Surface Of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Research Articles

Effect of Interfacial Interaction on the Cross-Sectional Morphology of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Using GISAXS

We have investigated the effect of the interfacial interaction on the cross-sectional morphology of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in solution and on two types of solid substrates, SiOx (polar) on Si(100) and polystyrene film (nonpolar) on Si(100), using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), respectively. Results reveal that the flexible chains at the outer surface of TMV either expand or contract depending on the nature of the substrate. Although the unfavorable interaction between the TMV and the PS causes a minimal effect, the stronger attractive interaction between the outer protein surface of TMV and the SiOx substrate induces pronounced deformation of its cross-sectional morphology.

Development of nanobiocomposite fibers by controlled assembly of rod-like tobacco mosaic virus

One-dimensional composite nanofibers were generated via in-situ polymerization of polyaniline on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the head-to-tail assembly of TMV. These composite nanofibers have very high aspect ratio and good processibility. Two factors contribute to the formation of such TMV-composite fibers: (1) the accumulation and polymerization of monomers on the surface of TMV; and (2) the possibility of prolongation and stabilization of TMV helices. This strategy has been used in the synthesis of other polymeric bionanofibers with a variety of starting materials. In addition, the morphology of the final composite materials can be modulated by the covalent modification of TMV. When sulfonic acid groups are tailored to the exterior surface of TMV, polymerization of aniline can induce TMV to form branched structures with knot-like connections. On the other hand, modification of TMV with noncharged groups like acetylenes can block the assembly process completely. TEM and AFM are used to analyze the morphology and structure of composite fibers. This novel strategy to assemble TMV into 1D supramolecular assembly could be utilized in the fabrication of advanced materials for potential applications including electronics, optics, sensing, and biomedical engineering.

Characterization of silica-coated tobacco mosaic virus

The deposition of silica on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is achieved at a higher pH (>7) as a means to enhance its usefulness as a template for the synthesis of nanostructures. Electron energy loss spectroscopy definitively shows the presence of a silica shell on the surface of the TMV while small angle X-ray scattering differentiates successfully between silica-coated TMV and silica particles in the presence of uncoated TMV. Importantly, coating reactions done in a 50% w/v methanol/water solution produce smaller silica nanostructures during the condensation of the hydrolysis intermediates, possibly aiding in obtaining uniform coating. Furthermore, TMV-templated silica coatings are found to enhance the stability of the virus particle in methanol at conditions that would ordinarily disrupt the assembled particle. Combined these findings demonstrate that TMV can function as an efficient template for the controlled deposition of silica at neutral pH.

Adsorption-induced Self-fusion of Cationic Gold Nanoparticles on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

Abstract The surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is densely coated by quaternary ammonium-modified gold nanoparticles. By dropping gold nanoparticle dispersions onto TMV pre-cast substrates (“after-staining method”), nanoparticles are spontaneously adsorbed on TMVs. The adsorbed nanoparticles were fused to form semi-continuous structures. This observation indicates the possibility of preparing 1-D arrays from wide variety of nanosized materials, by using TMV tubules as templates.

Patterned Assembly of Genetically Modified Viral Nanotemplates via Nucleic Acid Hybridization

The patterning of nanoparticles represents a significant obstacle in the assembly of nanoscale materials and devices. In this report, cysteine residues were genetically engineered onto the virion surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), providing attachment sites for fluorescent markers. To pattern these viruses, labeled virions were partially disassembled to expose 5' end RNA sequences and hybridized to virus-specific probe DNA linked to electrodeposited chitosan. Electron microscopy and RNAase treatments confirmed the patterned assembly of the virus templates onto the chitosan surface. These findings demonstrate that TMV nanotemplates can be dimensionally assembled via nucleic acid hybridization.

Electrochemical modification of individual nano-objects

Two examples of selective electrochemical modification of individual nanoscale objects are presented, namely the electroless metallization of a plant virus, and the coupling of substituted phenyl residues to single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The electroless deposition of metal was achieved selectively on the inner or outer surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles. Covalent modification of SWCNTs, deposited on a Si/SiO 2 substrate, was performed successfully via reductive coupling of a 4-nitrobenzenediazonium salt in non-aqueous medium. An organic layer with a thickness of up to several nanometers could be deposited on isolated tubes and thin bundles.

Display of epitopes on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus: impact of charge and isoelectric point of the epitope on virus-host interactions

The biophysical properties of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) coat protein (CP) make it possible to display foreign peptides on the surface of TMV. The immunogenic epitopes G5-24 from the rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein, and 5B19 from murine hepatitis virus (MHV) S-glycoprotein were successfully displayed on the surface of TMV, and viruses accumulated to high levels in infected leaves of Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi-nn. The peptide RB19, which contains an arginine residue plus the 5B19 epitope fused to the CP (TMV-RB19), resulted in the induction of necrotic local lesions on inoculated leaves of N. tabacum Xanthi-nn and cell death of infected BY2 protoplasts. RNA dot blot assays confirmed that expression of the acidic and basic pathogenesis-related PR2 genes were induced in infected Xanthi-nn leaf tissue. TMV that carried epitope 31D from the RV nucleoprotein did not accumulate in inoculated tobacco leaves. Analysis of hybrid CPs predicted that the isoelectric points (pI):charge value was 5.31: − 2 for wild-type CP, 5.64: − 1 for CP-RB19, and 9.14: + 2 for CP-31D. When acidic amino acids were inserted in CP-RB19 and CP-31D to bring their pI:charge to near that of wild-type CP, the resulting viruses TMV-RB19E and TMV-4D:31D infected N. tabacum Xanthi-nn plants and BY2 protoplasts without causing cell death. These data show the importance of the pI of the epitope and its effects on the hybrid CP pI:charge value for successful epitope display as well as the lack of tolerance to positively charged epitopes on the surface of TMV.

Tobacco mosaic virus adsorption on self-assembled and Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers studied by TIRF and SFM

The adsorption of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on self-assembled and Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers was investigated using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy (SFM). Substrates were chosen to probe electrostatic, hydrophobic and surface fluidity effects on TMV adsorption. Positively charged and hydrophobic surfaces demonstrated similar initial rates of TMV adsorption; however, their respective surface TMV coverages differed greatly. Likewise, positively charged surfaces which differed primarily in surface fluidity exhibited similar adsorption rates for TMV, but different TMV surface coverages. In contrast, virus adsorption to negatively charged and zwitterionic substrates was negligible. To elucidate these differences in adsorption behavior, SFM was used to image the distribution and the aggregation state of adsorbed TMV.

Systemic production of foreign peptides on the particle surface of tobacco mosaic virus

By using a new tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) vector [Hamamoto, H., et al. (1993) Bio/Technology, 11, 930–932], we have constructed TMV particles which present three different kinds of epitopes, two of them from influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), and one from human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) envelope protein, on the surface of the particles. Each of these TMV particles reacted with each anti-peptide antiserum. These results suggest that this TMV vector can be used as an antigen presentation system.