Low Carbon Steel Surface Research Articles

A comparison of the corrosion resistance of galvanized low steel with solgel method coated ZrO2, ZrO2+Polymer coating

The corrosion of steel is a significant and costly problem faced by various industries every day. Low-carbon steel is particularly important in the construction industry, where durable and long-lasting structures such as bridges, tunnels, towers, buildings, airports, roads, factories, and trains are essential. So, preventing the corrosion of steel has become crucial. For this reason, in this study, ZrO2 solutions were prepared using the sol–gel technique, and steel samples were coated by dip coating in these solutions once, three times, and five times. In addition, a polymer consisting of 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane (GLYEO), 1,1,1-Tris (4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane (THPE), and N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (DAMO) monomers was added to the prepared ZrO2 solutions, and another solution was obtained. The low-carbon steel surfaces were coated by the dip coating method only once with this modified solution, creating a one-layered coating. The morphology and surface characteristics of the coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in an aqueous solution containing wt. 3.5% NaCl. The measurement results indicate that the ZrO2 coatings with added polymer exhibit better corrosion resistance compared to both the ZrO2 coatings without the polymer addition and galvanized coatings.

In situ quantitative topographic measurement and corrosion behaviour of low carbon steel in chloride solutions

ABSTRACT This study applied a novel in situ spectral modulation interferometry (SMI) technique to quantitatively measure the spatiotemporal corrosion kinetics on the surface of low carbon steel. The 3D topography map showed an early formation of localised shallow pits on the surface subjected to a chloride-free solution. In contrast, the steel samples in chloride-enriched solution revealed early-age microcracks or intergranular defective sites. The quantitative analysis of the height profile data (acquired from SMI) verified the heterogeneity of the corrosion process of these samples susceptible to pitting corrosion and intergranular corrosion behaviour. The estimated volume loss followed a similar trend to the 3D surface topography data. Still, a distinct behaviour in the volume loss was observed when compared to the void volume obtained from the electrochemical data.

Fabrication and testing of a multifunctional SiO2@ZnO core–shell nanospheres incorporated polymer coating for sustainable marine transport

We report the development of a coating system relying on the incorporation of SiO2@ZnO core–shell nanospheres in polyurethane media as a novel approach to achieve longevity and sustainability in marine transport. This polymeric coating showed significant improvement in surface abrasion resistance, the transition from a hydrophilic state to a hydrophobic state (~ 125.2° ± 2°), improved antifungal, antibacterial and antialgae effects which make the proposed coating ideal to protect steel surfaces against biofouling. To substantiate our claims, we performed X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning acoustic microscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle measurements, antimicrobial (antialgal, antibacterial, antifungal) tests and Taber abrasion tests (ASTM D1044 and D4060) to highlight the mechanical and biological functionality as well as the bonding configuration of this coating. The wear analysis of the Taber abraded coating using SEM and optical microscopy showed significant improvement in the adhesion and shear resistance achieved by the SiO2@ZnO core–shell nanospheres incorporated PU coating which was a contrasting feature compared to using PU alone. The overall investigations we performed led us to find out that the addition of 4% (wt.) SiO2@ZnO core–shell nanoparticles to the PU media deposited on the low carbon steel surface demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial performance with almost no bacterial growth, significant reductions in growth for algae to about 90% and fungus to about 95%.

Investigation on microstructure and tribological performances of electrodeposited Ni-W-Y2O3 composite coatings

Nickel-tungsten-yttrium oxide (Ni-W-Y2O3) composite coatings were co-electrodeposited onto low-carbon steel surfaces using the direct current electrodeposition method with a constant current density of 2 A/dm2. The influence of Y2O3 nanoparticles on the microstructure, morphology, microhardness and tribological performance of the composite coatings was investigated. The incorporation of Y2O3 nanoparticles was found to significantly refine the crystallite size of the coatings. The microhardness improvement and superior tribological properties of the Ni-W-Y2O3 composite coatings were attributed to the dispersion strengthening and refine crystalline strengthening effects induced by the addition of Y2O3 nanoparticles. It was also observed that the coating prepared from an electrolyte containing 10 g/L Y2O3 nanoparticles exhibits the highest wear resistance. These results highlight the potential of Y2O3 nanoparticles as a promising additive for enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of coatings.

