events (3500–4000 m3/s), a decrease in severe floods (4000–5000 m3/s), and their associated occurrence of extreme floods (>5000 m3/s) in the Senegal River basin.

Sediment Transport Dynamics Modeling of Overland Flow on Gentle Slopes Based on Flume Experiments

ABSTRACTSoil erosion is a global environmental issue, and sediment transport capacity (Tc) is critical for developing soil erosion models. This study conducted flume drainage experiments at six flow discharges (0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65 L s−1) and eight slope gradients (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5, and 12.0°) to investigate how the Tc of gentle slopes in the northeastern hilly region of China and water erosion factors are related and to establish a Tc model of overland flow. The study demonstrated a power–law relationship between Tc, flow discharge, and slope gradient, as evidenced by a high coefficient of determination (R2; 0.94) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE; 0.92) values. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between Tc and average flow velocity, with R2 and NSE values of 0.86 and 0.84, respectively. Among the hydrodynamic parameters tested, the average flow velocity was determined to be the most effective Tc predictor, surpassing stream power (R2 > 0.7, NSE > 0.7), shear stress (R2 > 0.6, NSE > 0.6), and unit stream power (R2 < 0.5, NSE < 0.5). These findings lay the foundation for developing process‐based sediment transport models for gentle slopes in the northeastern hilly regions of China.

Soil, water and p losses by water erosion in soil treated with pig slurry

Pig slurry (PS) can modify the soil fertility and influence the water erosion. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of PS doses on the content phosphorus (P) in the soil and on water (WL) and P losses due to water erosion, in a Alfisol in southern Brazil. The treatments, totaling 0, 250, 500, and 1000 m3 ha-1 of PS applied in oats (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays), turnip (Raphanus sativus L.) and soybean (Glycine max), and in oat residues. Simulated rainfall (65 mm h-1 and 75 minutes) was applied three times (test -T) on corn and four T on turnip, soybean, and residues, with a simulator rotating-boom. T1 occurred one day after the application of the PS and the interval between the other T ranged from 14 to 70 days. The P in the soil was determined before and after the survey. During runoff, runoff samples were collected to determine WL and P in the water. The PS did not influence the P in the soil. The P in runoff water was 78% higher in the D1000 treatment than in D0, while the difference in total P loss was 90%. Soil P at the end of the research increased at the beginning of the research, and the content in the soil at the end of the research decreased with increasing layer depth. P loss increased with increasing water loss, while P in water increased with increasing P in the soil.

REVIEW AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS FOR RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELLING

Water is considered as an important resources for human existence on the earth. In order to simulate or optimized hydrological data for various water resources management, several hydrological models are very useful to attain this aim for water resources management and as a decision support tools. A rainfall-runoff model is a quantitative prototype explaining the rainfall-runoff interactions at basin scale. The hydrological models have peculiarities in terms of capabilities for various water resources management. This paper tends to reviewed over fifty (50) papers that are peculiar to hydrological models as applicable to rainfall-runoff modeling. It involved evaluating and comparing different hydrological models used in simulating rainfall process converting into surface runoff for water use efficiency. Several runoff models such as Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC), LISt-based Erosion Model (LISEM), MIKE Surface Water - Groundwater Hydrology (MIKE SHE) and Runoff Prophet were critically assessed. Rainfall-runoff models are globally utilized for different applications to enhance water use efficiency across different sectors. However, types of hydrological models by examining various hydrological models, model accuracy by evaluating the accuracy and reliability of each model in predicting runoff from rainfall data, scope of applications by determining the adequacy of the models for numerous geographical regions and climatic circumstances, complexity and usability by assessing the complexity of the models, their data requirements, ease of use and computational efficiency, also the models advantages and limitations in capturing the dynamics of the rainfall-runoff process were critically assessed. This was to aid modeling objectives. It was inferred that HEC-HMS is widely applied for modelling precipitation-runoff processes in watersheds of various sizes, aiding in flood forecasting, reservoir operation, and water management for agricultural and urban water use efficiency. SWAT is used for assessing the impact of land management practices (e.g., crop rotation, irrigation, land use changes) on water resources, including runoff generation and water quality, thus optimizing water use efficiency in agriculture. PRMS is applied to model the transport of water via complex hydrological systems, aiding in watershed management and water use efficiency assessments. In conclusion, this comparative review seeks to guide water scientists, the users of hydrological models and hydrological engineers in selecting the most suitable models for their specific modelling needs for sustainable water resources management.

