Surface Roughness Of Composite Resins Research Articles

Surface roughness of different types of resin composites after artificial aging procedures: an in vitro study

BackgroundThe temperature changes, chemical agents, and brushing activity that resin composite restorations are exposed to in the oral environment can cause changes in surface roughness. In this study, the aim was to investigate in vitro the clinical one-year surface roughness changes of different types of composites (flowable or conventional) from the same companies by subjecting them to immersion in solutions, brushing, and thermal cycling procedures to simulate intraoral conditions.MethodsFour different resin composite brands were included in the study using both their conventional (Charisma Smart, 3M Filtek Ultimate Universal, Omnichroma, Beautifil II) and flowable resin composites (Charisma Flow, 3M Filtek Ultimate Flowable, Omnichroma Flow, Beautifil Flow Plus F00), giving 4 groups with 2 types of resin composite in each. 40 samples were prepared for each group/resin type, for a total of 320 samples. After initial surface roughness measurements by a mechanical profilometer, the samples were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 10) and immersed in solutions (distilled water, tea, coffee, or wine) for 12 days. The samples were then subjected to 10,000 cycles of brushing simulation and 10,000 cycles of thermal aging. Surface roughness measurements were repeated after the procedures. For statistical analysis, the 3-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used (p < 0.05).ResultsIt was concluded that composite groups and types had an effect on surface roughness at time t0 (p < 0.001). At time t1, the highest surface roughness value was obtained in the Beautifil-conventional interaction. When the surface roughness values between time t0 and t1 were compared, an increase was observed in the Beautifil II and Beautifil Flow Plus F00, while a decrease was observed in the other composite groups.ConclusionComposite groups, types, and solutions had an effect on the surface roughness of resin composites. After aging procedures, it was concluded that the Beautifil group could not maintain the surface structure as it exceeded the threshold value of 0.2 μm for bacterial adhesion.

The effect of whitening toothpastes on the color stability and surface roughness of stained resin composite

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effect of whitening toothpastes on the color stability and surface roughness of resin composites stained with coffee and cigarette smoke.MethodsSeventy-two disk-shaped specimens (6 × 2 mm) of suprananohybrid resin composite were randomly divided into two groups and exposed to coffee and cigarette smoke (n = 36). After staining, the samples randomly divided into four groups according to whitening toothpastes and were brushed for 4 min: Opalescence Whitening (OW); Colgate Optic White (COW); Curaprox Black is White (CPX) and, distilled water (control) (n = 9). Color was measured with spectrophotometer at the initial, after staining, and after brushing, and surface roughness was measured with profilometer at the initial and after brushing. A surface morphology analysis was examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. (p < 0.05).ResultsCigarette smoke caused a significantly higher color change than coffee in the resin composite (p < 0.05). Brushing with hydrogen peroxide and silica-containing whitening toothpaste showed significant differences in color change (p < 0.05). The lowest whitening effect was found in activated charcoal-containing toothpaste. While all toothpastes increased the degree of surface roughness of resin composites, the highest roughness was caused by whitening toothpastes containing activated charcoal. (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe color stability and surface properties of resin composites can be affected by brushing them with whitening toothpaste. The utilization of whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide can be considered a safe method for increasing the whiteness of discolored resin composites.

The Effect of Charcoal-Based Dentifrice and Conventional Whitening Toothpaste on the Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Composite Resin: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies.

The objective was to systematically review studies that evaluated the effect of charcoal-based dentifrices (CbDs) and conventional whitening toothpastes (CWTs) on the color stability (CS) and/or surface roughness (SR) of composite resin (CR). The question we focused on was "Do CbD and CWT affect the CS and/or SR of CR?" Indexed databases were searched without language and time restrictions up to and including May 2023 using different keywords. Original experimental studies were included. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for In Vitro Studies. Ten in vitro studies performed on CR were included. The number of CR samples assessed ranged between 18 and 200. In one study, CbDs altered the CS and SR of CR, whereas another study showed no difference in changes in the SR and CS of CR when CbDs were compared with CWTs. One study showed that compared with CWTs, CbDs caused changes in the CS of CR but changes in SR were similar between the two dentifrices. One study showed that CbDs and CWTs improved the overall color and enhanced the SR of CR. Three studies had a high RoB, five had a medium RoB, and two had a low RoB. Compared to CWTs, CbDs appeared to affect the CS of CR, but the SR of CR induced by both dentifrices remained consistent. Further well-designed and power-adjusted studies are needed.