Recycling of iron oxide waste by carbothermic reduction to utilize in FDM 3D printing materials

Iron oxide scale generally forms on low-carbon steel surfaces during the hot rolling processes andproduces as solid waste more than 100 thousand tons per year. The utilization of the iron oxide scaleis one possible way to reduce the production cost for steel plants and promote environmental protection. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrol-Copolymer (ABS) is widely used as engineering plastic for automotive parts because of its high strength and wear resistance. The recycling of iron oxide waste as reinforcement particles for enhancing the tensile strength of ABS composite was studied. The iron oxides were recycled by carbon powder at a high temperature between 1150℃ to 1350℃ up to 120 min. After the reduction process, the reduced iron from an optimal condition with the iron-rich fraction was ground to powder. Afterward, the 0.3 vol% to 1.3 vol% powders were mixed with ABS polymer powder and formed as composite filaments for additive manufacturing (FDM 3D printing). The tensile strength of pure ABS filament increased to 37.16 ± 2.37 MPa when added recycled iron powders. The regular distribution and 13.68 ± 9.78 µm of recycled-iron particle sizes on the ABS matrix were investigated and correlated to the mechanical properties.

Firefly Algorithm and Neural Network Employment for Dilution Analysis of Super Duplex Stainless Steel Clads over AISI 1020 Steel Using Gas Tungsten Arc Process

Traditional low-carbon steels provide the strength needed to satisfy industrial demands. Low-carbon steel’s poor corrosion resistance is one of its main drawbacks. Due to this restriction, corrosion-resistant materials such as super duplex stainless steels are frequently used for cladding onto the surface of low-carbon steel. The cladded surface possesses superior chloride stress corrosion cracking resistance, pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, yield strength, ductility, and impact toughness. Mild steel with measurements of 300 × 300 × 12 mm has been selected as the substrate material, and super duplex stainless steel (S32950) with an electrode diameter of 2.4 mm has been selected as the filler wire. Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) cladding was performed onto the surface of low-carbon steel for experimentation. The clad was deposited in the flat position with four different currents, i.e., 120 A, 130 A, 140 A, and 150 A. Cladding was performed on different layers of each current level, i.e., single layer, double layers, and triple layers. After experimenting and overviewing the outcomes, it can be concluded that the optimum input parameters would be a 3-layered clad at a 140 A current level. Cladding of the super duplex stainless steel over mild steel improves the corrosive properties. The percentage ratio of reactivation current density to activation current density (Ir/Ia%) improves from 29% (mild steel) to 4.1% at the top layer and 11.9% at the intermediate layer. The microhardness of the clad decreases with an increase in both the current level and the number of layers. Microhardness varies between 191–248 at the clad, 170–189 at the HAZ, and 143–153 at the substrate for a 1 kgf load. Dilution refers to the change in the cladding alloy composition due to the mixing of the molten matrix. The composition of the clad changes under a high dilution, resulting in a decrease in the mechanical as well as corrosion properties of the clad. However, if the dilution is too small, the bond between the substrate and the clad is poor. Therefore, dilution is one of the most important process control parameters and the key to obtaining high-quality cladding. Thus, the dilution effect is also analyzed on all three clad layers deposited at various current levels using the firefly algorithm (FA) and artificial neural network (ANN). It is observed that dilution levels are found to be more approachable to the experimental setup data with FA in comparison to ANN for various current levels.

The Effect of PEO Treatment in a Ta-Rich Electrolyte on the Surface and Corrosion Properties of Low-Carbon Steel for Potential Use as a Biomedical Material

