Montmorillonite Surface Research Articles

The mechanism of anionic polyacrylamide adsorption on the montmorillonite surface in the presence of Cr(VI) ions

The anionic polyacrylamide AN PAM (with various contents of carboxyl groups) adsorption mechanism on the montmorillonite surface was examined. The effect of hazardous chromium(VI) ions addition was studied. The anionic polyacrylamide is a popular soil flocculant, commonly used to prevent erosion of arable soils. On the other hand, polymeric macromolecules can increase the accumulation of various toxic substances, such as heavy metal ions (among others Cr(VI) ions) in soil minerals. For this purpose the adsorption properties of soil mineral – montmorillonite in relation to mixed system containing AN PAM and Cr(VI) ions was investigated. The impact of solution pH, order of individual adsorbates addition, chromium(VI) ions concentration and anionic groups content in the polymeric macromolecules were determined. The montmorillonite was characterized using the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption/desorption method, XRF, FTIR and SEM techniques. In turn, the adsorption and electrokinetic properties of examined montmorillonite – AN PAM - Cr(VI) systems were examined by means of spectrophotometry, potentiometric titration and microelectrophoresis methods.

Surface wettability of montmorillonite (0 0 1) surface as affected by surface charge and exchangeable cations: A molecular dynamic study

Surface wettability of swelling clay minerals plays an important role in the flocculation-dispersion, sorption, flotation and interfacial interactions behaviors. But it is difficult to determine, not only for the small particle size, but also for the abilities of hydration and swelling. In this work, surface wettability of montmorillonite (0 0 1) surfaces as affected by surface charge and exchangeable cations has been investigated through molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The adsorption energy between montmorillonite (0 0 1) surface and water molecules was calculated to qualitatively characterize the wettability behaviors, and more negative adsorption energy means stronger affinity between montmorillonite surface and water molecules. It has been found that the negative charged montmorillonite surface has very weak adsorption energy for water molecules but very strong electrostatic attraction for exchangeable cations. Besides, these exchangeable cations have very strong hydration ability thus to acquire several layers of hydration shells around the cations, the effect of which is to impart an overall hydrophilic nature to the clay mineral. As a result, exchangeable cations are being adsorbed on montmorillonite (0 0 1) surface in the form of ionic hydration shell. And it is the exchangeable cations that have much stronger affinity to water molecules than montmorillonite surface, thus the adsorbed exchangeable cations on montmorillonite surface play the dominant role in determining the surface wettability behaviors.

MoSe2/Montmorillonite Composite Nanosheets: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structural Characteristics, and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

MoSe2/montmorillonite composite nanosheets were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method, and the photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated by the decoloration of Rhodamine B. The structural characterizations indicate that the MoSe2 nanosheets grow uniformly on the surface of montmorillonite with interface interaction, and the active sites on the nanosheet edges are exposed. Montmorillonite can inhibit the agglomeration of MoSe2 nanosheets, improve the hydrophilicity and dispersibility of composites, and provides a larger surface area and more reactive sites for photocatalytic reaction. MoSe2/montmorillonite possesses the highest adsorption properties and photocatalytic abilities, and the overall decoloration rate is up to 98.2% after visible light irradiation for 45 min. The assembly of montmorillonite could enhance the photocatalytic ability of MoSe2, and the possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of MoSe2/montmorillonite for Rhodamine B was explored. MoSe2/montmorillonite has potential applications in the photodegradation of organic dyes in the wastewater.

