Surface Ornamentation Research Articles

Morphology and Distribution of Cutaneous Sensory Organs on the Digits of <i>Anolis carolinensis</i> and <i>A. sagrei</i> (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in Relation to the Adhesive Toepads and Their Deployment

Cutaneous sensory organs are characteristic of many squamate lineages. Such organs may occur on the surface of scales as button-like, circular protuberances set off from their surroundings by a noticeable boundary, often taking the form of a moat or furrow. They may be relatively unadorned, clad with the surface micro-ornamentation of the scales on which they are carried, or they may carry one or more bristles of varying length and surface ornamentation. Such bristles may extend away from the body of the organ to interface with the surrounding environment or to contact adjacent scales. Cutaneous sensory organs have been physiologically demonstrated to have a mechanoreceptive function but have also been posited to potentially be involved with additional sensory modalities. Their distribution and structure across the body surface has been shown to be unequal, with some regions being much more extensively endowed than others, indicative of regional differential sensitivity. The digits of Anolis (Iguania: Dactyloidae) carry adhesive toepads that are convergent with those of geckos (Gekkota). Geckos exhibit a high density of cutaneous sensory organs on their toepads and their form and distribution has been associated with the operation and control of the toepads during locomotion. Investigation of the form and topographical distribution of cutaneous sensory organs on the toepads of Anolis shows them to be convergent in these attributes with those of geckos and quite distinct from those of the ancestrally padless Iguana (Iguania: Iguanidae). Their location at scale margins and the direction of their bristles towards adjacent scales indicates that the cutaneous sensory organs play an important role in proprioception during toepad deployment in Anolis.

Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Genus Spumella (Chrysophyceae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence.

The genus Spumella, established by Cienkowsky in 1870, is characterized by omnivory, two (rarely three) flagella, a short stick-like structure beneath the flagella, a threadlike stalk, cell division via constriction and cyst formation. Since the first phylogenetic study of Spumella-like flagellates, their paraphyly has consistently been shown, with separation into several genera. More recently, Spumella was carefully investigated using molecular and morphological data to propose seven new species. Classification of this genus and knowledge of its species diversity remain limited because Spumella-like flagellates are extremely difficult to identify based on limited morphological characters. To understand the phylogeny and taxonomy of Spumella, we analyzed molecular and morphological data from 47 strains, including 18 strains isolated from Korean ponds or swamps. Nuclear SSU, ITS and LSU rDNA data were used for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The molecular data divided the strains into 15 clades, including seven new lineages, each with unique molecular signatures for nuclear SSU rRNA from the E23-2 to E23-5 domains, the spacer between the E23-8 and E23-9 domains of the V4 region and domain 29 of the V5 region. Our results revealed increased species diversity in Spumella. In contrast to the molecular phylogeny results, the taxa showed very similar cell morphologies, suggesting morphological convergence into simple nanoflagellates to enable heterotrophy. Three new species produced stomatocysts in culture. Aspects of stomatocyst morphology, including collar structure, surface ornamentation, and cyst shape, were very useful in differentiating the three species. The general ultrastructure of Spumella bureschii strain Baekdongje012018B8 and S. benthica strain Hwarim032418A5 showed the typical chrysophyte form for the leucoplast, a vestigial chloroplast surrounded by four envelope membranes, supporting the hypothesis that Spumella evolved from a phototroph to a heterotroph via the loss of its photosynthetic ability. Seven new species are proposed: S. benthica, S. communis, S. longicolla, S. oblata, S. rotundata, S. similis, and S. sinechrysos.

Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Late Miocene of Ukraine, with a discussion of materials associated with Widhalms (1886) nomen nudum, †Acipenser euhuso.

The fossil record of the family Acipenseridae (sturgeons) extends to the Late Cretaceous (c. 85 MY), with a ghost lineage extending to approximately 120 MY when the first members of the family Polyodontidae are known. Much of the fossil record of Acipenseridae is formed by isolated and fragmentary dermal bones, which bear characteristic surface ornamentation. In this paper, we report on a collection of fossil sturgeons from the Upper Miocene deposits of southern Ukraine. These specimens include those used by Widhalm to establish †Acipenser euhuso, which is a nomen nudum. While we do not establish a new taxon for these specimens, the morphological variation of those elements that are preserved does suggest the presence of several species represented in this fauna.

Microscopic techniques for characterization and authentication of oil-yielding seeds.