Fe-based materials have extensive applications in the building and automobile industries due to their excellent mechanical properties and low cost. However, their biomedical employment is restricted by the corrosion propensity when in contact with bodily fluids. In this study, single-step Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, PEO, treatment in Ta-rich electrolyte was used, for the first time, to improve the corrosion resistance of low-carbon steel SAE 1020 for possible use as device implants. The effect of the applied voltage on the chemical and phase composition, topography, wettability, roughness, and corrosion properties were addressed. The results indicated that the Fe-based oxide coatings had a rough and hydrophilic surface, increasing the Ta content with the applied potential. The phase composition of the coatings was mainly composed of hematite (Fe2O3), with the Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR, spectrums indicating the presence of some absorbed water and organic molecules. The corrosion resistance of the PEO-treated samples was better than the substrate against saline solution (0.9% NaCl) due to the Fe2O3 growth decorated with Ta particles, especially the sample treated at 200 V. The results state that Ta-enriched Fe-based oxide coatings could significantly improve the applicability of low-carbon steel SAE 1020 as a low-cost biomaterial, particularly for medical devices.

Enhanced adsorption of target branched compounds including antibiotic norfloxacin frameworks on mild steel surface for efficient protection: An experimental and molecular modelling study

In this study, an approach was proposed to employ new target branched compounds (TBCs) including multiple antibiotic norfloxacin frameworks for intensified adsorption films to achieve super protection of mild steel in HCl medium. Thus, the TBCs containing bis/tri norfloxacin skeletons were synthesized by multi-step preparation route. In addition, the reference linear compound (RLC) including a single norfloxacin part was also synthesized. The chemical structures of these compounds were confirmed by various means. It was demonstrated that the TBCs could form the tough adsorption films on the surface of mild steel, which could be processed mainly through chemisorption effect. The electrochemical analysis suggested that the TBCs displayed superior corrosion inhibition performance for low carbon steel in 1.0 mol·L−1 HCl solution over the RLC (RLC, 87.80%; TBC1, 97.63%; TBC2, 98.35%), which was further understood by the molecular modelling. The isotherm adsorption plots were employed to analyze the spontaneous adsorption process of the TBCs on low carbon steel surface, and a prominent chemisorption could be inferred by the standard Gibbs free energy changes of the adsorption.

Optimization of low carbon steel coating with corrosion inhibitor method based on siwalan (Borassus flabellifer) fiber extract

Siwalan fiber waste (SFW) has the potential as a source of lignin (7-25%) which is used as a green inhibitor to inhibit the corrosion rate of low carbon steel (LCS). The aims of this study were: (1) determine the optimum conditions (types of HCl and H2SO4, Cinhibitor and Cmedia, inhibition temperature, and coating time) for LCS coating process using the inhibitory method using lignin extract from SFW, and (2) knowing the resistance of LCS coated with inhibitor at optimum conditions. Empirical research through laboratory experiments explains the relation between variables by analyzing numerical data. 185g of SFW produced 52.289g (28.26%) fine brown powder. IR spectrum analysis on extract showed the wavelength was almost the same as the standard. IR spectrum analysis was also carried out on the extracted compounds that were adsorbed, and the absorption peaks confirmed the presence of lignin in the adsorbed compounds. Based on the results of the analysis of the weighing data of the specimen before and after inhibition, the inhibitor concentration of 0.2–0.3 g/L in H2SO4 at 313K is the optimum condition to suppress the corrosion rate on the surface of LCS by 76.2%.

Study on Diffusion Kinetics and Law of Chromium on the Surface of Low-Carbon Steel

Cr/low-carbon steel surface composites were prepared by aqueous solution co-deposition and high-temperature solid-state diffusion technology, and the macro rule of the solid-state diffusion of chromium on the surface of low-carbon steel was analyzed. The molecular dynamics (MD) method was used to simulate and calculate the diffusion process of the Cr/Fe interface, and the macro and micro diffusion mechanisms were analyzed. The results show that the diffusion of the chromium in iron is the combined action of the temperature, crystal structure and lattice distortion, and the diffusion coefficients of chromium in α-Fe and γ-Fe have little difference. The vacancy diffusion mechanism of the first adjacent transition is the main diffusion mode. In practice, chromium atoms diffuse along the grain boundaries of the low-carbon steel matrix and provide pinning at the grain boundaries to prevent grain growth. The simulation law is in good agreement with the experimental law. The variation law of the average diffusion coefficient of chromium atoms with temperature is obtained. The diffusion rate of chromium in the bcc crystal structure is obviously higher than that in the fcc crystal structure. In the same crystal structure, the diffusion coefficient of chromium increases with the increase in temperature. However, in the lattice transition temperature region, the diffusion coefficient of chromium gradually decreases with the increase in temperature until the end of the transformation.

