River Surface Research Articles

A historical flash flood chronology for Britain

AbstractThe chronology provides a record of flash flood events in Britain based on data collated mainly between 1700 and 2020. The primary purpose of the chronology is to improve the risk assessment of flash floods of given magnitude. It is divided into 18 regions of the country and contains descriptions of nearly 8000 events. It extends a previous chronology covering northern and southwest England which is provided as an online resource in (http://ceg-fepsys.ncl.ac.uk/outputs/). Flash floods have had a variety of previous definitions but are here defined in terms of the speed of onset which can apply to both river floods and surface water floods. The chronology for the first time provides a comprehensive list of surface water floods and their recorded impact on cities, towns and villages. It also draws attention to the prevalence of very rapid rates of rise in river level either as ‘walls of water’, or at a rate likely to endanger life as a result of intense rainfall. Nearly 300 such events have been identified mainly in upland areas of northern England, Wales and Scotland. Practical and theoretical issues with respect to flood risk assessment and warning are discussed. The chronology is available to download and is hosted onhttps://www.jbatrust.org/how-we-help/publications-resources/rivers-and-coasts/uk-chronology-of-flash-floods-1/

Multi-Platform, High-Resolution Study of a Complex Coastal System: The TOSCA Experiment in the Gulf of Trieste

Although small in size, the Gulf of Trieste (GoT), a marginal coastal basin in the northern Adriatic Sea, is characterized by very complex dynamics and strong variability of its oceanographic conditions. In April–May 2012, a persistent, large-scale anticyclonic eddy was observed in the GoT. This event was captured by both High Frequency Radar (HFR) and Lagrangian drifter observations collected within the European MED TOSCA (Tracking Oil Spill and Coastal Awareness) project. The complexity of the system and the variety of forcing factors constitute major challenges from a numerical modeling perspective when it comes to simulating the observed features. In this study, we implemented a high-resolution hydrodynamic model in an attempt to reproduce and analyze the observed basin-wide eddy structure and determine its drivers. We adopted the Massachusetts Institute of Technology General Circulation Model (MITgcm), tailored for the GoT, nested into a large-scale simulation of the Adriatic Sea and driven by a tidal model, measured river freshwater discharge data and surface atmospheric forcing. Numerical results were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated against HFR surface current maps, Lagrangian drifter trajectories and thermohaline data, showing good skills in reproducing the general circulation, but failing in accurately tracking the drifters. Model sensitivity to different forcing factors (wind, river and tides) was also assessed.

Evaluating hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water in the Upper Pearl River Watershed, USA.

The groundwater quality of the Upper Pearl River Watershed (UPRW) and surface water quality of the basin's outlet, Ross Barnett Reservoir (RBR), are critically important because of growing demands for drinking, agriculture, and industrial use in the region. To identify factors affecting water quality and characterize the surface water outlet and the watershed's groundwater, geochemical and statistical analyses were performed using results from various hydrogeochemical parameters. Based on surface geology, groundwater samples analyzed (n = 51) within the watershed were partitioned into three recharge zones: North, Mid, and South. Precipitation and rock-water interactions were identified to dominantly influence the groundwater chemistry in the region. The chemistry of the surface water samples (n = 9), on the other hand, was influenced more by precipitation with minor contribution from the proximal aquifer system. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that two groundwater recharge zones and RBR samples exhibited significant clustering. The groundwater had a complex array of parameters influencing its chemistry owing to diverse properties, including Na, Ca, Mg, alkalinity, and conductivity. Comparing land use at the sub-watershed level with the water quality parameters showed that agriculture and development could have contributed nitrate, especially to the groundwater in the south zone. However, a general lack of distinct relationship between land use and water quality, along with detection of excess nitrate in select wells suggested that the water in the region was likely affected by point sources, such as poultry farms. The research recommends evaluating point sources of pollution to cater to future water management in the region.

