Surface Of Medium Carbon Steel Research Articles

Investigation on triboelectrification behavior of surface nanocrystallization of medium carbon steel

The triboelectrification behavior of metal friction pairs is a crucial area of research for understanding the friction and wear. In this study, the triboelectrification behavior of surface nanocrystallization of medium carbon steel was investigated. Friction and wear tests were performed using a spherical-on-disc tribometer under oil-free lubrication while measuring triboelectric current signals. The results demonstrated that microstructural differences in chemically identical materials give rise to distinct charging behavior. In particular, nanocrystalline medium carbon steel surfaces exhibited significantly lower triboelectrification properties compared to their original surfaces. The main reason for the different triboelectrification behavior of the nanocrystalline medium carbon steel surfaces was attributed to the lattice distortion of nanospheres, which was explained using the theory of work function. And the underlying mechanism was experimentally verified using a D/max-Ultima+ X-ray diffractometer to measure the lattice distortion of nanospheres in medium carbon steel. Moreover, the study found a correlation between triboelectric current, friction coefficient, and loads. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the role of surface microstructure in the friction and wear of materials.

The Effect of Plasma–Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of a Medium Carbon Steel Surface on Friction and Wear in Pair with Tin–Lead Bronze

The possibility of increasing the durability of steel pins working against bronze bushings through plasma–electrolytic nitrocarburizing of the surface of medium carbon steel is shown. The phase composition, microhardness, morphology, and surface roughness were studied. Tribological tests were carried out under dry friction conditions according to the shaft-pad scheme. It has been established that plasma–electrolytic nitrocarburizing of the surface of medium carbon steel at a temperature of 700 °C for 5 min leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient by 2.3 times, the weight wear of steel by 24.9 times, and the wear of the bronze counterbody by 5.9 times. At the same time, the contact stiffness increases by 2.6 times. Type of wear: wear with dry friction and plastic contact. The changes in tribological characteristics are associated with the high hardness of the hardened steel surface combined with the effect of dispersed nitrides and iron carbonitrides.

Fast W/Ni alloying on medium carbon steel surface via scanning electron beam for excellent mechanical properties

Next-generation medium carbide steel development requires fabricating novel structural materials with superior mechanical properties. Herein, scanning electron beam alloying is proposed for obtaining a W/Ni alloy coating on medium carbon steel, and the impact of process parameters on the microstructure and properties are investigated. Results demonstrated that the microstructure of alloying zone is martensite, α-Fe (Ni, C) solid solution, and W3C particles scattered along the grain boundaries. The transition zone between coating and substrate exhibits multiple sublayers: different morphological martensitic and heat-affected zone. As the energy density rises, the mechanical properties of the coating initially increase and subsequently decline. The microstructural findings revealed that the formation of α-Fe (Ni, C) solid solution, martensitic, and carbides play a critical role in substantially enhancing mechanical properties. This work produced a high-performance W-Ni composite coating on medium carbon steel.

Microstructure evolution of medium carbon steel during heat-assisted 3D ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning

Medium carbon steel is an excellent carbon structural steel, and is one of the most common materials for metal cutting. Little research has been done on the microstructural changes induced by thermal-force coupling. In this paper, a finite element simulation method based on the improved J-C model is used to predict the grain size, microstructure change depth and surface hardness of medium carbon steel surface induced by heat-assisted 3D-UVAT are studied. The numerical simulation results are compared with the experimental results, and the significant influence of turning conditions on them is analyzed. The results show that heat-assisted 3D-UVAT lowered the grain size of machined induced deformation zone. Numerical model foresees this case with a mean error of 9.4%. Microstructure and hardness measurements under different turning conditions show that the turning speed and feed rate contribute significantly to grain size and grain refinement layer depth in the area being machined.

Fabrication of graphene oxide reinforced plasma sprayed Al2O3 coatings

Graphene oxide (GO) reinforced Al2O3 ceramic coatings were prepared on the surface of medium carbon steel by plasma spraying. The microstructure of the raw materials and coatings were characterized and analyzed by XPS, XRD, Raman and SEM. The bonding strength of the coatings was studied using a scratch method. The wear resistance of the coatings was assessed by the sliding test. The results showed that, after adding GO, the porosity of the coating reduced by about 31%, the hardness increased by approximately 10%, the bonding strength improved by 250%, and the wear rate reduced by 81% (Load: 30 N) and 84% (Load: 60 N), respectively.