AN INDENTATION METHOD FOR ADHESIVE STRENGTH EVALUATION OF POLYMER COATINGS

An indentation method was developed for adhesive strength evaluation of a polymer coating using the example of an epoxy composition with titanium alkoxide deposited on the surface of low-carbon steel. The method is based on the numerical implementation of the fracture mechanics approach in experimental data processing. It was found that the penetration of a Rockwell indenter perpendicular to the coating surface causes annular delamination buckling of the coating around the indentation, which is due to adhesive bond breaking as a result of radial shear when the coating material is forced out from under the indenter. A controlled parameter in finite element modeling was the experimentally determined width of the coating delamination zone at a fixed indentation depth at which delamination occurred. The adhesive contact conditions were set using the bilinear law of the cohesive zone model, which describes the relationship between the adhesive shear stress and adhesive bond stretching during shear of interacting surfaces in the contact plane. The limiting specific surface energy of adhesive failure was used as a quantitative evaluation criterion for adhesive strength. The optimal value of the limiting specific surface energy of adhesive coating failure was determined for the cohesive zone model parameters that provide the best convergence of the numerical and experimental data.

MD and DFT computational simulations of Caffeoylquinic derivatives as a bio-corrosion inhibitor from quince extract with experimental investigation of corrosion protection on mild steel in 1M H2SO4

The inhibition performance of Quince Extract (Q.E.) at concentrations of 0–1200 ppm on the low carbon steel corrosion in the corrosive media of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was evaluated by using conventional electrochemical methods (potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy). Based on the results, Q.E. displays a mixed-type behavior as an inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency of Q.E. increased with its concentration in the acid solution .The highest performance was observed at the maximum tested concentration (1200 ppm). Using polarization and EIS results, the highest inhibition efficiency of Q.E. was estimated to be 94.5% and 90.7%, respectively. Structural units and functional groups of Q.E. were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This spectroscopy confirmed that the extract contains nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, and aromatic rings that are known to have corrosion inhibition effects. The morphology of the specimen's surface after exposure to H2SO4 with and without Q.E. was examined by SEM and AFM techniques. This examination showed substantially lower surface degradation in the low-carbon steel specimens exposed to the acid in the presence of Q.E. The Langmuir isotherm approach was utilized to explain the adsorption of Q.E. onto the low-carbon steel surface. The Gibbs free energy calculated based on this approach (-21.05 kJ-mol−1) confirmed that the Q.E. adsorption onto the steel surface is supposed to involve more physisorption. In addition to the results of molecular simulation and computational chemistry, such as molecular dynamics simulation (MD), density functional theory (DFT), and Monte Carlo for all Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives confirmed that amino acid of quince extracts in an acidic medium (1 M sulfuric acid) adsorbed on compact and energetic iron surfaces mainly surfaces with miller index (110), which are inclined to corrosion and electrochemical reactions, takes place spontaneously.

On the elemental segregation and melt flow behavior of pure copper laser cladding

Laser cladding of pure copper on the surface of low carbon steel remains a challenge originated in part from the differences between copper and steel in terms of melting point, thermal conductivity, solubility, etc., causing elemental segregation, formation of pores, and unfused defects. On the basis of previous studies that identified laser scanning speed as a possible cause to these defects, we report a new focused investigation using a coaxial powder-feeding laser cladding system to fabricate single-track pure copper cladding layers on a Q245R substrate by varying laser scanning speed. Under different laser scanning speeds, the morphology, elemental distribution, and phase constituents of coatings were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finite element analysis (FEA) numerical simulations were also carried out to investigate the relationship between the elemental segregation and the melt flow behavior in the molten pool. The results indicated that Fe gradually flew from the bottom to the topmost surface of the Cu cladding layer as the laser scanning speed increased. More specially, the numerical simulation revealed that the convection in the molten pool was more turbulent at a higher laser scanning speed, resulting in severe segregation of Fe covering the outer surface of the Cu cladding layer.