High-resolution satellite-derived river network map reveals small Arctic river hydrography

Small rivers (width <30 m) are crucial components of Arctic terrestrial river networks. Yet to date, spatial resolution limitations of commonly used satellite imagery have inhibited quantification of their hydrography. By merging newly available Sentinel-2 multispectral satellite imagery with 2-m ArcticDEM digital elevation data, we created a continuous actively-flowing river network map of the Colville (Kuukpik) River Basin (∼36 000 km2) in Alaska, which includes small rivers as narrow as 10 m. We quantified the river hydrography (stream order and river width, length,surface area, velocity, slope, sinuosity, and catchment area) of the Colville river network in detail, revealing the dominant role of small rivers. Our results show that: (1) small rivers occupy >80% of total river length and surface area of the Colville river network and drain >90% of the catchment area; (2) including numerous small rivers increases the peak of hillslope-channel travel time distribution (TTD) by ∼4 times and shortens the mean hillslope-channel travel time by at least an order of magnitude compared to coarser-resolution river hydrography products; and (3) 87% of the Colville River Basin’s carbon dioxide is emitted from small rivers. In sum, we show that small Arctic rivers greatly influence streamflow TTD and carbon cycle. These findings expand our understanding of Arctic river hydrography to a 10-m spatial resolution and raise prospects for tracking dynamic surface water processes with high-resolution satellite observations.

Turbulence Structure and Momentum Exchange in Compound Channel Flows With Shore Ice Covered on the Floodplains

AbstractIce cover formed on a river surface is a common natural phenomenon during the winter season in cold high latitude northern regions. For the ice‐covered river with compound cross‐section, the interaction of the turbulence caused by the ice cover and the channel bed bottom affects the transverse mass and momentum exchange between the main channel and floodplains. In this study, laboratory experiments are performed to investigate the turbulent flow of a compound channel with shore ice covered on the floodplains. Results show that the shore ice resistance restricts the development of the water flow and creates a relatively strong shear layer near the edge of the ice‐covered floodplain. The mean streamwise velocity in the main channel and on the ice‐covered floodplains shows an opposite variation pattern along with the longitudinal distance and finally reaches the longitudinal uniformity. The mixing layer bounded by the velocity inflection point consists of two layers that evolve downstream to their respective fully developed states. The velocity inflection point and strong transverse shear near the interface in the fully developed profile generate the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability and horizontal coherent vortices. These coherent vortices induce quasi‐periodic velocity oscillations, while the dominant frequency of the vortical energy is determined through the power spectral analysis. Subsequently, quadrant analysis is used in ascertaining the mechanism for the lateral momentum exchange, which exhibits the governing contributions of sweeps and ejections within the vortex center. Finally, an eddy viscosity model is presented to investigate the transverse momentum exchange. The presented model is well validated through comparison with measurements, whereas the constants α and β appeared in the model need to be further investigated.

A river channel terrain reconstruction method for flood simulations based on coarse DEMs

To mitigate the unavailability of accurate river channel terrain data for flood modeling, this work develops a new approach to construct channel terrain based on available global coarse digital elevation models (DEMs). Compared to other established methods, the approach constructs the river surface using the sparse cross-section data from available coarse DEMs and not measurements. For a 134 km river reach of the Yangtze River, the absolute percentage error of simulated peak discharge with the coarse DEMs is 76.77%, and the delay time of peak discharge is 13 h; however, with the reconstructed terrain data are 12.13% and 0 h. They are 9.70% and −1 h on a 382 km river reach. The simulation results show that the approach can be used to reliably predict the flood propagation process without fine terrain data. The proposed approach can be used to improve flood management in areas without fine river terrain data.

Canal surface evaporation along the China's South-to-North Water Diversion quantified by water isotopes

Water stable isotopes have extensive applications in the study of riverine hydrological processes, in particular, isotopic enrichment occurring along flow direction can be used as an indicator to estimate river surface evaporation. However, this application is difficult in natural rivers due largely to complex water exchange along river channel. China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) is the largest artificial river designed to divert water from south to north through its enclosed, long span open canal, therefore providing a practice to estimate river surface evaporation by using isotope method. In this paper, we carried out hydrometeorological surveys and sampled canal water along the Middle Route of SNWDP (MRP) in two seasons, July 2018 and April 2019, for δ18O and δ2H measurement, then simulated the isotopic enrichment in canal water by using Craig-Gordon (C-G) evaporation model. We found clear increasing trend in heavy isotopes along the long span canal from head water to the end, resulting from evaporation enrichment. We used C-G evaporation model to estimate evaporation ratio E/V of canal water, and results show a ratio of evaporation loss of 2.54%~3.73% in July 2018 and 1.66%~2.39% in April 2019. We also found obvious seasonal differences existed in canal water isotopes, evaporation enrichment and the CWEL (canal water evaporation line), in association with more intensive evaporation in summer. Some large isotope fluctuations along the canal are mostly related to rainfall events, altering the canal water isotope signal. Our result in this study highlights the potential for water isotopes in the application of inter-basin water resources management, in particular, with increasing stress from water shortage and anthropogenic impact.