Investigation of alternative energy sources is need of current time due to growing power crisis and associated environmental issues. Biodiesel is considered as sustainable power source and promising alternative to fossil fuels. Therefore, our current investigation aimed to identify micromorphological characters of 10 novel nonedible oil-yielding seeds through scanning electron microscopy. It was revealed from light microscopic study that there is variation in seed size from 3 to 15 mm in length and 2 to 11 mm in width. Likewise, a huge variation in color was observed such as light green, greenish yellow, blackish brown, and various shades of brown. Presence and absence of Hilum was observed, and compression of seeds varied from depressed, lateral, and dorsoventral. Seed's shape differs from ovate, clavate, triangular ovate, cuneiform, ovoid, and elliptical shape. Seed oil content fall in range of 18-58% (wt/wt). Free fatty acid content of the seeds varies from 0.3 to 3.1mg KOH/g. Ultrastructure of seeds exhibited huge variation in shape, size, periclinal wall, anticlinal wall, and surface ornamentation. Nonedible seeds varied in wall structure from angular, wavy, dentate entire, irregular, puzzled, elongated, even, and polygonal. The periclinal wall arrangements show alteration from flat, looped, raised, depressed, lofty, even, pentagonal, polygonal, and undulate seed margins. Outcomes of this investigation recommended that scanning electron microscopy could act as a helpful tool in disclosing the hidden micromorphological characters among nonedible oil-yielding seeds and subsequently helping in correct, authentic seed identification and classification as potential feedstock for biodiesel.

Variability of in situ spores in some leptosporangiate ferns from the Triassic in Italy and Austria

Spores or pollen from a single species or even an individual plant or sporangium may vary in morphology and size to a point that equivalent forms found dispersed in the sediment have been described as different species or even genera. In addition, not all these organs were mature at the moment of burial, and therefore they do not always contain completely developed microspores. To understand these variations better, we studied the intraspecific and interspecific morphological variability of in situ spores of leptosporangiate ferns (belonging to the Osmundales, possible Osmundales, and Gleicheniales) from the Triassic of Europe. The material comes from the Anisian Kühwiesenkopf/Monte Prà della Vacca flora of Italy and the Carnian Lunz flora of Austria. Our analysis is aimed at distinguishing the normal range of variability, differentiating developmental stages, and determining the frequency of abnormal spores. Results show significant variation in both size and surface ornamentation of spores from the same sporangia, as well as between sporangia and individuals, which may have various causes. Abortive spores are usually rare but occur with higher frequency in different samples from some specimens, suggesting that they can serve to identify systemic defects in the plants.

Seed micromorphology and anatomy of 36 Muscari (Asparagaceae) taxa from Turkey with notes on their systematic importance

This study presents the first in-depth evaluation of the morphological and anatomical characters, as well as their taxonomic importance, of the seeds of 36 taxa in subgenera Muscari, Leopoldia, Pseudomuscari and Botryanthus of the genus Muscari in Turkey, where 24 of the taxa are endemic. The results indicate that the taxa generally differ from each other in terms of seed shape and dimension. Seed dimensions vary between 1.66 mm and 3.21 mm in length, and between 1.12 mm and 2.63 mm in width. The seed surface ornamentation is grouped into nine forms: ruminate, reticulate, reticulate-areolate, reticulate-foveate, alveolate, scalariform, rugose, verrucate and areolate. The most common type is ruminate, while areolate, reticulate-foveate and scalariform ornamentation forms were found to be taxon-specific. Testa structures of the taxa examined consist in general of two different layers: the epidermis and the subepidermis in scleranchymatous or parenchymatous structures. The subepidermis may be absent in some of taxa. The structure and thickness of the epidermis and the subepidermis are very important characteristics that disclose interspecific relations among the examined taxa. We also provide a key for the identification of the studied taxa based on seed features.

STUDY OF FRUITS MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES FOR 33 SPECIES BELONG TO CRUCIFERAE FAMILY IN IRAQ

