Surface Of LiNi0 Research Articles

Ti3C2(OH)2 coated Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 cathode material with enhanced electrochemical properties for lithium ion battery

Ti3C2(OH)2 coated nickel-rich LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material is prepared with wet coating process. The effects of the Ti3C2(OH)2 concentration on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2cathode materials are investigated. The microanalyses show that Ti3C2(OH)2 is successfully coated on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material. All cathode materials display the excellent hexagonal ordering and the low ratio of I(006+102)/I(101). Furthermore, the Ti3C2(OH)2 coated cathode materials presents excellent cycling capability and rate capability. Among them, the 3.0 wt.% Ti3C2(OH)2 coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 displays the highest discharge capacity of 124.5 mAh/g with the capacity retention of 86.4% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, and the best rate performance at high current density. So Ti3C2(OH)2 coating is good promising material for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 to improve the long-life and rate capability.

Graphene@TiO2 co-modified LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode materials with enhanced electrochemical performance under harsh conditions

The electrochemical properties of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, such as cycling stability, rate capacity and coulomb efficiency, are not fairly well at large rate, high cutoff voltage and elevated temperature. In this article, a uniform nanoscale graphene@TiO2 coating layer is skillfully formed on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 via an artful sol-gel-based method. The rGO@TiO2 layer is evidenced by a series of detections, and the structures of the pristine and coated materials are investigated in detail. It indicates that the graphene@TiO2 layer with a thickness of ∼2 nm is uniformly covered on the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 particles. The “synergistic effects” of graphene@TiO2 composite plays an important role in improving the comprehensive electrochemical performances of the cathode material. Compared with the pristine material, the graphene@TiO2 co-modified LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 shows enhanced electrochemical performances at large rate, elevated temperature, and high cutoff voltage. Particularly, it displays capacity retentions of 93.7% and 89.2% after 150 cycles at 1 C and 2 C, respectively, over 3.0–4.5 V. Even at high temperature of 55 °C and upper operating voltage of 4.5 V, the capacity retention of graphene@TiO2-coated sample increases almost 50% compared with the pristine sample after 150 cycles.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 based separator for enhanced high thermal stability of lithium ion battery

The separator is a crucial part of lithium ion battery, such as preventing internal short-circuit and offering ion-conducting routes. However, conventional separators are usually based on polymer materials, which show the low thermal stability and poor electrolyte wettability, thus greatly restricting the electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery, especially for high-temperature safety. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) was employed as separator via direct coating onto the surface of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 electrode through a facile blade-coating technique. Comparing with the conventionally used polypropylene (PP) separator, the new ZIF-67 based separator features superior electrolyte uptake (154%), higher ionic conductivity (0.00164 S cm−1) and thermal stability. Notably, at a high temperature of 55 °C, the cell with ZIF-67 based separator exhibits nearly 2 times higher capacity retention than the PP separator (ZIF-67: 61.20% vs PP: 35.09%). In view of its advantages, the ZIF-67 based separator shows significant potential in the design of safe lithium ion batteries.

Graphene-analogous structural MoS2 modification to improve electrochemical properties of Ni-rich layered oxide cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Ni-rich cathode material attracts a substantial amount of attention due to its high specific capacity, superior energy density and low cost. Nonetheless, there are still a few intrinsic issues which need to be solved including rate performance, cycling stability, elevated-temperature performance, etc. In this paper, the graphene-analogous structural MoS2 with chemical stability and acceptable conductivity is purposefully introduced to modify LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode material via a facile wet-chemical approach followed by low-temperature reaction. In addition, lithium-active MoS2 coating layer can provide an interconnected and stable tunnel for the insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Characterizations by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that MoS2 coating layer is uniformly deposited on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material. The electrochemical results indicate that the modified cathode material displays excellent structure stability, superior rate performance and outstanding cycling properties.