SnO2-montmorillonite composite for removal and inhibition Microcystis aeruginosa assisted by UV-light

Cyanobacterial blooms have become a serious pollution problem, in particular, for water resources. Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) is most common toxic cyanobacterial bloom in fresh waters. In this paper, SnO2-montmorillonite composite was prepared by ion exchange method and applied to remove M. aeruginosa with the assistance of UV-light. The structure of the resulting composite was identified by XRD, IR and TEM. It was determined that some SnO2 nanoparticles were inserted into the interlayer of montmorillonite and some were dispersed on the surface of montmorillonite. M. aeruginosa removal efficiency was judged by the rate of 95% after treatment with 0.3 g/L SnO2-montmorillonite for 1 h. SnO2-montmorillonite composite absorbed M. aeruginosa and promoted M. aeruginosa lysis by damaging cell wall and membrane. The cellular contents, including protein and chlorophyll a, were then degraded with the assistance of UV-light, which inhibited the biological activity of M. aeruginosa. In fact, SnO2-montmorillonite composite removed M. aeruginosa by combination of adsorption flocculation and UV-induced catalytic degradation. SnO2-montmorillonite shows promise to become an effective material for the removal of algae and the cyanobacteria bloom.

Examination of the influence of phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA) concentration on acetochlor adsorption by modified montmorillonite

ABSTRACTThe results presented in this paper show an impact of the concentration of the aromatic organic cation on the adsorption of acetochlor on the surface of the organic-modified montmorillonite. Natural montmorillonite from Bogovina (Boljevac municipality, Serbia) was used for organic modification in this experiment. Cation exchange capacity of this montmorillonite (86 mmol 100 g−1 of clay) was determined using the methylene blue method. In pretreatment, montmorillonite was modified with NaCl. For the purpose of organic modification, three different concentrations of phenyltrimethylammonium chloride (PTMA) have been selected, based on calculated CEC value: 43 mmol 100 g−1 of clay (0.5 CEC), 86 mmol 100 g−1 of clay (1 CEC) and 129 mmol 100 g−1 of clay (1.5 CEC). The changes in the properties of the inorganic and organic modified montmorillonite were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and batch equilibrium method. Freundlich coefficients show higher uptake of the herbicide by montmorillonite modified with PTMA, compared to inorganic-modified montmorillonite. The results also indicate the influence of the organic cation concentration on the adsorption of the selected herbicide.

Clay particle charging in apolar media

Abstract Advancements in electrophoretic displays (e.g., the Amazon Kindle®) and new high-quality printing technologies (e.g., HP Indigo®) have been made possible by the ability to control and understand particle charging in apolar media. While previous work has investigated the acid-base charging mechanisms of oxides and similar particles which have only one charging mechanism in water, the purpose of this study was to determine if and how clay particles, which have two known aqueous charging mechanisms, charge in apolar media. Characterization of kaolinite and montmorillonite surface charging properties and mechanisms were conducted in apolar media utilizing different surfactants. It was found that clay particle charging behavior as a function of surfactant concentration mimicked the expected trend of previously studied oxides, which can charge only via an acid-base mechanism. Furthermore, by comparing the point of zero charge of the edge groups (edge PZC) or the point of zero net proton charge (PZNPC) of the clay particle to the empirical effective pH (pHEff) of the surfactant, the polarity of the particle charge can be predicted. In addition to particle charging, it was shown that the surfactants also improve the stability against aggregation and settling of the particles.

Photocatalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin from aqueous solution using TiO 2 /MMT nanocomposite: Nonlinear modeling and optimization of the process via artificial neural network integrated genetic algorithm

Abstract The degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) via photocatalytic ozonation process was investigated. TiO2 nanoparticles as an impressive photocatalyst were immobilized on the surface of montmorillonite (MMT). The main aim of the present work was to model and develop a relationship among the CIP degradation efficiency DE (%) and the key parameters affecting the complex photocatalytic ozonation process. The second object was to investigate the mutual effects of operating parameters on CIP DE (%) and express and optimum conditions that maximize CIP DE (%). To achieve these goals a nonlinear modeling and optimization of the process through artificial neural network (ANN) integrated genetic algorithm (GA) was successfully developed. The mutual effects of the input parameters including initial pH, ozone flow rate, initial CIP concentration, catalyst dosage and reaction time on CIP DE (%) were studied using the surface plots predicted with the nonlinear ANN model regarding the synergistic mechanism. GA was used as a nonlinear optimization method to determine the optimum conditions of input parameters. The good agreement between the experimental and GA predicted DE (%) under the optimum conditions confirmed that ANN integrated GA system is able to successfully model and optimize the photocatalytic ozonation performance.