Effect of Different Beverages on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Resin Composites

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, 5 farklı renklendirme solüsyonunun tek renkli kompozit rezinlerin renk stabilitesine ve yüzey pürüzlülüğüne olan etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir.&#x0D; Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 5 farklı tek renkli kompozit rezin (Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Universal, Omnichroma, Vittra APS Unique, ZenChroma, Charisma Topaz ONE) kullanılmıştır. Her bir grup için 35 adet kompozit disk (2 mm kalınlığında- 7 mm çapında) hazırlanmıştır. Bitim ve cila işlemleri Sof-Lex XT cila diskleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Polimerizasyon işleminin tamamlanması için örnekler 37 °C distile suda 24 saat bekletilmiştir. Ardından örnekler rastgele 5 deneysel gruba ayrılarak; kahvede, distile suda, kırmızı şarapta, çayda ve kolada renklendirilmiştir (n=7). Örneklerin başlangıç, 10. gün ve 28. gün L, a, ve b değerleri Konica Minolta CM-3600A ile ölçülmüş ve renk değişimleri CIEDE2000 formülü kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Yüzey pürüzlülükleri ise Mitutoyo SJ-410 profilometre cihazı ile ölçülmüştür. Veriler tek yönlü varyans analizi (One-way ANOVA) ve Kruskal Wallis testleri ile analiz edilmiştir (p

The Effect of Se ect of Several Electric Cigar al Electric Cigarette Puffs on Nanohybrid ette Puffs on Nanohybrid Composite Resin Surface Roughness

Nanohybrid composite resin is a dental restorative material comprising micro and nano-sized fillers. When accompanied by smoking habits, it can alter the surface roughness of composite resin. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of several electric cigarette (e-cigarette) puffs on the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin. Methods: This study was conducted in the experimental laboratory with a pretest-posttest control group design using 48 nanohybrid composite resin specimens divided into six groups. Subsequently, the experimental groups were exposed to 75, 150, 225, 300, and 450 puffs of e-cigarette, and the control group was given artificial saliva immersion without exposure for 21 days. The surface roughness of specimens was measured with a surface roughness tester and evaluated through statistical analysis, including One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc LSD. Results: The average pre-test and post-test differences between groups I, II, III, IV, V, and VI were 0.013, 0.022, 0.033, 0.044, 0.065, and 0.005 μm. These results showed a significant difference in the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin (p &lt; 0.05), with variations between all groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the number of e-cigarette puffs had a significant effect on the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin. Specifically, an increase in the number of e-cigarette puffs led to a rise in the surface roughness value of nanohybrid composite resin.

Effect of saliva of patients with leukemia on surface hardness and roughness of enamel and dental composite resin during chemotherapy regimen: An – Invitro study

Background: Evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed into saliva collected from leukemia patient. Objective: To evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed on to saliva collected from 4 types of leukemia patient. Patients and Methods: 30 patients with 4 types of leukemia (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL, Acute myeloid leukemia AML, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL, and Chronic myeloid leukemia CML) were included for taking saliva separately. A total number of 50 enamel specimen and 50 of composite resin disk were prepared and randomly divided into 5 groups of enamel (1,2,3,4, and 5) and 5 groups of composite resin disk (A,B,C,D, and E), surface roughness and hardness were measured and data collected, group A and 1 were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days as control, group B and 2 immersed into saliva collected from patient with ALL, group C and 3 immersed into saliva collected from patient with AML, group D and 4 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CLL and group E and 5 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CML all group for 7 days then surface roughness and hardness were measured data collected and analyzed and statistically significant regarded at p&lt;0.05. Results: In group A and 1 artificial saliva there were no significant effect on surface roughness and hardness of both enamel and composite resin disk, while surface roughness and hardness of enamel and composite resin significantly changed after immersing in saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, patients and surface roughness of composite resin highly significantly increased after immersing in saliva of CML patients. Conclusion: Saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, and CML seems to significantly changes in mechanical properties of enamel and composite, however saliva of CML highly significantly increase surface roughness of composite resin. Keywords: 4 types’ leukemia, chemotherapy, surface roughness and hardness, enamel, dental composite resin.