Ameliorating the Interfacial Problems of Cathode and Solid‐State Electrolytes by Interface Modification of Functional Polymers

AbstractSolid‐state Li secondary batteries may become high energy density storage devices for the next generation of electric vehicles, depending on the compatibility of electrode materials and suitable solid electrolytes. Specifically, it is a great challenge to obtain a stable interface between these solid electrolytes and cathodes. Herein, this issue can be effectively addressed by constructing a poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) coated layer onto the surface of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathode materials. The polymer layer plays a vital role in working as a protective shell to retard side reaction and ameliorate the contact of the solid–solid interface during the cycling process. In the resultant solid‐state batteries, both rate capacity (99 mA h g−1 at 3 C) and cycling stability (75% capacity retention after 400 cycles) are improved after coating. This impressive performance highlights the great importance of layer modification in the cathode and inspires the development of solid‐state batteries toward practical applications.

A novel boron-based ionic liquid electrolyte for high voltage lithium-ion batteries with outstanding cycling stability

Advanced ionic liquid-based electrolyte is herein characterized for the application in high voltage lithium-ion batteries. The electrolyte based on N-propyl-N-methylpiperidiniumdifluoro(oxalate)borate (PP13DFOB), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is fully characterized in terms of anodic corrosion behavior, electrochemical properties and cathode-electrolyte interphase stability. Experimental and computational results show that the preferential oxidation of PP13DFOB results in a stable and low impedance solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode and a passivation layer on Al foil, which suppress transition metal dissolution and Al corrosion at high voltage. As a result, the Li/LNMO and Li/graphite coin cells with ionic liquid-based electrolyte achieve excellent electrochemical performance, displaying a discharge capacity of 121.2 mAh g−1 and 369.2 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C respectively and demonstrating no distinct capacitance attenuation during charge-discharge cycles.

Amorphous Li-Zr-O layer coating on the surface of high-Ni cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Improving cycle performance and rate-capability of lithium ion batteries is necessary in moving toward their use in electric vehicles. Working towards this goal, we propose an amorphous Li-Zr-O coating on the surface of a high-Ni layered transition metal oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) via a simple wet process. By using residual Li on the surface of as-prepared LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particles as a Li source, a non-stoichiometric Li-Zr-O compound can be successfully formed on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particles at a low temperature of 400 °C. The formation of an amorphous Li-Zr-O layer is beneficial in minimizing undesirable side reactions associated with residual Li at the surface and, by extension, improving the cycle performance and rate-capability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. The amorphous Li-Zr-O coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 exhibits a high reversible capacity of more than 190 mAh g−1 with improved cycle performance. This simple approach offers easy control of the surface characteristics of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, improving the surface stability and enhancing the thermal stability.

Modification of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 using nanoscale carbon coating

Two different carbon sources, sucrose and glucose, were used as raw materials for constructing a nanoscale carbon coating on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). They were mixed with a certain mass ratio and then were annealed to form a nanoscale even coating, which showed a C@NCA shell-core structure. The core layer was NCA and the shell layer was nanoscale carbon coating. The cathode coating material using nanoscale carbon layer has better electrical conductivity and high diffusivity of Li-ion. It can effectively reduce the mechanical stress, prevent the formation of micro-cracks on secondary particle surface and maintain the integrity of the cathode material. Obtained by comparison, the results show that the material with sucrose as carbon source has better performance. When the mass ratio of coating is 1%, it has the best electrochemical performance. The initial discharge specific capacity is 250 mAh / g at the current density of 0.1C. The capacity retention rate increased to 88.3% after 200 cycles at current density of 1C, higher than uncoated materials significantly (51.1%). While at current density of 5C, the capacity retention rate increased to 63.7% after 500 cycles, higher than uncoated (46.4%) again.