Do Runoff Water Harvesting Ponds Affect Farmers Cropping Choices? Insights from Smallholders in the West African Sahel

Do Runoff Water Harvesting Ponds Affect Farmers Cropping Choices? Insights from Smallholders in the West African Sahel

Panzara River Watershed Prioritization Based on Geomorphometric and LULC Change Analysis using Geo-Spatial Techniques

Human activities can significantly influence the quality of water flowing from a watershed, either positively or negatively. As water moves through the system, these impacts accumulate, with all land-based activities having the potential to affect the water quality and quantity experienced by downstream stakeholders. Similarly, the actions of upstream landowners impact the water that flows across others' properties. Geospatial techniques like remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are invaluable tools for analysing drainage patterns within a watershed and the associated changes in land use and cover. This study focuses on the Panzara river basin, a principal tributary of the larger Tapi river basin, situated in central India between the westward-flowing Godavari and Narmada river systems, which both ultimately discharge into the Arabian Sea. The study area spans latitudes from 20°42'0" N to 21°18'0" N and longitudes from 74°06'0" E to 75°00'0" E, covering a geographical area of 2,986.05 square kilometers with a perimeter of 570.51 kilometers. The watershed delineation was carried out using Shuttle Radar Terrain Mapper (SRTM) data with a 30-meter resolution. For land use and land cover (LULC) analysis, Landsat 5 TM C2L1 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C2L1 datasets, both with 30-meter resolution, were utilized. The present study conducts a morphometric analysis and assesses LULC changes within the Panzara river basin between 2000 and 2021. Morphometric parameters such as linear parameters [Drainage density (Dd), Stream frequency (Fs), Mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm), Drainage texture ratio (Dt), Length of overland flow (Lo)] and areal parameters [Elongation ratio (Re), Circulatory ratio (Cr), Form factor (Rf), Compactness coefficient (Cc)] were used to prioritize sub-watersheds. Furthermore, the study classifies the observed LULC changes between satellite imagery datasets from 2000 and 2021, quantifying the percentage changes in the respective LULC classes across the sub-watersheds over the two decades. The overall accuracy of the LULC classification was 81.82% for 2000 and 88.88% for 2021, with Kappa coefficients of 0.772 and 0.85, respectively. In terms of prioritizing sub-watersheds, common sub- watersheds such as SW-1, SW-10, and SW-15 were classified under moderate priority, while SW-5, SW-8, and SW-14 were classified under the lowest priority. The results of this study, particularly the prioritization of sub-watersheds, can be instrumental for hydraulic engineers in planning and managing water resources in the Panzara river basin.

Winkler Titration Assessment of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in Oka Creek, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State

Aim: The aim of study was to investigate the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in water samples from the Oka Creek. Study Design: Qualitative study design. Place and Duration of Study: Water samples were collected from the Oka Creek, located in Toru-Orua in Sagbama Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The study lasted for twenty days. Methods: Water samples were collected from four different locations and depths in the Oka Creek, Toru-Orua, Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria, at various times. Each sample was transferred into 250 ml bottles labeled L1, L2, L3, and L4. The temperatures of the samples were recorded before transporting them to the chemistry laboratory for treatment. Winkler titration method was employed in analyzing the samples. Results: Location L1 recorded the highest BOD value, 28.38 ppm, measured at sunset (25 °C), from a relatively stagnant region. The high BOD at this location is attributed to minimal photosynthetic activity and significant oxygen consumption by microorganisms. In contrast, L2, collected from the same region at 35 °C during peak sunlight, exhibited a BOD value of 21.76 ppm. The lower BOD at L2 is due to increased photosynthetic activity. These high values suggest significant sludge deposits, domestic sewage and agricultural runoffs, which could lead to oxygen depletion and negatively impact aquatic life. Sample L3, taken from a deeper, stagnant region at sunset (25 °C), recorded a BOD value of 4.50 ppm. This moderate BOD level suggests the presence of moderate sludge deposits and agricultural runoff, but higher water flow speed helped mitigate these effects. Location L4, with the lowest BOD value of 3.74 ppm, was collected during peak sunlight (35 °C). Deeper location and high water flow speed contributed to reduced BOD levels, indicating better water quality and a healthier aquatic environment. Conclusion: The BOD values at L1 and L2 (28.38 ppm and 21.76 ppm) exceed acceptable limits for fish growth. Conversely, BOD values at L3 and L4 (4.50 ppm and 3.74 ppm) fall within acceptable limits, suggesting healthier aquatic environment, as evidenced by the yearly bountiful fish harvests in these sections of the Oka Creek.