Effect of saliva of patients with leukemia on surface hardness and roughness of enamel and dental composite resin during chemotherapy regimen: An – Invitro study

Background: Evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed into saliva collected from leukemia patient.&#x0D; Objective: To evaluate the surface roughness and hardness of tooth enamel and dental resin composite restoration immersed on to saliva collected from 4 types of leukemia patient.&#x0D; Patients and Methods: 30 patients with 4 types of leukemia (Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL, Acute myeloid leukemia AML, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL, and Chronic myeloid leukemia CML) were included for taking saliva separately. A total number of 50 enamel specimen and 50 of composite resin disk were prepared and randomly divided into 5 groups of enamel (1,2,3,4, and 5) and 5 groups of composite resin disk (A,B,C,D, and E), surface roughness and hardness were measured and data collected, group A and 1 were immersed in artificial saliva for 7 days as control, group B and 2 immersed into saliva collected from patient with ALL, group C and 3 immersed into saliva collected from patient with AML, group D and 4 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CLL and group E and 5 immersed into saliva collected from patient with CML all group for 7 days then surface roughness and hardness were measured data collected and analyzed and statistically significant regarded at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: In group A and 1 artificial saliva there were no significant effect on surface roughness and hardness of both enamel and composite resin disk, while surface roughness and hardness of enamel and composite resin significantly changed after immersing in saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, patients and surface roughness of composite resin highly significantly increased after immersing in saliva of CML patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: Saliva of ALL, AML, CLL, and CML seems to significantly changes in mechanical properties of enamel and composite, however saliva of CML highly significantly increase surface roughness of composite resin.

Bacterial adhesion to composite resins produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and contact angle of composite resins produced by CAD/CAM milling and three-dimensional (3D) printing for permanent restorations as well as the adhesion of S. mutans and S. sanguinis bacteria to these composites. Three CAD/CAM milling composite resins (Vita Enamic-VE, Cerasmart-CE, Lava Ultimate-LU) and three 3D printing resins (Varseo Smile Crown plus-VSC, Saremco print Crowntech-SPC, Formlabs 3B Permanent crown-FLP) were selected. Twenty samples were prepared for each group. Using a contact profilometer, the surface roughness was determined, and an optical goniometer was used to quantify the contact angle. To evaluate the bacterial adhesion, composite specimens were immersed in mucin containing artificial saliva. All samples were incubated for 24h at 37°C in 5% CO2. CFUs were determined by counting colonies after the incubation period. Surface roughness values of test samples were the highest in the Group VSC [0.46 (0.14)µm], whereas the lowest values were found in the Group LU [0.23 (0.05)µm]. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in contact angle values (p > 0.05). The S. mutans adhesion extent on the Group SPC was statistically higher compared to all other materials with p < 0.05. For S. sanguinis, the lowest bacterial adhesion value was recorded in Group CE (3.00 × 104CFU/ml) and statistically significant differences were found with Group VE and VSC (p < 0.05). Different digital manufacturing techniques and material compositions can affect the surface roughnesses of composite resins. All composite resin samples have hydrophobic characteristics. Microbial adhesion of the tested composite resins may be varied depending on the bacterial species. S. mutans showed much more adhesion to these materials than S. sanguinis.

Effect of whitening concepts on surface roughness and optical characteristics of resin-based composites: An AFM study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various whitening agents on the surface roughness and optical characteristics of different types of resin composite restorations. Fifty specimens were prepared for each resin [G-aenial Posterior (GP), SonicFill-2 (SF), Solidex (SDX), and Nova Compo HF (NC)]. Following baseline color and surface roughness (Ra) measurements, the specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10/group) according to whitening concepts: control (distilled water), in-office bleaching [OB-(Opalescence Boost)], at-home bleaching [HB-(Opalescence PF)], whitening toothpaste [WT-(Signal White Now)], and whitening mouthwash [WM-(Listerine Advanced White)]. ∆E00 , ∆TP00 , and ∆WID values were calculated before and after the whitening procedure with a spectrophotometer using the CIEDE2000 formula. Surface roughness measurements were repeated. The surface topography was determined using atomic force microscopy. Two- and three-way analyses of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test were performed, with p < 0.05 regarded as indicative of significance. No significant differences were detected among the resin composite materials in terms of the ΔE00 values (p > 0.05). Color change of all resin materials was above the AT threshold (>1.8) and the PT threshold (>0.8). All restorative materials presented acceptable (AT<2.62) TP00 values. Solidex specimens demonstrated the lowest WID values compared to the other composites. There were significant differences among the whitening procedures with respect to ΔE00 , ΔTP00 , and WID values (p < 0.001). SF/WT combination showed the highest and clinically unacceptable ΔE00 values. The highest roughness values were observed in the SDX specimens and the combination of SDX/OB. The effect of whitening agents on the optical characteristics and surface roughness of restorative materials depends on the type of material, agent, and time. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Clinicians should be aware that long-term use of over-the-counter products due to the abrasive effects of their ingredients and repeated bleaching session applications may affect the color stability and surface roughness of resin composites.