The research was aimed to identify fruits morphological characteristics of 33 taxa belonging to the Lepidieae tribe from Brassicaceae. The characteristics of the fruit's general shape, apex shape, dimensions, colors, surface ornamentation, and beak were determined, the results indicated the importance of each of those characters in isolated species, In general, all the tribe's fruits were open capsule and short silicula. According to the dimensions of fruit, three species can be distinguished as a group with dimensions greater than 20mm, as in Brossardia, Coluteocarpus, and Didymophysa, and depending on the shape, it was possible to differentiate the species within this group, while the other species were less than 20 mm. in dimensions. They were distinguished by the general shapes, as the fruits of the Aethionema species were distinguished by their winged shaped, whereas the fruits of the genus Biscutella are bi-lobed, and the fruits have an inverted semi-triangular shape in the Capsella and peltate with prominent veins in the genus Horwoodia, or maybe peltate and longitudinally splintered with dark veins in Iberis, while the genus Sameraria fruit is circular to semi-circular characterized by intermediate appendages, while the individuals of the genus Isatis have linear-oblong fruits, and the species of both genus Lipidium and Hymenolobus were distinguished by their small and elliptic fruits and could be differentiated according to other fruits features. So could be conclude the importance of the characteristic of the general shape of the fruit firstly in species isolation then size, ornamentation, and some other traits.

The anatomical, palynological and micromorphological aspects of three endemic Bellevalia species (Asparagaceae) in Turkey and their taxonomic importance

In the present research, anatomical, palynological and micromorphological characteristics of three endemic Bellevalia species (B. gracilis, B. malatyaensis and B. vuralii) for Turkey are carried out. This work reveals the descriptive characteristics of the examined species, and contribute to solving taxonomic problems. Anatomical studies were carried out on cross sections of root, scape and leaf. The metaxylem, the number of root cortex cells, and the number of cortex and sclerenchyma cells in the scape were found to be significant in terms of taxonomy. Pollen grains of all the examined species were monosulcate and heteropolar. In addition, seed and pollen surface ornamentation were photographed under SEM microscopy, which SEM micrographs showed that the exine sculpturing pattern is reticulate-perforate, and pollen muri walls of were different among the examined species. Conversely, seeds showed a general similarity of the surface among the studied species, all showing a reticulate faveolate ornamentation.

Pollen Morphological Characteristics of Some <i>Crataegus L.</i> Species from West of Iran

The genus Crataegus L. (hawthorn) belongs to Rosaceae family (subfamily Amygdaloideae). In this study, pollen morphological characteristics were evaluated in ten Iranian Crataegus species by Light Microscope (LM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Data were standardized and analyzed using MVSP software. Our results showed that all the pollen grains were oblate-spheroidal in shape and medium in size. Different types of pollen exine surface ornamentations were observed among the studied species. According to UPGMA tree and PCO plot, three clusters were identified as following: C. assadi and C. psedoheterophylla (cluster A); C. meyeri, C. kurdistanica and C. zarrei (cluster B); and the other species were grouped as cluster C. PCA-biplot revealed that pollen equatorial and polar axes length were the distinguishing features for separation of C. assadi and C. psedoheterophylla from the rest, either exine ornamentations for placement of C. rhipidophylla in cluster C. In addition, TEM obtained data showed C. assadi was well-distinguished from C. pontica according to intine and exine thickness, shape and diameter of the caput, height and width of the columella. The caput shape was diplococcic or peroblate in C. pontica and prolate or oblate in C. assadi . Also, we detected the thin and discontinuous endexine and a high T/F ratio in Crataegus species. Our finding revealed that several pollen grains features were useful in infrageneric classification and identification of Crataegus species.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF NAUTILIDS (CEPHALOPODS) FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS OF DONETS BASIN (EASTERN UKRAINE)

Three new species of nautilids (Gzheloceras aisenvergi sp. nov., Knightoceras extorris sp. nov. and Planetoceras yefimenkoi sp. nov.) have been described from the Carboniferous of the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Gzheloceras aisenvergi sp. nov. is morphologically close to the “Gzheloceras” orthocostatum (Kruglov, 1939) and Gzheloceras memorandum Shimansky, 1967. Knightoceras oxylobatum Miller et Downs, 1948 and K. patulum (Unklesbay, 1962) are the most morphologically related species to the K. extorris sp. nov. The form of the conch and the surface ornamentation of Planetoceras yefimenkoi sp. nov. are most similar to the type of genus (Planetoceras retardum Hyatt, 1893). The new data are expanding the taxonomic composition of the genera Gzheloceras, Knightoceras, and Planetoceras and also clarify their geographical distribution.