Increase in Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of a Medium-Carbon Steel Surface Using Cathodic Plasma Electrolytic Nitriding

Increase in Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of a Medium-Carbon Steel Surface Using Cathodic Plasma Electrolytic Nitriding

Increasing Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of Medium-Carbon Steel Surface by Cathodic Plasma Electrolytic Nitriding

The structural-phase composition and some properties of medium-carbon steel modified surface after cathodic plasma electrolytic nitriding in a solution of ammonium chloride and ammonia have been studied. It is shown that cathodic nitriding of a steel surface is accompanied by high-temperature oxidation with the formation of oxides FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, as well as nitrogen diffusion and quenching with the formation of FeN, Fe3N, and Fe4N phases, martensite and the retained austenite. The competing effect of surface erosion by the actions of discharges and high-temperature oxidation on the morphology and roughness of the surface was revealed. It was established that the maximum microhardness of the modified layer reaches 1040 HV, and the corrosion current density of the nitrided surface decreases by a factor of 1.5–2.4.

Effect of magnetic field on tribological performance of laser dimple textured surface

Experiments were performed to examine the friction and wear of laser dimple textured surfaces of medium carbon steel under three conditions: normal, degaussing, and an additional magnetic field. The coefficients of friction and wear volume of the laser dimple textured surfaces were measured, and the hardness of the dimple edge were measured. The worn surfaces of the specimens were examined, and the elemental contents of the wear debris were analysed. The wear debris within the laser dimples was examined at regular intervals to analyse the trapping processes. The experimental results indicated that the coefficients of friction and wear volume mass were reduced by the laser dimple textured surface. Compared with the normal condition, the abrasive wear of the laser dimple textured surface was reduced under both the degaussing and additional magnetic conditions, and the coefficients of friction and wear were reduced. Under the additional magnetic condition, uniform debris attachment to the inner walls of the laser dimples occurred. The distributions of the magnetic domains within the specimens affected the trapping process of wear debris during the wear experiments, and the wear-debris trapping capacity of the laser dimples was improved under the additional magnetic condition. The following phenomena occurred under the additional magnetic condition: hardness improvement of the dimple edge, oxidation of the wear debris, and coverage of the worn surfaces by wear debris. The results indicate that the tribological performance of the laser dimple textured surface of medium carbon steel can be improved under degaussing and additional magnetic conditions.

Wear Behavior of Medium-Carbon Steel with Different Laser-Textured Densities under Starved Lubrication

Five densities of laser-ablated micro-pits were fabricated onto medium-carbon steel surfaces based on the coupling effect of the biological surface. The effects of the surface textures on the wear behavior were investigated by sliding wear tests under starved lubrication. The results show that compared with the smooth sample, the biomimetic samples could effectively reduce friction and wear, and the tribological performance of the textured surfaces is closely related to the density of the bionic units. The equivalent stress distribution of the specimens was simulated by the finite element method. A uniform stress distribution is beneficial for effectively reducing the generation of wear cracks.

Microstructural Properties of Fe–Cr–C/NbC Composite Coating Produced on Medium Carbon Steel Surface by TIG Coating Process

In this study, Fe-based composite coatings were produced on a medium carbon steel surface by the Tungsten inert gas method. The microstructure and phase structure of the coatings were analyzed by an optical microscope with clemex image analysis, scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometer. The results show that the coating is metallurgically bonded to the substrate when it is produced with sufficient energy input. In the microstructure of Fe–Cr–C coatings, hexagonal-shaped M7C3 carbides solidified in γ-(Fe,Cr) eutectic matrix, while in Fe–Cr–C/NbC composite coatings, quadrangular-shaped NbC carbides solidified. As the amount of FeNb melted increased, the amount of NbC in the structure increased.

Analysis of the influence of the hydrostatic ball burnishing pressure in the surface hardness and roughness of medium carbon steels

Standing sectors in the industry such as railroad or plastic injection moulds presents many challenges for manufacturing complex components in terms of finishing requirements and mechanical properties. Because of that, hydrostatic ball burnishing is considered an optimal solution since it reduces surface roughness and generates hardened surfaces and compressive residual stresses, increasing the performance and lifespan of this parts in terms of resistance and mechanical fatigue. Additionally, this technology could be integrated directly into the machining centres, what reduces times and dimensional errors arising from mooring changes. Therefore, lead times and production costs can be drastically reduced in comparison with other finishing techniques. The aim of this project is to analyse the use of the ball burnishing process to improve the final quality of medium carbon steel surfaces, minimizing surface roughness and improving hardness. In order to achieve significant results, different working pressures are analysed in terms of surface roughness and hardness in AISI 1045 and AISI P20 steels. The results showed a reduction in roughness parameters of more than 89% for both materials using a pressure of 10 MPa. Moreover, at a pressure of 30 MPa, the surface hardness has been increased by 15% and 34% respectively.