Enhancing the electrochemical performances of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by Co3O4 surface coating

A Co3O4 coating is formed on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles via an ethanol mediated precipitation method. The existence of the uniform Co3O4 coating is clearly observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results of electrochemical performance testing prove that the Co3O4 coating can greatly enhance the cycling stability and rate performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The optimal sample 5% Co3O4-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 delivers a discharge capacity 126 mAh g−1 at 1 C rate with a capacity retention 96.8% after 300 cycles and a high discharge capacity 97.5 mAh g−1 at 10 C rate. The causes to the improvement are discussed based on elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Synthesis and characterization of high-performance RGO-modified LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods as a high power density cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Micronanosized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods coated with reduced graphene oxide is successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal-assembly method. The as-prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, and electrochemical tests. The XRD and Raman results show that the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods have disordered structure of Fd-3m space group. The SEM characterization exhibits that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods are about 200–400 nm in diameter, and the RGO is well dispersed on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods. Moreover, a RGO layer coated on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 can suppress the interfacial side reactions. The electrochemical tests show that the RGO-LNMO composites reveal high specific capacity and excellent cyclic stability at high rates. The 1%-RGO-LNMO composite can still possess the capacity of 71.4 mAh g−1 and excellent capacity retention about 99% after 1000 cycles at 10 C rate. The excellent performance of RGO-LNMO composites makes it a promising candidate as lithium-ion battery cathode materials.

Enhanced electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials via Li4P2O7 surface modification for Li-ion batteries

The performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials has been significantly improved by Li4P2O7 surface modification. Some electrochemical tests are carried out to investigate the relevant performances of LiH2PO4-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, such as inductively coupled plasma test (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicate that LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 is clad with a layer of average thickness about 30–40 nm. And the alkalinity on the surface of the modified materials has declined dramatically after titration measurement. The effect of surface modification can be credited to the two main factors: On the one hand, the weak acidity of LiH2PO4 neutralizes the lithium residues (LiOH/Li2CO3) on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials; on the other hand, LiH2PO4 continues to decompose and react with the unneutralized lithium residues to generate a coating layer of Li4P2O7 during the annealing process, which can prevent the active materials from contacting with the electrolyte directly and act as an outstanding Li+ conductor, thus inhibiting the interface reaction and improving the cycle performance as well as the rate properties of the host materials.

Improved cycle performance of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon coatings on lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery material

Nitrogen–phosphorus co-doped nanoscale carbon coating (N/P–C) was constructed on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). The coated material showed a shell–core structure, the core layer was NCA, the shell layer was N/P–C, and the coating was evenly distributed on the surface of the material. The coating improves electron transport path in the structure of NCA, increases conductivity, protects the electrode material, suppresses dissolution of the metal ions and improves stability. In this experiment, aniline (ani) was used as the carbon source and the nitrogen source, and phytic acid was used as the carbon source and the phosphorus source. They were mixed at a mass ratio of m (NCA)/m (C) = 100:0.5, 100:1.0 and 100:2.0, respectively, and then annealed to form a uniform coating. By comparison, it can be concluded that the coating has the best electrochemical performance when the coating mass fraction is 1.0%. At the current density of 1 C, the capacity retention rate was 90.7% after 200 cycles, higher than uncoated material (70%).

Improving the rate performance and stability of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 in high voltage lithium-ion battery by using fluoroethylene carbonate as electrolyte additive

Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is investigated as the electrolyte additive to improve the electrochemical performance of high voltage LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material. Compared to LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/Li cells in blank electrolyte, the capacity retention of the cells with 5 wt% FEC in electrolytes after 80 times charge-discharge cycle between 3.0 and 4.5 V significantly improve from 82.0 to 89.7%. Besides, the capacity of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/Li only obtains 12.6 mAh g−1 at 5 C in base electrolyte, while the 5 wt% FEC in electrolyte can reach a high capacity of 71.3 mAh g−1 at the same rate. The oxidative stability of the electrolyte with 5 wt% FEC is evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry and potentiostatic data. The LSV results show that the oxidation potential of the electrolytes with FEC is higher than 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, while the oxidation peaks begin to appear near 4.3 V in the electrolyte without FEC. In addition, the effect of FEC on surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 is elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The analysis result indicates that FEC facilitates the formation of a more stable surface film on the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) result evidences that the stable surface film could improve cathode electrolyte interfacial resistance. These results demonstrate that the FEC can apply as an additive for 4.5 V high voltage electrolyte system in LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/Li cells.