Surface Roughness of Resin Composites after Wearing with Toothbrush

Surface Roughness of Resin Composites after Wearing with Toothbrush

The Effect of Usage of Antiasthmatic Inhalers on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Dental Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study.

Increased demand for esthetics by parents and children has resulted in the use of tooth-colored restorative materials. Children with chronic respiratory conditions like asthma use inhalers which have shown to affect the surface of restorative materials. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of antiasthmatic inhalers on color stability and surface roughness of three restorative materials. Forty samples each of three dental restorative materials: group A: glass ionomer cement (GIC), group B: alkasite restorative material, and group C: composite resins were prepared. Each group was further divided into two subgroups of 20 samples each according to the inhaler used. All the specimens were polished using polishing discs and stored in artificial saliva in order to simulate the oral environment. The baseline color value and surface roughness of all the samples were measured using a spectrophotometer and a profilometer, respectively. Group 1 and group 2 were exposed to 0.31 mg of salbutamol sulfate and 20 mg formoterol fumarate in combination with budesonide, respectively, for every 12 hours, for a period of 15 days following which the samples were evaluated for color changes and surface roughness. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis and level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Exposure to both the inhalers caused a change in color and surface roughness in all three restorative materials. There was a significant change in the color of GIC and composite resin (ΔE > 3.3), following exposure to both the inhalers (p < 0.05). The change in color of alkasite restorative material was not significant. A significant increase in the surface roughness of composite resin from 0.56 ± 0.14 to 0.67 ± 0.19 was seen following 15 days' exposure to formoterol in combination with budesonide inhaler (p < 0.05). Following exposure, both the inhalers had an equal effect on color and surface roughness of all three restorative materials. Alkasite restorative material showed greater resistance to change in color and surface roughness when exposed to antiasthmatic inhalers, compared to GIC and composite resin. Thus, children who use inhalers and nebulizers should be advised to implement more precautionary oral hygiene measures and periodic dental visits.

Effect of nanofilled self-adhesive protective coating on color changes and surface roughness of composite resin

Background: Discoloration of composite restorations may affecting aesthetic appearance. The aging-process and surface roughness may influence color changes. A nanofilled self-adhesive protecting coating has been developed for coating tooth restoration and expected to prolong the longevity of restoration. To evaluate the effect of nanofilled self-adhesive protective coating on the surface roughness and color-changes of flowable and packable composite after aging condition. &#x0D; Methods: The total of 40 discs (15x2mm) and 60 boxes (20×10× 2mm) specimens from flowable and packable composite were used. A half of the specimens was coated by using protective-coating. The reflectance chromameter was used to measure the color baseline. Afterward, the specimens were subjected into aging process by immersing in artificial saliva and carbonated drink (37oC,7d). The color changes were calculated based on the [CIE L*a*b*].For surface roughness, box-shaped specimens were measured in fresh condition, after aging conditions. &#x0D; Results: The color change ranged from 0.49 to 2.31. Applying protective-coating was associated with a significant decrease in the color-changes and surface roughness after aging. The changes of three color coordinates resulted in significant differences for both composite, with and without protective coating application.&#x0D; Conclusion: The application of protective-coating decrease the color-changes and surface roughness of flowable and packable composite-resin.