Effects of Size and Distribution of Spheroidized Cementite on Void Initiation in the Punched Surface of Medium-Carbon Steel

In this study, we investigated the effects of the size and distribution of spheroidized cementite on the characteristics of a punched surface as well as the effect of stress triaxiality on the void initiation at the interface between the cementite (θ) and ferrite matrix under shearing deformation. Punching and interrupted punching tests were conducted with two types of annealed medium-carbon steels, θL and θS, which contained large and small cementite particles at low and high densities, respectively. The microstructural deformation in the interrupted punching test was simulated by the finite-element (FE) method. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the microstructures and microstructural FE models, the stress triaxiality around cementite was identified as an important factor for void initiation. Moreover, the microstructural FE models indicated that a large number of cementite particles reduce the stress triaxiality around them. This mechanism explains why the number of voids in an area away from the surface of θS is smaller than that in an area away from the surface of θL. In contrast, the number of voids near the punched surface was larger in θS than that in θL, owing to the high stress triaxiality caused by the large shearing deformation. The stress triaxiality tended to change the critical equivalent plastic strain for void initiation.

Study of the Effect of a Corrosive Medium on Medium-Carbon Steel Surface Layer Microhardness Subjected to Impact Electromechanical Treatment

The influence of a corrosive medium on the transformation of strength properties of a steel 45 surface layer subjected to impact electromechanical treatment is studied. Results are provided for a study of the effect of impact electromechanical treatment regimes on the corrosion activity of strengthened specimens, estimated by the change in hardened surface layer microhardness. The nature and degree of reduction in strengthened surface layer hardness in specimens strengthened with current density j = 100, 300, and 600 A/mm2 are established in relation to corrosion test duration.

The magneto-elastoplastic coupling effect on the magnetic flux leakage signal

This paper introduces an experimental progress of the magneto-elastoplastic coupling phenomenon on magnetic flux leakage signal for ferromagnetic materials. The magnetic flux leakage signal on the surface of medium carbon steel was measured under the combined action of elastic load and plastic deformation. Based on the experimental results, the influences of elastic load and plastic deformation on the magnetic flux leakage signal and their coupling effects were analyzed. A theoretical mechanism of experimental phenomena was explained by the magneto-elastoplastic coupling model and magnetic charge model. The results show that the magnetic flux leakage signal increases with the increase of the elastic load, and the magnetic flux leakage signal increases first and then decreases with the increase of plastic deformation. As the elastic load increases, the effect of plastic deformation on the magnetic flux leakage signal gradually increases. The work in this paper provides a vigorous support for the safety evaluation of engineering structures caused by the combination of plastic deformation and residual stress through magnetic flux leakage signal.

NTI-WEAR PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM CARBON STEEL AFTER CARBURIZING WITH SUBSEQUENT DIFFUSION CHROMIZING AND PVD TREATMENT

The paper discusses the results of research on the structure and tribological properties of hybrid layers produced on the surface of medium-carbon steel in hybrid treatment, combining gas carburizing process with the next treatment, i.e. diffusion chromizing and PVD treatment. A comparison was made of the structure and tribological properties of the layers obtained as a result of hybrid treatment with the layers produced in a single diffusion chromizing process. The studies of the layers concerned their structure, chemical composition, thickness, and hardness. Linear wear of the layers were performed by means of three-cylinder-cone method. It has been shown that the linear wear of samples with hybrid layers, produced on medium carbon steel, is less than 50% of samples with single carbide layers. This indicates very good anti-wear properties of hybrid layers.

Wear of nickel-tungsten layer on carbon steel with varying contact surface temperature

The aim of Nickel-Tungsten coatings on the material of carbon steel is to improve the wear resistance of the material. However, with the elevated contact temperature due to friction force in the surface area of sliding may alter the wear resistance of Nickel-Tungsten layers. If the elevated temperature is quite high to reduce the hardness performance of Nickel-Tungsten layers, the layers may be degraded more quickly. In this work, Nickel-Tungsten was deposited on the surface of medium carbon steel in the process of flame powder spray coating with layer thickness of about 0.2 mm. The wear test was conducted using linear reciprocating ball-on-plat with varying surface temperature of about 30°C up to about 250°C. The wear rate and wear mechanism of Nickel-Tungsten layer is investigated.

TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDIUM-CARBON STEEL AFTER NITRIDING COMBINED WITH SUBSEQUENT OXIDATION AND IMPREGNATION

The paper presents the results of examinations of tribological and corrosion properties of the layers produced on a C45 medium-carbon steel surface in the gas nitriding process combined with subsequent treatment – oxidation and impregnation of corrosion inhibitor. Investigations of the microstructure of these layers and their phase composition were carried out. Hardness of the layers was measured by Vickers method. Tribological properties (linear wear) of the layers were performed by means of the three-cylinder-cone method. Resistance to corrosion was determined by electrochemical methods. The investigations showed that the linear wear of the C45 steel samples with the layers produced in the combined processes of nitriding with subsequent oxidation and impregnation was smaller than that of steel samples without layers. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of these layers in aggressive solutions containing chloride ions was very good.

Microstructure and Bonding Strength of Aluminum Bronze on ASTM 1045 Steel by CMT welding

The effect of welding parameters on metallographic microstructure of aluminum bronze, interfacial microstructure and bonding strength of aluminum bronze and steel substrate has been studied. A cladding of aluminum bronze was obtained on the surface of medium carbon steel by CMT welding and short circuiting transfer welding. The microstructure of aluminum bronze and the interfacial microstructure of the interface between aluminum bronze and steel substrate have been systematically investigated. Sample 1-4 are α + (α + γ2) microstructure of typical aluminum bronze. As for Sample 5, iron-rich particles and dendrites were distributed on the α-Cu crystal matrix. The bonding strength of aluminum bronze and steel substrate has been collected according to the destructive testing method of the bimetallic bonding strength of sliding bearing. Among the five samples, Sample 4 and Sample 5 had the highest bonding strength (528.17MPa and 511.39Mpa, respectively).The reason for the enhancement of the bonding strength was discussed. In the interface of aluminum bronze and steel substrate, the transition layer will get thicker when the interdiffusion distance between Fe and Cu elements is larger, it would be more conducive to increase the bonding strength.

The Effect of Parameter of MIG Arc Brazing on Microstructure and Bonding Strength of Tin-based Babbitt Alloy ZChSnSb11-6 on ASTM 1045 Steel

The effect of parameter of MIG arc brazing on the microstructure and the bonding strength of ZChSnSb11-6 and steel substrate has been studied. A cladding of ZChSnSb11-6 was obtained on the surface of medium carbon steel by MIG arc brazing. The microstructure of ZChSnSb11-6 and the microstructure of the interface between ZChSnSb11-6 and steel substrate have been systematically investigated. The highest bonding strength of ZChSnSb11-6 and the steel substrate is 66.42Mpa when welding voltage is 22V and welding current is 120A. The reason for the enhancement of the bonding strength was discussed. When the hard and brittle SnSb phase near the IMC layer is subjected to tensile stress at the interface between the Tin-based Babbitt alloy and the steel substrate, stress concentration occurs and the initiation and propagation of cracks are promoted. When the welding voltage is 20V, The number of the SnSb phase near the IMC layer decreases while the welding current increases, so the bonding strength increases. When the welding current is 120A, the distribution of SnSb phase changes while the welding voltage increases. When the welding voltage is 22V, the bonding strength is the highest.

Microstructure and bonding strength of tin-based Babbitt alloy on ASTM 1045 steel by MIG arc brazing

The effect of composition of welding wires on the interfacial microstructure and the bonding strength of Babbitt alloys and steel substrate has been studied. A cladding of Sn-based Babbitt alloys was obtained on the surface of medium carbon steel by MIG arc brazing. The microstructure of Babbitt alloys and the interfacial microstructure of the interface between Babbitt alloys and steel substrate have been systematically investigated. The bonding strength of Babbitt and steel substrate has been collected according to the destructive testing method of the bimetallic bonding strength of sliding bearing. Among the three samples, the BW8-4 and steel substrate without no SnSb segregation had the highest bonding strength (83.07 MPa).The reason for the enhancement of the bonding strength was discussed. The IMC layers were harder than the α-Sn matrix so that they can effectively prevent the crack between generating and expanding at the joint part. Then, the bonding strength can be enhanced a lot. However, in samples obtained by BW11-6 and BW8-8, the segregated SnSb phase near the junction which was hard and fragile would result in the concentration of stress. And the SnSb would also lead to the occurrence of brittle fracture in the segregation. So that the bonding strength had been greatly reduced.