How Can Be Lotic Ecosystem Size More Precisely Estimated? Comparing Different Approximations in Pre-Pyrenean and Pyrenean Mountains

Rivers are among the most biodiverse and endangered ecosystems on earth. In Europe, concern over their conservation promoted the development of legal instruments for habitat and species conservation, the Habitats Directive, and water resource management, the Water Framework Directive. This legal protection demanded the estimate of river ecosystem surface for different purposes. Different approaches allow river surface to be measured at a low cost. Some accurate techniques like satellite images or LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) do not always work at a large scale or for streams and small rivers. We discuss here the use of the traditional hydraulics relationship between drainage area and bankfull width as a good approach to river surface estimation. We confirm that the use of this cheap and simple method could be a good approach to estimate river surface. However, we also proved that the development of regional curves, i.e., to establish the empirical relationship based on study area data, constitutes an essential improvement to estimation.

Water Quality Assessment of Surface Waters and Wastewaters by Traditional and Ecotoxicological Indicators in Ogosta River, Bulgaria

Surface water samples in Ogosta River, Bulgaria and wastewater samples at the inlet and outlet of WWTP–Montana were tested for the traditional parameters and ecotoxicological effect. The river and Dam surface waters comply with category A1 of Directive 75/440/EEC for pH, EC, COD, TSS, NO3–, Cl–, SO42–, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn; with category A2 for BOD5, NH4+–N and Fe; and with category A3 for TNb and As. The average annual concentrations of Al, Cr (III), Cr (VI) and U are lower than the set limits in the Water Framework Directive. Arsenic concentration in all the samples exceeds the maximum allowed concentration, a results from natural processes. All the levels of the studied parameters in the outlet wastewater samples are lower than the limits, set in Directive 91/271/EEC and in the complex permit of the WWTP. The results of the biotest Phytotoxkit F™ show low ecotoxicity of the water samples. Optimization of the sample pretreatment prior to this ecotoxicological test is analyzed and discussed.

Preliminary assessment of trace elements in surface and deep waters of an urban river (Korotoa) in Bangladesh and associated health risk.

Korotoa River is one of the most important urban rivers in Bangladesh for its utilization in various activities like agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, cooking, and other purposes. There have been some reports on the trace element (TE) levels in the surface water of Korotoa River, but its deep water has never been studied. Therefore, the author measured 10 TEs (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in surface and deep water samples and assessed their health risks for residential and recreational receptors. The levels of studied elements in deep water were slightly higher than those in surface water except for Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn during the dry season and Pb, Hg, and Fe during the wet season. Total TE levels in both surface and deep waters were higher in the dry season than in the wet season. The levels of trace elements in both surface and deep waters were much higher than the guideline values for safe limits of drinking water and the protection of freshwater aquatic life, indicating that water from this river is not safe for drinking and/or cooking purposes. All hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values were higher than the risk threshold of unity. HI values for children were higher than those for adults, indicating that the health of children is at dramatically higher risk than that of adults. Arsenic, Pb, and Hg for the water ingestion pathway were the primary contributors to total risk (HI), while As and Cr for the dermal pathway, indicating that As, Pb, and Cr, among the TEs, are major contributors to total health risk. Total carcinogenic risk values of As and Cr in surface and deep waters were higher than the target risk of 1 × 10-4, indicating that TEs in surface and deep waters of the Korotoa River might pose health risks to the residential and recreational users. The results of this study can provide the basic data for efficient water management and human health protection in Bangladesh.

Impact of illegal use of storm network on Tigris River using supervised classification technique

This paper studies the impact of the stormwater network outfall of the Al-Rabee Quarter on the Tigris River. Residents of the district use the storm network for contacts of illegal sewage. Household wastewater is discharged through the storm network directly into the river without treatment, which affects the water quality. Storm network model was developed and use a dynamic wave approach in routing hydraulic flow. The model was simulated based on the calculations of the quantities of domestic wastewater. The supervised classification was used in the spectroscopy of the satellite image of the river by the ArcGIS software in determining the effect of the storm network outfall on the Tigris River. The image was classified into four categories, which are pure water, polluted water, shallow water, and plants. Storm network data was obtained the from Wasit Sewerage Directorate in the form of ArcGIS files. The QuickBird satellite with a high spatial resolution of 25 cm was bought in 2019.The results of the study indicated that sewage quantities were discharged into the river, which led to water pollution by 17.79% from the river surface area. It was concluded from the results that the outfall of the storm network has a high impact on the river water quality. Therefore, this study suggests implementing and managing a separate sewage network that is directed directly to the treatment plants. A stormwater management model (SWMM) was used to simulate a storm network as a sewage network in dry weather.