Pollen and seed morphology of selected species of Andrographis (Acanthaceae) from India

Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of pollen and seeds were carried out for nine species of Andrographis (Acanthaceae) from India. Pollen in all species is isopolar, radially symmetric and tricolporate with elongated apertures, oblate-spheroidal in A. ovata, prolate-spheroidal in A. alata, prolate in A. echioides and A. macrobotrys to sub-prolate in A. lineata var. lawii, A. lineata var. lineata, A. paniculata, A. producta and A. serpyllifolia and lobate-circular to triangular amb. Surface ornamentation is bireticulate except in A. alata, which has microperforate and spinulate tectum. Seeds are obovoid, oblongoid, subquadrate or ellipsoid in shape. The seed coat is covered with hair in A. ovata and with echinate protuberances in A. echioides and A. serpyllifolia. The pollen characteristics of A. echioides including the colporate apertures, prolate shape, bireticulate tectum and verrucate aperture membrane are support an inclusion of this species in Andrographis, rather than considering it as Indoneesiella echioides, which has been the subject of much debate.

Geographical distribution and species diagnostics of the Carboniferous and Permian genus Gzheloceras (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea)

The article is devoted to an attempt to trace the ways of distribution of Late Paleozoic nautilids Gzheloceras Ruzhencev et Shimansky, 1954. The genus Gzheloceras Ruzhencev et Shimansky (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) includes a large number of species from Carboniferous and Permian sediments. Representatives of the genus Gzheloceras were distributed mainly in the northern hemisphere. They inhabited the warm epicontinental seas of the northern and north-western periphery of the Palaeo-Tethys. Species of the genus Gzheloceras differ from each other by insignificant differences in the position of the siphuncle, the details of the surface ornamentation, less often in the form of suture and the shape of the cross section of the whorls. The form of the conch and a transverse ornamentation indicate a nectobenthic lifestyle of the genus Gzheloceras. The centre of origin of the genus is the waters on the place of modern Kazakhstan. In the Serpukhovian or Early Bashkirian, representatives of the genus Gzheloceras, apparently, dispersed into the Urals. The genus Gzheloceras flourished in the Early Permian of the Urals.

Review: Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

Review: <i>Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War</i>

The youngest known tommotiid: Lapworthella bornholmiensis (Poulsen, 1942) from Cambrian Stage 4 to Guzhangian (Miaolingian) strata of Bornholm and southern Sweden

ABSTRACT The Camenellan tommotiid Lapworthella bornholmiensis is systematically revised based on the original type material and collections of Small Shelly Fossils at the Swedish Museum of Natural History. The species is clearly differentiated from all other species of Lapworthella by its unique surface ornamentation. Variability in sclerite shape is analyzed among the 39 specimens and four sclerite morphotypes are recognized: bilaterally subsymmetrical A sclerites with straight apertural margin and subrectangular to subelliptical cross-section; asymmetrical B sclerites with oblique to curved apertural margin and subrectangular to subelliptical cross-section; asymmetrical C sclerites with one concave surface resulting in elliptical to sub-triangular cross section; elongated asymmetrical D sclerites with subcircular cross section. The C sclerites are further divided into two sub-types. The sclerite morphotypes of Lapworthella bornholmiensis allow a detailed comparison with other lapworthellid taxa and we identify a pattern of recurring sclerite morphotypes across a range of species, allowing a new understanding of the lapworthellid scleritome structure. The stratigraphic range of Lapworthella bornholmiensis includes the Cambrian Stage 4 Gislöv Formation, the Wuliuan-Drumian Forsemölla and Exsulans Limestones in the Alum Shale Formation and Guzhangian limestone fill in Proterozoic basement fissures in Bohuslän, making this long ranging species the youngest known tommotiid in the fossil record.

Phelodinium fensomei sp. nov.: a protoperidineacean dinoflagellate cyst from the lower Paleocene (Danian) of the Oyster Bay Formation, Vancouver Island, Canada

Phelodinium fensomei is a new species of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst described from the Appian Way section of the Oyster Bay Formation, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Phelodinium fensomei sp. nov. differs from other species of Phelodinium in its unique combination of characters including an elongate epicyst, bilobate endocyst antapex, and microgranulate to verrucate surface ornamentation. The species occurs exclusively within Dinoflagellate Cyst Zone D4 of the Oyster Bay Formation along with the Danian indicator taxon Danea californica. This is also the first study to perform scanning electron microscopy and epifluorescence analysis on a specimen belonging to the protoperidinioid genus Phelodinium, revealing minute features and a negative response to ultraviolet light exposure, indicating a heterotrophic feeding strategy for the motile cell. Although P. fensomei sp. nov. occurs at markedly low relative and absolute abundances in the examined interval, it is restricted to strata of Danian age suggesting potential biostratigraphic utility.