Surface Runoff in Open Cast Mining Areas: Methods, Influential Factors, Quantifications, and Trends

Surface Runoff in Open Cast Mining Areas: Methods, Influential Factors, Quantifications, and Trends

Essential nutritional ions show enrichment (K+, Mg2+) and depletion (NO3−) in runoff water generated by biocrusts covering arid sand dunes under natural rain conditions

AbstractThe role of runoff in providing nutrients to runon loci in deserts was not extensively explored. Here we report 2 years of measurements of the chemical composition of rain and runoff (three events for each year, which correspond to the long‐term runoff events) in plots that were constructed over four biocrust types in the Negev Desert, Israel. The enrichment ratios showed high variability, being high for K+ (3.7), moderately high for NH4+ (1.6) and slightly high for Mg2+ and SO42− (1.2). It was low for Cl− and NO3− (0.5), moderately lower for Ca2+ (0.7) and slightly lower for Na+ and HCO3− (0.8). When examined per rain event, significant higher concentrations were found for K+ and Mg2+ while NO3− exhibited significantly lower concentration. The high enrichment of K+ and the enrichment of Mg2+ may point to a biogenic origin. While K+ enrichment is suggested to result from K+ excretion by the cyanobacteria, bacteria, and possibly by the mosses following cell wetting and the K+ role in cell osmoregulation, decomposition and erosion of the chlorophyll pigment may result in Mg2+ release. On the other hand, the data point out that despite the crust capability to fix nitrogen and thus to provide its own needs for nitrogen, NO3− was depleted from the runoff water, a phenomena that may be explained by the crust preference to utilise available low‐cost nitrogen provided by rain. Due to runoff accumulation at small depressions within the interdune and at the dune‐interdune interface, runoff may contribute additional amount of nutrients to these habitats. For the dune‐interdune interface it may account for an addition of 273.8% and 35.3% of the total potassium and nitrogen, respectively. The addition of water and nutrients may have important contribution to the growth of the moss‐dominated biocrusts and the shrubs at the dune‐interdune interface, being responsible for the formation of ‘mantles and islands of fertility’ at the dune‐interdune interface. It also points to the possible role that biocrusts may play in agroforestry practices.

Snow simulation for the rangeland hydrology and erosion model

In the western US, most rangelands receive snowfall. Yet, a commonly used tool to assess rangeland’s vulnerability to erosion, the USDA’s Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model (RHEM) is run using long-term simulated climate inputs that assumes that all precipitation occurs as rainfall. This can be problematic for areas that receive heavy snowfall or substantial rain-on-snow events. In this research, we have developed an efficient snow module for RHEM, called RHEM-Snow, which partitions precipitation between rainfall and snowfall, simulates snowpack accumulation and ablation, and passes net water input (consisting of rainfall, snowmelt, or both) to RHEM. In some areas, the inclusion of the snow module can reduce annual overland flow runoff and erosion estimates by more than 20 % of the total annual overland flow runoff and erosion produced without the snow module (or by as much as 10–50 mm/year for overland flow runoff or >100 kg/ha-yr for erosion). The reclassification of precipitation events from rainfall in RHEM to snowfall in RHEM-Snow tends to reduce overland flow runoff and erosion, but this reduction can be partially counterbalanced by increases from snowmelt and rain-on-snow. However, hydrologic responses to rain-on-snow events can either be enhanced or muted depending on the characteristics of the storm and the snowpack, as sometimes the snowpack can absorb the precipitation inputs, and sometimes snowmelt enhances the precipitation inputs. Because of this mixed impact, the average difference in erosion caused by rain on snow events is relatively small compared to corresponding events where only the liquid phase is considered. Further study is needed of the complex erosion processes under snowpack and frozen soil/variable saturation conditions. Overall, RHEM-Snow provides more realistic timing and magnitude of overland flow runoff and erosion in cold environments, better satisfying the conditions for RHEM applications.

Application of a Closed-Form Analytical Solution to Model Overland Flow and Sediment Transport Using Rainfall Simulator Data

Application of a Closed-Form Analytical Solution to Model Overland Flow and Sediment Transport Using Rainfall Simulator Data