Formation of biologically influenced palladium microstructures by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5

A range of Desulfovibrio spp. can reduce metal ions to form metallic nanoparticles that remain attached to their surfaces. The bioreduction of palladium (Pd) has been given considerable attention due to its extensive use in areas of catalysis and electronics and other technological domains. In this study we report, for the first time, evidence for Pd(II) reduction by the highly corrosive Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5 strain to form surface attached Pd nanoparticles, as well as rapid formation of Pd(0) coated microbial nanowires. These filaments reached up to 8 µm in length and led to the formation of a tightly bound group of interconnected cells with enhanced ability to attach to a low carbon steel surface. Moreover, when supplied with high concentrations of Pd (≥ 100 mmol Pd(II) g−1 dry cells), both Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and D. ferrophilus IS5 formed bacteria/Pd hybrid porous microstructures comprising millions of cells. These three-dimensional structures reached up to 3 mm in diameter with a dose of 1200 mmol Pd(II) g−1 dry cells. Under suitable hydrodynamic conditions during reduction, two-dimensional nanosheets of Pd metal were formed that were up to several cm in length. Lower dosing of Pd(II) for promoting rapid synthesis of metal coated nanowires and enhanced attachment of cells onto metal surfaces could improve the efficiency of various biotechnological applications such as microbial fuel cells. Formation of biologically stimulated Pd microstructures could lead to a novel way to produce metal scaffolds or nanosheets for a wide variety of applications.

Effect of laser cladding speed on microstructure and properties of titanium alloy coating on low carbon steel

Titanium and its alloys have excellent corrosion resistance in the marine environment, but their applications are limited by the high cost of raw materials and manufacturing difficulties. In this work, we successfully prepared a thin titanium alloy coating on the low carbon steel surface by a laser cladding method. With a systematical study on the cladding process, the laser cladding speed is found to be the crucial parameter to tune the coating performance. On the one hand, the corrosion resistance is determined by the laser cladding speed. The higher laser cladding speed leads to a thinner coating thickness, and the melted titanium powder is less resulting in a high dilution rate. The increase of the dilution rate is more likely to cause surface cracks, and the corrosion resistance decreases due to these cracks and the formation of the Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds on the coating surface. When the laser cladding speed is 6 mm/s, the sample possesses the lowest dilution rate of 9.9 % and the best corrosion resistance (Ecorr of −0.247 V and Icorr of 1.526 × 10−8 A·cm−2). Therefore, the critical dilution rate D (9.9 %) can be proposed as the optimization goal for the laser cladding speed. When the dilution rate is equal to or lower than the D, the corresponding laser cladding process can guarantee sufficient corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy coating. On the other hand, the laser cladding speed can also influence the coating hardness and the interfacial adhesion strength between the coating and substrate. When the laser cladding speed is slow, the coating hardness decreases to a certain extent, while the interfacial adhesion strength slightly descends. Therefore, this work can expedite the effective applications of titanium alloys in marine engineering equipment, with a greatly reduced cost and ensured performance.

Laser Cladding of Titanium Alloy Coating on Low Carbon Steel via Cu Interlayer

Preparation of titanium alloy coating on the low carbon steel surface is an effective way to ensure the service performance of steel in marine environment. In this work, the effect of Cu interlayer thickness on the microstructure and properties of the titanium alloy coating was systematically studied. The results showed that a thin Cu interlayer cannot inhibit the diffusion of iron, and the Fe-Ti intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the coating/substrate interface weakens the bonding property of the coating. And iron compounds on the surface of the coating surface are negative for corrosion resistance. The thickening of Cu interlayer inhibits the diffusion of iron and increases the shear strength of the coating by 40%～60%. When the iron compound is not present on the coating surface, the optimal electrochemical properties of the titanium alloy coating were achieved. However, the excessive thickness of the Cu interlayer will accelerate the heat loss of the molten pool and lead to the fusion defect in the initial cladding stage. In this study, the optimum thickness range of Cu interlayer (290μm ~ 375μm) was obtained. When the interlayer was in this range, titanium alloy coatings with excellent comprehensive properties could be prepared.

Flower-like Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabricated on Stainless Steel as a Barrier against Corrosion in Simulated Acid Rain.