Effect of effervescent C vitamins on the surface roughness and color stability of composite resins: A SEM study

Objective: To investigate the effect of effervescent vitamins C on the color change and surface roughness of resin composites. Methods: 30 specimens (8 mm*2 mm) were prepared for each restorative material (G-ænial Posterior, Solidex). The specimens were polymerized with LED device for 20 seconds and were incubated in distilled water for 24 hours for post-polymerization. Initial color values were measured using a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade V, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany), and initial surface roughness was measured with roughness tester (Mitutoyo SJ-410 Surftest Analyzer). The specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups according to their immersion solution (Redoxon, Ocean efervit, and distilled water). During the 28-day test period, the specimens were immersed in the solutions 2 times a day. Color changes and surface roughness measurement procedures were repeated. Data were subjected to One-way ANOVA, Tukey test, and t-test (p=0.05). Results: When the color change (ΔE00) results are examined statistically; the highest ∆E values were observed in the Redoxon group, regardless of the restorative material. G-ænial Posterior specimens from both study groups and Solidex specimens incubated in Redoxon showed clinically unacceptable discoloration. When the average roughness values (Ra) are analyzed statistically, roughness values above the threshold surface roughness (Ra=0.2 µm) was detected in all groups. However, no statistically significant difference between groups (p&amp;gt;0.05). Conclusion: Despite the fact that effervescent C vitamins significantly increased the discoloration of the tested composite resins, not cause a statistically significant difference in surface roughness.

Effects of polishing procedures on optical parameters and surface roughness of composite resins with different viscosities.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the optical properties of flowable and injectable composites after polishing, such as translucency (translucency parameter [TP], TP00), opalescence (OP-BW), chroma (C*ab), refractive index (RI), and change in surface roughness (Ra, Rz). Ninety disc-shaped samples were prepared from micro-hybrid, flowable, and injectable composites and divided into 3 groups according to the polishing systems (n=10). The RI was measured with an Abbe refractometer, and optical measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. The surface roughness was measured with a two-dimensional profilometer. Data were analyzed with the generalized linear model method and two-way analysis of variance. The results showed that the polishing procedure did not significantly impact the RI (p=0.987). Injectable composite had the highest translucency (TP=28.67; TP00=13.49) and opalescence (OP-BW=13.11); showed the lowest C*ab value (17.95). Also, the effects of the composite type and polishing procedure on surface roughness were statistically significant (p=0.047 and p<0.001).

Effect of different polishing systems and speeds on the surface roughness of resin composites.

The objective of this study was to compare surface roughness of a nano-spherical resin composite using four different multi-step polishing disc systems at five different speeds. In total, 154 discs samples were prepared using a supra-nano spherical resin composite. The samples were divided into negative and positive control groups and the following four finishing and polishing disc systems: Sof-Lex, Bisco Finishing Discs, OptiDisc, and Super-Snap. Each polishing disc system was applied at five different speeds (2000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 revolutions per minute [RPM]) (n = 7). The surface roughness of samples was measured using a profilometer. One sample from each group was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Two-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the average roughness (Ra) data from the profilometric experiments using statistical software (GraphPad Prism4-GraphPad Software; La Jolla, CA, USA). The mean values were compared using the Bonferroni test (P = 0.05). The mean roughness ranged from 0.07 μm to 0.41 μm. The smoothest surfaces were obtained with OptiDisc at 20,000 RPM and Super-Snap at 20,000 RPM. The Bisco Finishing Discs group at 2,000 RPM showed the highest surface roughness values. For all polishing systems, the roughness at 20,000 RPM was lower than that at other speeds. Within the limitations of the present in vitro study, it can be concluded that the polishing performance was in the following order: Super-Snap > OptiDisc > Sof-Lex > Bisco Finishing Discs. In addition, the surface roughness decreased as the polishing speed increased.

Beyazlatıcı Diş Macunlarının Kompozit Rezinlerin Mikrosertliğine ve Yüzey Pürüzlülüğüne Etkisi: Bir İn Vitro Çalışma