Spatial variation and threshold analysis of the urban wetland cooling effect-a case study of Changchun city

Due to the complexity of the surrounding environment, the cold and wet effects of urban wetlands and the quantitative descriptions of the cold and wet effects of the wetlands are not clear. Therefore, the focus of current research is gradually shifting towards the impact of the microspatial morphology and quantity differentiation of urban wetlands. This paper adopts the July 4, 2016 Landsat 8 data of cloud cover that is less than 0.2, the 10th band as the data source using single window algorithm surface temperature inversion, and further analysis of urban spatial distribution characteristics of land surface temperature. Secondly, based on the numerical analysis of the difference in surface temperature between urban wetland types, shapes, and independent wetland space sizes, the cold temperature effect and spatial distribution of urban wetlands were discussed. Temperature inversion results show that the lowest temperature is 17.94°C, which appears in the Songhuajiang wetland, and the highest temperature is 32.52°C, which appears in the FAW Industrial Concentration Zone in the main urban area of Changchun City. From the perspective of the spatial difference of the temperature distribution, the areas with high temperatures are generally distributed in the industrial concentration area in the southwest of Changchun, followed by other areas with high temperatures in the western part of Changchun. Low-temperature areas are mainly distributed in areas with relatively high distribution densities of rivers and lakes in the northeast and central parts of Changchun. This shows that the temperature is directly related to the urban building density. The temperature is higher in places with high building density. Wetland water bodies generally belong to low temperature areas and are generally 1-2°C lower than the surrounding environment. For the main urban area, the wetland water body is, on average, 2-4°C lower than the surrounding environment, while in areas with high building density, the wetland water temperature is 6-8°C lower than the surrounding area. And further urban wetlands with micro difference threshold temperature distribution characteristics are as follows: (1) The cold and wet effects of the wetland are related to its shape; and, the cooling and influence range of circular wetlands are larger than that of striped wetlands. (2) The cooling effect of a wetland in a circular wetland typified by a lake wetland is not related to the size of the water area when the area exceeds 92 hm2; and, the cooling range of a strip-shaped wetland has nothing to do with the width of the water surface. However, impact range is related to the width of the water surface, the larger the width of the river surface, the larger the range of influence. (3) The cooling effect of wetlands are related to the surrounding environment. When the surrounding area is hard ground, the cooling rate is large, and when the surrounding area is green land, the cooling rate is small.

Comprehensive Management of Rural Water Pollution in Polder Wetland: a Case Study of the Chenhai Wei Polder Wetland in the Taihu Basin of China

Polder area water systems are closed, and the farmland, villages, fish ponds, forests, river networks, and other features are all intertwined. This causes water pollution in polder wetland to be characterized by a poor self-purification ability due to the closed system and a short pollutant residence time. This study utilizes Chenhai Wei polder wetland in Taihu Basin of China as an example to construct a multi-level pollution comprehensive management system using ecological ponds, grass-growing ditches, aquatic plants, aquatic crops, ecological floating beds, etc. This system achieved its purpose of prolonging the pollutant residence time and enhancing self-purification ability of rivers in polder wetland. In addition, due to the importance of localized agricultural production, a three-level system that combines farmland production, ecological pond planting, and river surface planting was established that fully utilizes nutrients and purifies the water while generating economic benefits. Three years after construction, the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH+ 4-N), and chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) of the river water were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The total removal was much larger than the total production amount, which effectively protects the regional environment and enables the sustainable development of production and life in the polder wetland.This study of rural water pollution management in the Chenhai Wei polder wetland and the integration of this effective localized technological system provides a reference for similar regions.