Interaction of caffeine with montmorillonite

ABSTRACTIn this study, caffeine was adsorbed onto montmorillonite and the surface of the montmorillonite was observed before and after the adsorption. Observations were performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Measurement of the interlayer distance by XRD revealed that it narrowed to 1.09 nm after caffeine adsorption. Adsorption of a small amount of caffeine causes a broadening of d001 peaks. This suggested that caffeine molecules were adsorbed into the interlayer space in part, resulting in an irregular layer stacking. The results of SPM observations of caffeine-adsorbed montmorillonite showed the existence of protrusions that are different from minerals on the surface of montmorillonite and suggested a possibility that the protrusions were caffeine molecules adsorbed onto the surface of montmorillonite. DRIFTS demonstrated that the intensity of peaks assigned to Si–OH and siloxane decreased with the increase in the amount of caffeine adsorbed. These results suggested that caffeine molecules were adsorbed both into the interlayer space and onto the surface and interacted with Si–OH and siloxane, in particular. These findings will help us to select ions to be held in the interlayer space and organic compounds to improve the amount of adsorption when montmorillonite is used in the manufacture of caffeine-free drinks and foods.

Cobalt and nickel bimetallic sulfide nanoparticles immobilized on montmorillonite demonstrating peroxidase-like activity for H2O2 detection

In this study, ternary transition metal sulfide (cobalt and nickel sulfides) nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of montmorillonite (MMT) by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method.

Dispersion efficiency of montmorillonites in epoxy nanocomposites using solution intercalation and direct mixing methods

Abstract The major aims of this paper are the investigation of the effects of the mixing procedure and the montmorillonite (Mt) surface modification on the structure (optical microscopy, XRD, TEM, SEM), rheological, mechanical properties (DMA, tensile test) and corrosion stability (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) of clay mineral/epoxy nanocomposite (CPN). Two series of CPN samples were prepared based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and polyamidoamine curing agent with three organophilic Mt and sodium-montmorillonite (1 wt%). Mt were mixed with DGEBA solution in the powder (direct mixing) and in the form of dispersions, preswollen in a commercial coating thinner (solution intercalation). The commercial Mt (Cloisite 30B) modified by quaternary alkylammonium ions bearing hydroxyl groups and especially Mt functionalized by primary (HDA+-Mt) alkylammonium ions, at loadings close to cation exchange capacity (CEC), were significantly swollen by thinner and further uniformly dispersed into CPN. Meanwhile, low gel volumes in thinner were found for more hydrophobic Mt (Cloisite 15A). The compatibility of Mt with solvents was well described by solubility and Flory-Huggins interaction parameters. In contrast to the direct incorporation of Mt powders in CPN, swelling enhanced intercalation of epoxy matrix into Mt, and for HDA+-Mt based CPN interlayer spacing reached 4.4 nm. The usage of HDA+-Mt organoclay and solution intercalation procedure provided the highest enhancement in rheological parameters (G′, G″, η) of Mt/epoxy dispersions and glassy storage modulus, Young's modulus and barrier properties of cured CPN.

Spectroscopic evidence and molecular simulation investigation of the bonding interaction between lysine and montmorillonite: Implications for the distribution of soil organic nitrogen

Abstract Clay minerals, widespread in natural soil environment, play important roles in the distribution of organics and their utilization by plants and microorganisms. Interface interactions of clay minerals and amino acids are essential for soil and life sciences. The bonding interaction between montmorillonite and lysine was studied systematically and comprehensively in this paper. The montmorillonite-lysine complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and molecular simulation investigation. The results of XRD showed that interlayer spacing of montmorillonite increased or decreased with different amounts of lysine indicating two different bonding interactions. Amino acids adsorbed onto montmorillonite through the bonding interaction of electrostatic attraction between negatively charged surface of montmorillonite and NH3+ at the end of lysine on interlayer adsorption aspect as confirmed by XPS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. For edge adsorption aspect, the adsorption was through the bonding interaction between COO– group and > AlOH2+/>SiOH2+ groups. Electron localization function calculations for O, Si and Al atoms further demonstrated the bonding interaction of NH3+ groups and the Si O– groups intuitively. These findings give more understandings on the adsorption and distribution of amino acids in different sites of clay minerals.