LiMnPO4 surface coating on LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 by a simple sol-gel method and improving electrochemical properties

Recently, cathode materials based on LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 are being widely investigated for application in lithium ion batteries (LIB). However, the cycle performance of this material needs to be enhanced. The surface coating modification is a feasible option to further improve the electrochemical properties of the material. In this paper, a simple sol-gel method was used to prepare a LiMnPO4 (LMP) coating with a thickness of about 25 nm on the surface of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (denoted as NCM523-LMP). As a cathode material for lithium ion batteries, NCM523 coated with 3 wt% LMP showed good cycle performance as well as improved thermal stability. The coated sample exhibited improved cycle stability (200 cycles, 136.8 mAh g−1) and high temperature cycle performance (55 °C, 200 cycles, and 125.2 mAh g−1). This significant enhancement can be attributed to the strengthening of surface structure and effective isolation from harmful side reactions between the material and electrolyte. The LMP coating modified NCM523 shows potential as a high-performance cathode material for LIB.

TiP2O7-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials with improved thermal stability and superior cycle life

Abstract The co-precipitation derived LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material was modified by a coating layer of TiP2O7 through an ethanol-based process. The TiP2O7-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 is characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the microstructure and morphology. The differential scanning calorimetry was employed to confirm the improved thermal stability. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by the constant-current charge/discharge tests. The TiP2O7 coating layer is effectively suppressing the structural degradation and ameliorating the surface status of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 particles, and the intrinsic rhombohedral layered structure of TiP2O7-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 was well maintained during the long-term cycling process, while the surface structure of pristine LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 was degraded from rhombohedral R3m layered structure to cubic rock-salt structure. The charged state Ni4+ ions will easily transform into Ni2+ when the electrolytes oxidized at the interface of cathode/electrolytes and formed the cubic rock-salt NiO type structure, and the cubic rock-salt structure without electrochemical activity on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 particles will finally accelerate capacity fading. The thermal stability and cyclic performances of the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 electrode were remarkably improved by TiP2O7 coating, the total amount of heat release corresponding to the intensity of thermal runaway were 1075.5 and 964.6 J/g for pristine LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and TiP2O7-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 respectively, the pouch shaped full cells that employed TiP2O7-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 as cathode were able to perform more than 2200 cycles at 25 °C and more than 1000 cycles at 45 °C before the capacity retention fading to 80%.

Residual Li Reactive Coating with Co3O4 for Superior Electrochemical Properties of LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 Cathode Material

The necessity of developing Ni-rich layered oxides cathode materials with more than 90% of Ni content is rapidly increasing for satisfying the demand of achieving the high capacity of Li-ion batteries. However, including more Ni contents results in increased formation of undesirable Li residues at the surface as well as deteriorating several types of degradation behaviors during cycling, which are the critical factors of design rules for the cathode material. In this study, the facile synthesis of an electrochemically active material, LiCoO2, is realized at the surface of LiNi0.91Co0.06Mn0.03O2 via the conventional dry coating method utilizing the Li-reactive capability of Co3O4. First-principles calculations are performed to investigate the possible formation of LiCoO2 from the phase diagram. The formation of the electrochemically active coating material considerably reduces the Li residues, increases the capacity, and exhibits a better cycle life with enhanced rate capability. The presence of LiCoO2 phase is verified from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra. Superior performance of Co3O4 is further demonstrated by comparing the results with those from conventional coating materials of Al2O3, TiO2, V2O3, and ZnO, whose electrochemical performance is worse in all of aspects.