Functionalisation of the metal surface of low-carbon ferritic stainless steel (from hydrophilic to hydrophobic properties) was achieved by flower-like hierarchical structures on a steel substrate prepared by a low-cost immersion method. The flower-like structured hydrophobic layers on the steel substrate were obtained by immersing the samples in an ethanolic solution of stearic acid with the addition of various concentrations of expired vitamin E ((+)α-tocopherol). The stability and corrosion-inhibiting effect of the hierarchically structured (such as natural cornflower) hydrophobic layers were studied systematically during short and long immersion tests, 120 h (five days) in an acidic environment (pH = 3) using potentiodynamic measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometry. The surfaces of the samples, their wettability, surface morphology and chemical composition were characterised by contact angle measurements, SEM, ATR-FTIR and EDAX. After 120 h of immersion, the inhibition efficiency of the flower-like structured hydrophobic layers on the steel substrate in the selected corrosion medium remained above 99%, and the hierarchical structure (flower-like structure) was also retained on the surface.

Cathodic Boronitrocarburising and Anodic Polishing of Mild Steel 20 in Electrolitic Plasma

The paper discusses a possibility of increasing the wear and corrosion resistance of a low carbon steel surface after cathodic plasma electrolytic boronitrocarburising in a solution of boric acid, glycerin, and ammonium chloride, with the subsequent anodic plasma electrolytic polishing in an ammonium sulfate solution due to the formation of a modified structure consisting of a dense oxide layer and a diffusion layer below it, which contains up to 0.87% carbon, 0.80% nitrogen, and 0.87% boron upon reaching microhardness up to 970±20 HV. The competitive influence of the surface erosion under the action of discharges and high-temperature oxidation on the morphology and roughness of the surface is revealed. A positive effect of reducing the surface roughness during the formation of a dense oxide layer on the surface and a hardened diffusion layer under it on reducing the friction coefficient and mass wear, as well as reducing the roughness and additional oxidation of the surface during polishing on reducing the corrosion current density, has been established.

Structure and oxidation behavior of CoCrFeNiX (where X is Al, Cu, or Mn) coatings obtained by electron beam cladding in air atmosphere

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are currently considered as promising materials for a wide range of applications, including high-temperature use. Since HEAs contain a large number of expensive elements, producing HEA-based coatings seems to be a reasonable approach from an economic point of view. In this study, non-vacuum electron beam cladding was used for the first time to produce CoCrFeNiX layers (where X = Al, Cu or Mn) on a surface of low-carbon steel. As-received coatings had a columnar grain structure with a 〈100〉 fiber texture. The CoCrFeNiCu cladding layer consisted of two fcc phases: Cu-enriched phase was observed in the interdendritic regions, and the Cu-depleted phase was found in dendrites. The CoCrFeNiMn coating had a single-phase fcc structure. CoCrFeNiAl alloy consisted of bcc and B2 phases. The hardness of the Cu and Mn-containing coatings was 190 and 186 HV, respectively. The hardness of the CoCrFeNiAl coating was 570 HV, which is 3.4 times higher compared to the material of the substrate. High-temperature oxidation tests carried out at 850 °C for 45 h revealed that oxide layers formed on the tested samples had a gradient structure that consisted of several different sublayers. The total mass gain due to high temperature oxidation was 2.29 mg/cm2, 2.04 mg/cm2, and 0.60 mg/cm2 for the CoCrFeNiCu, CoCrFeNiMn, and CoCrFeNiAl samples, respectively. The mass gain of the base material over the same period of time was 41.01 mg/cm2. The CoCrFeNiAl coating had the best oxidation resistance due to the formation of a dense Al2O3 scale. We show that non-vacuum electron beam cladding can be used to produce an HEA-based coating with a different chemical composition. The thickness of coatings in a single pass cladding can be as high as 1.8 mm. CoCrFeNiAl is a suitable coating for low-carbon steel in applications where high hardness and oxidation resistance are required.

Vapor-phase deposition of polymer siloxane coatings on the surface of copper and low-carbon steel

Vapor-phase deposition of polymer siloxane coatings on the surface of copper and low-carbon steel