DFT study of the adsorption of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride on montmorillonite surfaces in solution

The study of the adsorption mechanism of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTA), which acts as an effective clay minerals hydration inhibitor, can provide an effective approach for the design of novel high-performance inhibitors with favorable molecular structures. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the adsorption mechanism of CHPTA on dry and hydrated montmorillonite (MMT) surfaces. The interactions between CHPTA, H2O, and MMT were systematically analyzed. It was found that CHPTA was mainly adsorbed on MMT by hydrogen bonds and especially electrostatic force and that the presence of Na ions favors the adsorption of CHPTA on the Na-(001) surface. In the presence of water molecules, the adsorption of CHPTA was promoted by H2O, which exhibited a cooperative adsorption effect by enhancing the MMT-CHPTA electrostatic force and by forming more hydrogen bonds and HCl bonds among CHPTA, H2O and MMT.

The Amounts of Water Adsorbed to the Surface of Clay Minerals at the Plastic Limit

Abstract The paper presents results of a study on the amount of water associated with the solid phase of the clay water system at the plastic limit. Two model monomineral clays, namely kaolinite, and montmorillonite, were used in the study. The latter was obtained by gravitational sedimentation of Na-bentonite (Wyoming). The calculated mean number of water molecule layers on the external surface of montmorillonite was 14.4, and water in interlayer spaces constituted 0.3 of the water mass at the plastic limit. The number of water layers on the external surface of kaolinite particles was 63, which was related to the higher density of the surface electrical charge of kaolinite compared to that of montmorillonite. The calculations were made on the basis of the external surface area of clays and the basal spacing at the plastic limit measured by an X-ray diffraction test. The external surface area of clays was estimated by measuring sorption at a relative humidity p/p 0 = 0.5.

Adsorption of alkylamine cations on montmorillonite (001) surface: A density functional theory study

Hydrophobic aggregation in cationic surfactant dispersion is an effective method for the dewatering of clay-rich tailing. The effect of head groups type and alkyl chain length on the adsorption of alkylamine cations on montmorillonite (001) surface was investigated by density functional theory (DFT), sedimentation and measurement of contact angle and adsorption quantity. The results showed that the strongest active sites were located above the six-membered oxygen ring (SOR) of montmorillonite layer, around the H atoms on N atom in the head group for alkyl primary amine (CnPA+), secondary amine (CnSA+), tertiary amine (CnTA+) cations and around H atoms in the –CH3 groups for quaternary amine (CnQA+) cation. The alkylamine cations interacted with surfaces by electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding where PA+, SA+, and TA+ cations formed three, two and one NHn⋯Os hydrogen bonds with the montmorillonite (001) surface, respectively, while QA+ cations formed non-traditional CHc⋯Os hydrogen bonds. The adsorption energies of Cn alkylamine cations decreased with the increasing substitution degree of –CH3 groups to Hn atoms in the head group. Moreover, the adsorption energies increased with the n increasing from 12 to 16, but changed slightly when beyond 16. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretically calculated results.