Surface Runoff Estimation in Kubaisa Watershed Using SWAT, Western Desert, Iraq

Surface runoff significantly impacts the region's ecosystem and is closely linked to sustainable development and human well-being. The mathematical model SWAT running in an ArcGIS environment was used to estimate surface runoff in the Kubaisa watershed. The period simulated in this model is 31 years, sufficient to give good results regarding surface runoff volume and water yield contribution from each sub-watershed. The Kubaisa watershed has an area of 2485.50 km2 and comprises six sub-watersheds. The watershed consists of 172 HRUs distributed among sub-watersheds depending on the variation in soil layers, land use, vegetation, and slope. The volume of water calculated from the annual surface runoff rate for the simulation period was about 2699 million cubic meters, and its value was higher than the volume of water calculated from surface runoff due to lateral flow, groundwater discharge, and the contribution of each sub-watershed to the water yield. The highest value in water yield was in 2012, and the largest contribution was made by the sixth sub-watershed; thus, the difference is temporal and spatial in terms of water yield. Finally, through the analysis of multiple scenarios, the difference in hydrological response units is controlled by the difference in surface runoff, discharge, and water yield to the watershed. For this purpose, the SWAT model divides the watershed into many different units and starts the simulation on their basis.

Runoff and infiltration characteristics of rainfall and snowmelt water on a model embankment slope composed of sandy soil simulating vegetation works.

Runoff and infiltration characteristics of rainfall and snowmelt water on a model embankment slope composed of sandy soil simulating vegetation works.

Glufosinate-ammonium increased nitrogen and phosphorus content in water and shaped microbial community in epiphytic biofilm of Hydrilla verticillata

Glufosinate-ammonium (GLAM) can be released into adjacent water bodies with rainfall runoff and return water from farmland irrigation. However, impacts of GLAM on aquatic organisms remain unclear. In this study, changes in water quality, plant physiological parameters and epiphytic microbial community were investigated in wetlands with Hydrilla verticillata exposed to GLAM for 24 days. We found GLAM addition damaged cell and reduced chlorophyll a content in Hydrilla verticillata leaves, and increased ammonium and phosphorus in water (p < 0.001). The α-diversity increased in bacterial community but decreased in eukaryotic community with GLAM exposure. Neutral community models explained 62.3 % and 55.0 % of the variance in bacterial and eukaryotic communities, respectively. Many GLAM micro-biomarkers were obtained, including some clades from Proteobacteria, Bacteroidete, Actinobacteriota, Phragmoplastophyta, Annelida and Arthropoda. Redundancy analysis revealed that GLAM concentration was positively correlated to Flavobacterium, Gomphonema and Closterium but negatively to Methyloglobulus and Methylocystis. Network analysis revealed that 15 mg/L GLAM disturbed the interactions among phytoplankton, protozoa, metazoan and bacteria and reduced the stability of the microbial communities compared to 8 mg/L GLAM. GLAM shaped the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle related bacterial genes. This study highlights that herbicides are non-neglectable factors affecting the efficiency of aquatic ecological restoration in agricultural areas to control agricultural non-point source pollution.

Estimating erosion vulnerability within agricultural fields by downscaling the Daily Erosion Project (DEP): the OFEtool

AbstractAgriculture continues to be one of the most important sources of nonpoint source pollution to surface water bodies. Consequently, it is critical to identify and prioritize high‐contributing agricultural fields and sub‐field areas for reducing soil erosion and sediment delivery by implementing best management practices (BMPs). Current erosion risk assessment tools are either complex modelling approaches or rely on a simplified reality and generalized assumption. The Daily Erosion Project (DEP) is a daily estimator of precipitation, hillslope runoff, detachment and soil loss covering ~630 000 km2 across the Midwest United States. These estimations are reported daily and publicly at the hydrologic unit code 12 watershed resolution (approximately 100 km2). The main objective of this study was to develop a new tool (named Overland Flow Element tool [OFEtool]) that downscales the watershed scale of DEP to estimate average runoff and soil displacement within a field, helping to locate erosive hotspots at multiple scales. We also demonstrated the applicability of OFEtool in Bennet Creek‐Sugar Creek in East Central Iowa (the United States) and compared its results with other erosion vulnerability tools such as the Soil Vulnerability Index for Cultivated Cropland (SVI‐cc) and a GIS‐based Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The same erosion risk classes and ranges (low, moderate, moderately high and high) were implemented for all indexes. The advantages of the OFEtool compared to the SVI‐cc and RUSLE models are related to the use of an event‐based modelling approach, such as DEP, with updated soil loss estimates based on temporal changes in climate inputs and land use and management. The OFEtool uses a 6‐year time frame and a more up‐to‐date field inputs, while RUSLE provides a long‐term average and SVI‐cc only considers soil and topographical factors for risk assessment. Results indicated that the spatial distribution of vulnerable fields (and parts of the fields) followed a similar trend as other tested indices. However, the risk level associated with each tool differed (SVI‐cc &gt; RUSLE &gt; OFEtool). These differences could arise from intrinsic disparities within the tools (inputs, timing, processes considered, assumptions). While currently limited to the DEP domain and relying on the DEP random sampling scheme, further research is warranted to validate the tool at other Midwest locations and ensure it captures the watershed's landscape variability (combination of terrain, soil, land use and management) required to identifying critical erosion hotspots.