Taxonomic status of Macaronesian Eucyclops agiloides azorensis (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Copepoda) revisited – morphology suggests a Palearctic origin

Macaronesia, with the exception of the Azores, is one of the few Palearctic provinces where basic taxonomic information on the freshwater copepods is still lacking. We redescribed Eucyclops azorensis, a cyclopid crustacean so far known only in the Azores, and report the occurrence of this species in Algeria and Madeira Island. Eucyclops azorensis was formerly considered to be a subspecies of E. agiloides (East Africa); therefore, the latter species is redescribed here as well based on type and non-type material. Morphological comparisons between E. azorensis, E. agiloides and other taxa (E. serrulatus and E. roseus), assumed to be closely related to our target species, support a closer relationship between E. azorensis and E. serrulatus (Palearctic) than between E. azorensis and E. agiloides (Afrotropical). The slight differences between E. azorensis and E. serrulatus in the surface ornamentation of the antennal coxobasis and intercoxal sclerites of legs 1 and 4 suggest a relatively young separation of these lineages. Eucyclops agiloides is morphologically close to E. roseus (temperate and subtropical Asia, southeastern Europe, East Africa). The numerous and clear-cut differences indicate a species rather than subspecies-level differentiation between E. agiloides and E. roseus, unlike what was formerly proposed in the taxonomic literature.

Systematic Determination of The Ultrastructure of Local Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Seeds Using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopes

The present study was conducted to determine the seed morphologies and macromorphological characteristics of fifteen local faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes collected from different region of Northern Cyprus. The characteristics in the seeds were evaluated using a light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM pictures were taken of the whole seed and its details. The scope of the research was examined comparatively using LM and SEM, and the seed shapes, surface ornamentation, and quantitative measurements were determined. Different characteristics for seed size and surface were found among the local faba beans accessions. Seed dimensions were between 12.44 and 24.26 mm long and between 9.49 and 17.45 mm wide, colors ranged from yellowish-brown to dark brown, and ornamentation of the seed coat varied. The local faba bean seeds were of subprolate and prolate types. We believe that using this technique to determine the differences among the seeds of different genotypes may play a role in helping to create different programs that can choose specific genotypes to improve cultivars based on the seed characteristics.

Implication of scanning electron microscopy in the seed morphology with special reference to three subfamilies of Fabaceae.

The current research work was aimed to determine the morphological variation in the seeds of subfamilies Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae using scanning electron microscope to investigate the different seed features including; Seed length, width, weight, hilum shape, position, fracture line pattern, pleurogram shape, texture crudeness, ornamentation wall, and surface ornamentation. A total of 12 species were collected. The study reveals that the seed types alters from psilate to rugose, pleurogram shape from lunar to U shape, hilum shape from elliptical to depressed, hilum position from terminal to subterminal, fracture line pattern from reticulate irregular ridges to psilate with regular ridges, texture crudeness from fine to coarse, surface ornamentation from reticulate to psilate, and ornamentation wall also varies from thin to thick. In all the studied species, it was found that seed surface was brown in color except in Senna alata, in which seed surface was black. Regarding the seed size, it was found that the smallest seed was observed for Sesbania sesban, while the largest seed was observed for Pongamia pinnata. The present research article indicates the taxonomic significance of seed morphology in the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae, Mimosaceae, and Papilionoideae.

The Study of Micromorphological and Essential oil Analysis of Nepeta binaloudensis and Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)