A strong inhibition of polyethyleneimine as shale inhibitor in drilling fluid

In this paper, the inhibition property of polyethyleneimine (PEI) in montmorillonite solution was studied. The inhibition property was evaluated by linear swelling test and rolling recovery test. Compared with other inhibitors, the addition of PEI resulted in the lowest swelling height in drilling fluid. In rolling recovery rate study, the addition of PEI resulted in the highest recovery rate after rolled at 120 °C.More importantly, PEI was environmental friendly inhibitor. The inhibition mechanism was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscope, Scanning electron microscopy, Atomic force microscope, Zeta potential and Particle-size analyzer. The spectrums and images showed that the negative charge in the surface of montmorillonite (MMT) was neutralized by the positive charge in amino group of PEI. PEI was adsorbed in the surface and intercalated into interlayer of MMT, which reduced the hydration repulsion of diffuse electric double layer and prevented the invasion of water. Hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl in the surface of clay and amino groups in the backbone and side chain of PEI can be formed in the process. The adsorption and intercalation of PEI in the surface and interlayer of MMT was the major factor to prevent water molecules from invading into the gallery of clay. There were a quantity of positive ions in solution because of the protonation of nitrogen in water. More positive ions resulted in the stronger force between inhibitor and clay.

Highly ordered structured montmorillonite/brominated butyl rubber nanocomposites: Dramatic enhancement of the gas barrier properties by an external magnetic field

This work is to develop a novel nanocomposites with high gas barrier properties. The permeability is reduced by aligning the magnetic nanoplatelets into a highly oriented manner in brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) latex via a low magnetic field. Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of montmorillonites (MMTs) modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (OTAB) to produce m-OMMTs nanocomposites. The morphology and microstructures of the prepared m-OMMTs and m-OMMTs/BIIR highly ordered nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray power diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Systematic characterization demonstrated that APTES was chemically bonded onto MMTs and Fe3O4 nanoparticles and further confirmed the bond formation between Fe3O4 and MMTs platelets, which could ensure the adhesion between the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and MMT platelets. The modified magnetic MMT nanoplatelets (m-OMMTs) were added into BIIR latex and aligned in a low magnetic field Tm=80 mT. Besides, a ellipsoidal shell model was presented to estimate the minimum magnetic field strength for aligning m-OMMTs in BIIR latex. Finally, the helium permeability measurements were performed by GDP-C gas permeation apparatus. It can be observed that the new method was proved very useful to align m-OMMTs embedded in polymer matrix leading to a highly ordered composite with excellent gas barrier properties.

Experimental and MD simulation study on the physical and mechanical properties of organically modified montmorillonite clay and compatibilized linear low density polyethylene nanocomposites

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the interfacial interactions plays a key role in controlling mechanical and physical properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites (PCNs). In this work, the surface interactions between constituents of experimentally prepared PCNs which are the pristine linear low density polyethylene (PE) chains, PE compatibilizers, montmorillonite clay surface layer, and surfactants were studied quantitatively by employing molecular dynamics simulation technique. The interaction energy between the polymer and the clay was found to be inversely proportional with the volume of the surfactant which decreases the electrostatic interactions between the compatibilizer and the hydrophilic clay surface. However, the van der Waals (vdW) interactions between alkyl tails of surfactants and the PE chains increase with the tail length of the surfactants. The most attractive interaction was between the surfactant's head group and the clay surface. We showed that there existed fine balance between the electrostatic and vdW type forces on the stability and the enhanced properties of the PE–organoclay nanocomposites. Calculated interaction energies were then correlated to the experimentally measured mechanical properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45817.

Synthesis of MnO2 nanosheets on montmorillonite for oxidative degradation and adsorption of methylene blue