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of different types of whitening toothpastes on the microhardness and surface roughness of composite resins. Material and Methods: 120 discshaped samples each of Clearfil Majesty Esthetic and Gradia Direct Anterior composite resins were randomly assigned to 4 groups, based on the toothpaste used [three whitening toothpastes: Signal White Now (SWN), Colgate Optic White (COW), Ipana 3D White Luxe (IWL), and one non-whitening toothpaste: Sensodyne Promine (SP)]. The samples were brushed using an electrical toothbrush for 4 minutes. Before and after toothbrushing surface roughness (n=15) and Vickers microhardness (n=15) values were measured and the topography of the composite resins was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction (p˂0.05). Results: The surface roughness was significantly affected by the toothpastes (p=0.013) and there was a significant interaction between toothpastes and composite resins (p˂0.001). The surface roughness of composite resins significantly increased after toothbrushing with all toothpastes. SWN and IWL showed significantly higher surface roughness values than SP (p=0.024 and p=0.028, respectively). There was a significant increase in the microhardness values for Gradia Direct Anterior after toothbrushing with SWN, IWL and SP (p=0.003, p˂0.001 and p=0.029, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, it was determined that all toothpastes increased the surface roughness values of Clearfil Majesty Esthetic and Gradia Direct Anterior, and all toothpastes (except COW) increased the microhardness values of Gradia Direct Anterior. Clinicians should notify patients of the abrasive capacity of all toothpastes, especially those that are whitening.

The effect of immersion in beverages and dental bleaching agents on the surface roughness of resin composites

Introduction: Composite materials may be exposed to chemicals in food and beverages in the oral cavity, which can lead to changes in surface roughness. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness of two restorative materials after exposure to coffee and green tea followed by a dental bleaching procedure. Methods: For nanofilled composite and microhybrid composite, 15 samples each were fabricated. Five specimens from each composite were stored in instant coffee and green tea for 4 h a day. After 30 days of immersion, specimens received dental at-home bleaching, using 16% carbamide peroxide (CP), for 7 h a day. The control group was stored in deionized water for 30 days. Surface roughness was determined by profilometry 24 h after polymerization, after 30 days of immersion, and after bleaching. The data were analyzed using a t-test for paired samples and mixed analysis of variance, at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Neither beverages nor CP treatment significantly altered the surface roughness of the composites. There was no difference between the tested composite materials regarding roughness. Conclusion: Surface roughness of the microhybrid and nanohybrid composites was not modified by coffee, green tea, and subsequent whitening treatment.

Surface roughness changes of two composite resin restorative materials after thermocycling.

Composite is usually a mixture of two phases. The composites used in dentistry have high durability. The individual properties of each phase are important to increase the mechanical property of the composite. This study aimed to determine the surface roughness changes of two composite resin restorative materials after thermocycling. Two of the commercially available composites were chosen (RestoFill and SwissTEC). The composite disks of dimension 10 mm diameter and 3 mm height were prepared using silicone molds, and every increment was light cured for 30 s. A stylus profilometer was used to assess the surface roughness prethermocycling, and then, the disks were subjected to an integrated thermocycler (T.S-4.4) for 1000 cycles. The postsurface roughness was obtained after the thermocycling process using the same stylus profilometer. The surface parameter values before and after thermocycling of the SwissTEC sample is less than that of RestoFill. There was a significant difference between the Rz and Rq values of the two different commercially available composite materials. Thus, the present study concludes that thermocycling influenced the surface roughness of composite resin and increased the surface roughness of both the RestoFill and SwissTEC composites.

Evaluation of the Surface Roughness of Resin Composites before and after Applying Different Bleaching Materials

Abstract: &#x0D; Background: Bleaching is a conservative treatment and has been shown to be both efficient and safe but the effects of bleaching on teeth and dental materials have been studied in several studies.&#x0D; Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the surface roughness of resin composites before and after applying different bleaching materials.&#x0D; Material and method: Three types of resin composites were used in this in vitro study. Two types of bleaching techniques were used: in office and at home bleach. Sixteen specimens of each resin composite type were fabricated and used in this study. Surface roughness of the samples was measured using a profilometer (Talysurf CLI 1000, Leicester, England). The surface roughness measurements and data were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests through SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). The assessment of surface roughness was done using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.&#x0D; Results: The assessment of surface roughness by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests showed significant differences for composite material types as well as an interaction between these parameters for each tested bleaching gels (P&lt;.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The composition of both resin composite and bleaching material play an important role in initiation and conduction of surface roughness at the outer surface of resin composite restoration.

The Effect of Different Polishing Methods on the Surface Roughness of Resin Composites (An In-Vitro Study)

The Effect of Different Polishing Methods on the Surface Roughness of Resin Composites (An In-Vitro Study)