Introduction The Nepeta is one of the largest genus of Nepetoide subfamily, in the Lamiaceae family with about 79 species in Iran. Most of the species are perennial rarely annual with different vegetative forms, leaves covered with trichome. Glandular trichomes are widely distributed all over the aerial part of Nepeta species, and their largely to its great importance and their structures can vary widely among plants species. Some species contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, cyclopentanoid iridoids derivatives and nepetalactones which they are used in folk medicine as, diaphoretic, diuretic, antitussive, febrifuge agent. In the present work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the nutlet micromorphology and also micromorphology and distribution of the glandular trichomes of Nepeta binaludensis “an Iranian endemic species” and Nepeta cataria in order to improve the knowledge of the species and to evaluate the usefulness of this feature for phytochemical and systematic purpose. The chemical composition of its essential oil was also analyzed. This paper provides a detailed description of trichome morphology and nutlet in Nepeta binaludensis andNepeta catariaspecies growing in Iran, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and evaluates the systematic significance of such characteristics. Materials and Methods The research was conducted in research garden of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2017. Seeds of two Nepeta species were provided by Institute of Plant Sciences in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The seeds were cultivation in greenhouse and the seedling (10 cm long) were transplanted in the field. During the summer aerial parts of the plants were harvested at flowering stage, dried in shade, and (30 g) were hydro distilled for 3 h using Clevenger apparatus. For SEM study, leaves were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 for 30 min at 4 °C. After washing in water the material was dehydrated through an ethanol gradient and critical point dried. Specimens were mounted onto SEM stubs using double-sided adhesive tape and coated with palladium. For nutlets observation, seed were directly mounted onto aluminum stubs using double-sided adhesive tape and coated with palladium and photographed. Result Based on the obtained data, the surface leaves of both species (N. binaludensis and N.cataria) was observed forglandular and non-glandular trichomes distribution. (The glandular trichomes of the peltate types). Trichome density and size was variable as 7-21mm2 leaf surface (63-77 µm) in N. binaludensis and as 20-30 mm2 leaf surface (47-67 µm) in N.cataria. In both species only one types of glandular trichome was identified. Peltate trichomes comprise of a basal cell situated in the leaf epiderm with a four-celled secretory head. Nutlets of Nepeta were blackish-brown or brown in color. One type surface ornamentation, can be distinguished: smooth-type. The nutlet ornamental pattern was smooth type with finely granulated in N. binaludensis and reticulate pattern in N.cataria species. Water-distilled essential oil of the aerial parts of two speciescultivated in field, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In essential oil of N.binaludensis and N. cataria, 51 and 26 components were identified, respectively. The main components of the essential oil of N. binaludensis were 1.8-cineole (14.8%), β-Pinene (10.4%) and p-Cymene (9.8%). Main compounds of the essential oil of N. cataria were 4a-a, 7-a, 7a-b-Nepetalactone (72/76%) and 4a-a, 7-a,7a-a-Nepetalactone (17.86%). Depending on the composition of key compound identified in essential oils, Nepeta species have been divided in two groups. Conclusions Depending on the composition of main compound identified in the essential oils, Nepeta species have been divided in two groups. On the basis of our research N. binaludensis belong to 1.8-cineole chemotype and of N.cataria belong to the nepetalactone chemotype. The leaves of N. binaludensis, N.cataria have be glandular and non-glandular trichomes. One types of glandular trichomes are identified: Peltate trichomes.Trichomes are distributed at the surface of leaves, having various functions and are extremely variable in the plants, plant organs location, density, form, therefore their morphology and structure could be of taxonomical importance in plant. Glandular trichomes contain or secrete substances which are widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic as well as in pesticide industry. The variation in the structure, morphology, density, secretion and function is noticed among these trichomes distributed on different plant organs. Nutlet surface can be useful as a taxonomic characteres.

English

Knowledge about pollen ultra-morphology, storage characteristics and germination rate are essential for directional plant breeding and plant improvement. The objective of this study was to determine a suitable medium for pollen germination in vitro of Viola dissecta and to evaluate the effect of different storage temperatures on its pollen longevity. The pollen ultra-morphology of V. dissecta was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the suitable medium for pollen germination in vitro was determined by orthogonal test. Dried pollen of V. dissecta was stored at different temperatures (room temperature, 4, -20 and -80°C) and different storage times (24, 40, 72, 120, 184, 264 and 365 d), the germination rate of the stored pollen and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT were investigated. Pollen grains of V. dissecta were medium-sized with three germination ditches. The surface ornamentation was smooth with small grains set on the surface, which was different from Viola spp. pollen. The most suitable medium for V. dissecta was composed of 285 g•L-1 sucrose, 6 g•L-1 agar, 50 mg•L-1 GA3, 250 mg•L-1 boric acid, and 200 mg•L-1 Ca(NO3)2, The best storage temperature of pollen was -80oC, after 365 d of storage, the germination rate was still 57.86%. During storage, the pollen germination rate decreased significantly after the peak of the activities of the three antioxidant enzymes. Correlation analysis showed that SOD was major factor affecting the germination rate of V. dissecta pollen, and it has a significant positive correlation with pollen germination rate, followed by CAT and POD. SOD was a sensitive antioxidant enzyme at room temperature, 4 and -80°C, whereas at -20°C, both SOD and CAT were sensitive antioxidant enzymes. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers © 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers© 2021 Friends Science Publishers©