Response of Surface Runoff Evolution to Landscape Patterns in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Yun–Gui Plateau

To control and improve the phenomena of rocky desertification and soil erosion in karst landform areas, which are caused by a series of human factors that include social and economic development and human activities, China has successively introduced many policies, resulting in spatial and temporal changes in the landscape pattern of the southern karst area. In this study, land use transfer intensity maps, the grid method, the sample line method, the semivariogram method, and the Spearman analysis method are used to explore the spatial and temporal evolutions in surface runoff as responses to landscape pattern and policy factors in karst landform area. Therefore, this study provides theoretical and policy support for improving the regional landscape structure, optimizing the landscape layout, introducing regional policies, reducing surface runoff, and alleviating soil erosion. The results show that the best scale for the study of landscape patterns in the southern karst area is 3000 m. Forests are the land type that make up the highest proportion in the southern karst area, and they have the strongest interception capacity for surface runoff. The spatial and temporal distributions of the surface runoff are significantly different, and urban expansion has led to an increase in impervious runoff year over year. Runoff is positively correlated with the Shannon diversity index (SHDI), patch density (PD), and landscape shape index (LSI). The stronger the landscape heterogeneity, the more runoff. DIVISION is positively correlated with forest runoff and negatively correlated with other land types. The higher is the degree of aggregation of impervious patches, the higher the regional runoff rate. The more dispersed the forest patches are, the smaller the area proportion, and the greater the runoff. In addition, policy factors have a significant impact on surface runoff.

Application of Sponge City for Controlling Surface Runoff Pollution

Nowadays, due to the complexity of urban growth and the frequency of extreme stormwater events, flooding has emerged as a major global problem. Scientists and engineers are competing to find the best and most economical ways to prevent flooding. In 2014, China introduced the concept of a sponge city, similar to the low-impact development (LID) approach, comprising several facilities to prevent flooding. In addition to preventing flooding, this approach offers various benefits such as increasing groundwater levels and expanding green spaces. Sponge city is based on four basic principles: urban water resourcing, ecological water management, green infrastructures, and urban permeable pavement. It involves transforming urban infrastructures into green infrastructures. This review analyzes insights from more than 50 articles focusing on various sponge city facilities and classifying them based on their roles in infiltration, retention, storage, purification, use, and drainage. It also compares Sponge city with traditional runoff management approaches. Overall, this review aims to deepen our understanding of modern urban water management strategies and their implications for sustainable development.

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of pathogenic Escherichia coli from commercial swine and poultry abattoirs and farms in South Africa: A One Health approach

Pathogenic Escherichia coli (PEC) are important foodborne bacteria that can cause severe illness in humans. The PECs thrive within the intestines of humans as well as animals and may contaminate multiple ecosystems, including food and water, via faecal transmission. Abattoir and farm employees are at high risk of PEC exposure, which could translate to community risk through person-to-person contact. To determine the epidemiology and resistome of PECs in Gauteng and Limpopo provinces of South Africa, 198 swine faecal samples, 220 poultry cloacal swabs, 108 human hand swabs, 11 run-off water samples from abattoirs and farms were collected from four swine and five poultry commercial abattoirs and two swine farms. One effluent sample each was collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and a tertiary hospital setting. Phenotypic and genotypic techniques were used including polymerase chain reaction, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results showed EHEC and EPEC prevalence was 4.1 % (22/542) and 20.8 % (113/542), respectively, with the O26 serogroup detected the most in PEC isolates. According to the PFGE dendrogram, isolates from poultry, human hand swabs and run-off water clustered together. Diverse virulence factors such as the novel stx2k subtype and eae genes were detected among the 36 representative PEC isolates according to WGS. The results showed that 66.7 % (24/36) of sequenced PECs presented with multi-drug resistance (MDR) to β-lactamase 13.9 % (5/36), aminoglycoside 61.1 % (22/36), tetracycline 41.7 % (15/36) and quinolones 38.9 % (14/36). No colistin nor carbapenem resistance was detected. Sequence types (STs) associated with MDR in this study were: ST752, ST189, ST206, ST10, ST48 and ST38. The findings highlight the threat of zoonotic pathogens to close human contacts and the need for enhanced surveillance to mitigate the spread of MDR foodborne PECs.