Occurrence of N-nitrosamines and their precursors in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River water

The presence of some types of N-nitrosamines in water bodies is of great concern worldwide due to their carcinogenic risks and harmful mutagenic effects on human health. In the present study, eight N-nitrosamines and their formation potentials (FPs) were primarily investigated in Yangtze River surface water to evaluate their spatial distribution, mass loads, and ecological risks. The results showed that of the eight N-nitrosamines investigated, NDMA (<1.5–17 ng/L), NDEA (<1.4–9.5 ng/L), NDPA (1.0 ng/L), NMOR (<1.0–1.3 ng/L), NPIP (<2.1–3.7 ng/L), and NDBA (<3.6–30 ng/L) were detected. The FPs of NDMA (<27–130 ng/L), NDEA (<0.9–2.3 ng/L), NDPA (<1.2–1.9 ng/L), NPYR (<1.4–2.9 ng/L), NMOR (<1.0 ng/L), and NDBA (<1.1–14 ng/L) were significantly identified. NDBA was predominantly observed in surface water, while NDMA was noticeably detected in chloraminated water samples. It was estimated that approximately 5.4 t/y of N-nitrosamines were carried by the Yangtze River to the East China Sea, whereas the input flux of N-nitrosamine precursors was estimated to be approximately 69.5 t/y. Spatial variations were observed due to the input of N-nitrosamines from the upstream dams and lakes. The origin of N-nitrosamine precursors was not associated with the presence of sediment in river water. NDEA could be introduced into river water by the discharge of wastewater. NDBA and its precursors could originate from industrial and aquaculture activities. NDMA and its precursors could result from both of the aforementioned sources. Moreover, the wastewater discharge from small cities, pH value, wastewater treatment ratio, and dilution could be the key factors that influence the occurrence of N-nitrosamines along the Yangtze River. More attention should be paid to the cancer risks posed by N-nitrosamines. The ecological risks posed by N-nitrosamines in the Yangtze River can be ignored.

Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya

Ewaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. To determine metal and nutrient concentration of Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, a total of 30 water samples, 15 samples each for dry (February) and wet (August) seasons of 2019, were collected. Chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, selenium, molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, total phosphorus and nitrate were analyzed in the two seasons. Ecological risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor, pollution load index and ecological risk index. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to infer pollutants association and identify their potential sources. Cadmium, arsenic, lead, molybdenum, mercury, selenium and nickel were not detected in both seasons, while manganese, iron and aluminum were the main pollutants identified. Ewaso Nyiro irrigation water had a manganese contamination factor of 9.17, implying it was very contaminated. Twenty-seven and 40% of sampled sites in dry and wet seasons, respectively, had more than 0.3 mg/L of iron that is recommended by USEPA in drinking water. Herbicides, leached fertilizer and fuel leaking into the river water were the primary sources of anthropogenic pollution.

Drilling in the Water by “Creating a Safe and Free Passage for the Movement of People and Equipment between the Surface and the Bottom”, Using Several Methods for Extracting Natural Resources and Scientific Research

The research develops a new plan that follows a precise system for drilling at the bottom of the water, by creating a “digging corridor” that allows people to move from the top of the surface of rivers or seas and oceans to the bottom, allowing all the huge mechanical equipment to be lowered to continue drilling at the bottom vertically, until reaching rocky soil; in order to change the drilling paths and “develop the attack”, and establish long corridors to obtain the dysfunctional economic wealth, the project can be used in scientific research and the establishment of cities in the future below the seabed. There are different characteristics of drilling in fresh and salt water, due to the difference in water quality, current speed and nature soil analysis, erosion power, and erosion. The research was divided between easy ways to reach simple depths (10 - 20 meters), using various cheap means, and strategies for establishing “drilling corridors” at medium (more than 20 - less than 100 meters) and large depths (from 100 meters - less than 1 kilometer), which depends on the construction of a concrete building with a large base, which enables it to successfully perform its role, and at great depths (more than 1 kilometer) require adding more supports to the building, and emergency plans have been taken care of. It is important to establish strong electronic doors to protect tunnel passages, such as: closing them at the time of danger, preparing sectors for evacuation, and the possibility of selling the “digging corridor” and tunnels, or gifting them to scientists, or moving them and closing or blowing up the underpasses. In conclusion, this research will contribute to “opening a new environment”, to the activity of Wan Humans divorce in the future.