Improved electrochemical performance of 5 V spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 by La2O3 surface coating for Li-ion batteries

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 coated with 1.5 wt.% La2O3 was prepared and investigated as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The samples was characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. After the 1.5 wt.% La2O3 coating, the lattice structure of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is not destroyed and a La2O3 coating layer has formed on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles. The 1.5 wt.% La2O3-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 exhibits a higher rate capacity, with discharge capacity between 3.5 and 5 V of 131.9, 127.1, 126.5, 120.7, 114.1 and 101.5 mAh g-1 at rates of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5 C (1 C = 140 mAh g-1), respectively. The results indicate that the La2O3 coating could reduce the electrode polarization and enhance the rate capacities.

Improved electrochemical performance of bagasse and starch-modified LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 materials for lithium-ion batteries

Organic carbon-coated LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 materials are prepared by mixing 2 or 5% starch or bagasse evenly with the synthesized LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 material and calcining for 10 h at 750 °C. The microstructures and electrochemical performance are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, carbon/sulfur analysis, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical testing. The results indicate that the organic carbon coated on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 material does not change the surface morphology and crystal structure, but greatly improves the conductivity, rate and cycle performance of the LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 cathode in a Li-ion battery. The initial discharge capacity of the synthesized LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 material is 147.8 mAh g−1, which increases to 152.4 and 153.3 mAh g−1 for 2% starch and bagasse, respectively. After 100 cycles, the capacity retention rates are 70.7% (uncoated), 83.3% (coated with 2% starch), 90.1% (coated with 2% bagasse), 83.1% (coated with 5% starch) and 91.1% (coated with 5% bagasse). The influence of the percentage of coated carbon and its dispersion uniformity on the performance of the battery is analyzed. A small coating capacity and uniform carbon film can achieve better performance. Rational organic carbon coating technology is an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of LiNi1−x−y Mn x Co y O2-based material.

A comparative study of crystalline and amorphous Li0.5La0.5TiO3 as surface coating layers to enhance the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 cathode

Surface coating is an effective strategy to boost the application of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 in the lithium ion batteries. The crystalline state of the coating layer is crucial for the transportation of lithium ions, the suppression of involved side reaction and the improvement of electrode structure stability, which ultimately determine the electrochemical performance. Here, the effects of crystalline state of Li0.5La0.5TiO3 on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 are comparatively investigated. The Li0.5La0.5TiO3 coating layer with a thickness of about 2 nm is introduced on the surface of LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2, and the crystalline state (crystalline or amorphous) of coating layer is successfully controlled by tuning post-annealing temperature. The structure stability, dynamics performance, reaction activity and electrochemical performance of the coated and pristine samples are investigated. Compared with the pristine sample, the coated materials both demonstrate superior electrochemical performance. And the crystalline Li0.5La0.5TiO3 coated sample shows a better capacity retention (94.5%) than the amorphous Li0.5La0.5TiO3 coated sample (88.0%). The improved electrochemical performance of crystalline Li0.5La0.5TiO3 coated sample could be ascribed to a better interface between the electrolyte and active material, which facilitates intercalation/extraction of lithium ions during the charge/discharge processes.

Highly Fluorinated Interphases Enable High-Voltage Li-Metal Batteries

Summary We were able to demonstrate excellent cycling performance of Li-metal anodes in carbonate electrolytes by increasing the Li bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) concentration to ∼10 M. The high concentration (10 M) of FSI anion enabled interphases of high F content on both Li-metal anode and Ni-rich NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) cathode surfaces. Such F-rich interphases effectively suppressed Li dendrite formation, as demonstrated by a high Li plating/stripping Coulombic efficiency of ∼99.3%, and stabilized the carbonate molecules against oxidation at high cutoff voltages of 4.6 V on the surface of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC622). The combination of unique stabilization on both Li-metal anode and NMC622 cathodes enabled high-energy Li-metal batteries constructed on the aggressive chemistry. Under the harsh conditions of a high charge voltage of 4.6 V and high loading of 2.5 mAh/cm 2 , the NMC622||Li cells retained ∼86% of their original capacity after 100 cycles. The electrolyte strategy presented here offers unique guidelines for further optimizing beyond Li-ion chemistries.