In this research, MnO2 nanosheets on montmorillonite (MnO2 nanosheets@MMt) was synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that honeycomb-like MnO2 nanosheets vertically grew on the surface of montmorillonite. MnO2 nanosheets@MMt exhibited high methylene blue (MB) removal rate, which reached 97.7% within 5min under the condition of pH 2, MnO2 nanosheets dosage of 0.1gL−1 and initial dye concentration of 10mgL−1. Additionally, the influencing factors such as pH value, amount of MnO2 nanosheets@MMt, and MB concentration were also investigated in this paper. Results showed the MB degradation process was correlated with pH value, and the MnO2 nanosheets@MMt achieved MB removal rate of 92.8% within 5min under pH 11 because of its absorption capacity of MB. The kinetics of the adsorption process complied with the Pseudo-second-order model. The Langmuir model was found to be the most suitable for describing the experimental equilibrium data of MnO2 nanosheets@MMt. The MnO2 nanosheets@MMt showed high adsorption capacity of 363.63mgg−1 for MB dye. The oxidative decomposition of MB was conducted in the presence of MnO2 nanosheets@MMt in the low pH, finding that the lower the pH was, the faster the degradation rate was. This research demonstrates that MnO2 nanosheets@MMt has potential applications in wastewater treatment.

Effects of charge density on the hydration of siloxane surface of montmorillonite: A molecular dynamics simulation study

Abstract The physicochemical properties of clay minerals strongly depend on their hydration characteristics which therefore have drawn great concerns from different research communities. In the present work, the effects of charge density of montmorillonite (Mt) on the hydration characteristics of its interlayer spaces, particularly the siloxane surface, were studied using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Four Mt. models with various octahedral charges are established, and these charges are compensated with tetramethylammonium cation (TMA). The simulation results showed that water molecules within the hydration layer of siloxane surface will donate hydrogen atoms to form H-bond with the surface oxygen atoms, while those surrounding TMA only slightly have their oxygen atoms point towards TMA. In addition, water molecules prefer to first hydrate the siloxane surface and then the TMA as the water content increases. These findings indicate that water molecules have stronger hydration interaction with siloxane surface than with TMA, and TMA can be ideal counterbalance cation in terms of studying the hydration characteristics of siloxane surface. Charge density can significantly influence the hydration of TMA-Mt. Although increasing charge density will not lead to the formation of stronger H-bond (i.e., no obvious reduction of H-bond length) between water molecules and siloxane surface, water molecules are more likely to be drawn to the siloxane surface and form more H-bonds between them. Subsequently, the hydration energy increases and the mobility of water molecules decreases as the charge density rises. These findings show that charge density can evidently influence the hydrophobicity of siloxane surface, which may further influence its interaction with organic species, e.g., the adsorption of organic contaminants.

Preparation and characterization of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate adsorbed on cetylpyridinium-montmorillonite as a possible antibacterial agent

An organo-montmorillonite was synthesized to generate a two-level antibacterial agent. The material (Mt-CP-SR) was prepared through the adsorption of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (SR) on montmorillonite modified with cetylpyridinium (Mt-CP) and its structure was characterized by conducting ATR-FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The results of the ATR-FTIR analyses indicated that SR on the surface could be detected when its amount exceeded the CEC of the Mt. The XRD analyses revealed that the adsorption of CP and SR causes the separation of Mt layers into smaller stacks. The adsorption and desorption study of SR onto and from 0.7 CEC Mt-CP were investigated to determine the amount of SR adsorbed at varying initial SR concentrations and the amount of SR released when diluted with water. Around 140mg of SR could be loaded on one gram of the Mt intercalated with 170mg of CP. The results indicated that desorption of SR from the surface is gradual and SR and CP have strong interactions on the montmorillonite (Mt) surface. The antibacterial activity of the material was tested against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Additionally, the SR solutions and CP+SR solutions in equimolar ratios were subjected to antibacterial tests for comparison purposes. SR proved to be effective against all three bacteria and the MIC values were found as 75mg/mL for E. coli, 37.5mg/mL for S. aureus, and 300mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The MBC was 300mg/mL for E. coli and S. aureus. The solutions of CP+SR mixtures were ineffective against P. aeruginosa, whereas, they were effective against S. aureus. The prepared Mt-CP-SR samples were found to be effective against S. aureus and E. coli. These results indicate that the material could be used in antibacterial liquid soaps, in toothpaste formulations, personal care products, and topical applications against acne, and wounds without any negative contribution to the physico-chemical and detergency properties of the materials.