Real-Time Detection of River Surface Floating Object Based on Improved RefineDet

Object detection is widely used in robot navigation, intelligent security and industrial detection, but it is rarely used in water conservancy industry. In the aspect of river and lake health management, it is important to clean out the floating objects in time, which prevents water pollution caused by the accumulation of the floating objects. The early methods of water surface object detection, such as background subtraction and frame difference, are greatly affected by the change of object shape and background, resulting in poor robustness. Therefore, we propose a real-time detection method of surface floating objects based on improved RefineDet model, which includes three modules: the anchor refinement module, the transfer connection block and the object detection module. We improve anchor refinement module by adding convolution layers to obtain higher-level semantic, and fuse high-level features with low-level features to improve detection accuracy. Moreover, we adjust the parameters setting of anchors according to the scale and aspect ratio distribution to match the multi-scale object better. Aiming at the foreground-background class imbalance caused by dense anchors sampling, we introduce focal loss function to solve it and make our model more efficient by adjusting the parameters of the function. We verify the performance of the proposed method on different floating object datasets we constructed. The detection accuracies on these different datasets are 83.8%, 88.0%, and 82.3% respectively, and the detection speed is 28 FPS. This shows that the improved RefineDet realizes high-precision and real-time detection.

Research into ecological status and the degree of heavy metal concentration in the waters of the Drenica river (Kosovo)

Purpose. To reflect the impact of discharge waters from the ferronickel smelter and surface lignite mining on the pollution of the Drenica River with heavy metals. According to our estimation, the effect of mining on the river pollution is undeniable. Methodology. The standard methods ISO 5667-6, ISO 5667-11, and ISO 5667-1.3 were used to determine the physical and chemical parameters of the Drenica River surface water. The EPA-3015A method was applied for sample preparation, while the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) measurement technique was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals. Standard ISO methods were applied for determining the following parameters: pH, DO, BOD5, COD, NNH4, NO3-, TN, PO4P, and TP. Findings. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that the levels of heavy metals in the river Drenica have exceeded the allowed values as a result of industrial activities. Originality. The paper supplies new additional information on the ecological status of the Drenica River, based on samples taken along the river, especially where the greatest impact of the ferronickel smelter and surface lignite mining could be. The problematic of this research is quite contemporary; river pollution affects the life chain. Practical value. We believe that the content and problems in the focus of the research are topical and present significant interest to all those who deal with environmental issues.

Application of Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) Method for Cadmium Pollution in Surface Sediments of the Dongjiaogou River in Kaifeng, China

Cd contamination of sediments poses a serious threat to the global environment human health. A detail and comprehensive investigation of cadmium (Cd) pollution in the surface sediments of Dongjiaogou River was carried out. Concentration analysis of Cd in various depth and locations was conducted based on 82 samples collected from the river surface sediments where the sediments is up to 353 mg/kg. Subsequently, stabilization/solidification (S/S) method, an effective method of improving the engineering properties of sediments and encapsulating contaminants, was applied in these sediments. According to the results, the Cd pollutant was treated effectively by S/S method, which verifies the feasibility to mitigate the hazards caused by Cd in those sediments from the river. Furthermore, the S/S sediments are favorable as filling material in the road for both recycling and construction.

Assessment of water quality bounamoussa river in el tarf region using water quality index (Algeria)

Water quality is an important standard in matching water require and contribute. Abundant degree of freshwater is prominent for biological requirements and is a vital surface of incorporated environmental managing and sustainable development. The quality of water indices evaluation enterprise particular value which reduce the immense quantity of parameters and simply characterize data. The aim objective of the present study is to assess the suitability of surface water of Bounamoussa River situated in El-Tarf city located in the Algerian's extreme northeast, for drinking purpose based on calculated water quality index standards. Per methodology, WQI is a significant parameter to check the quality of water, and its calculation was carried out by using relations given in the water quality index computation which twelve selected parameters (pH, EC,TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, NH4, SO4, NO2, NO3) have been considered, which were measured at nine stations along the river during two sampling campaigns (winter and summer seasons). The results showed that the computed WQI values of Bounamoussa River surface water extend from 32,80 to 65,77 with an average 46,76 in winter and fluctuate from 35,86 to 97,46 with an average of 47,25 in summer, in general, the study region in both seasons is under excellent to good category. Water from almost all the sampled sites can be careful as suitable for drinking purposes. It’s recommended to continue monitoring the water of this ecosystem to facilitate the establishment at all levels to supervise and defend the natural resources of the region.