Surface Modification Of Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

A study of high-strength and durable cotton fabric joining via laser-induced polymerisation of silica-sol photosensitive resin

Cotton is the most popular fabric used in human clothing and garment, and its joining process is still based on the traditional sewing method. In this study, a new approach to cotton fabric joining via UV-laser induced polymerisation was investigated, which involved preparation of a silane coupling agent (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (3-Aps) for surface modification of cotton fabric, and formulation and application of a silica-sol photosensitive resin as the filler. The developed resin consists of two other silanes, Silane A174 and KH560 so as to provide chemical bonds with the cellulose of cotton surface and the 3-Aps modified cotton. The results showed that the silica-sol resin not only produced self-polymerisation due to photothermal effect, but also joined with the fiber surfaces by chemical bonding, which enhanced the surface interaction with cotton fibers and obtained excellent mechanical properties. The heat accumulation at joint was detected in real-time using the infrared thermography, which ensured the fast drying and curing of the silica-sol containing resin. With 4 % silica-sol content in resin, the interfacial bonding was optimal for APS-Fabric, and the tensile force of the 2 mm joint reached 300 N exceeding the ultimate breaking strength of the cotton fabric itself. The fabric joint was demonstrated to withstand at least 20 washing cycles without cracking. This new fabric joining technique provides both strong bonding and sufficient flexibility in the joints, resulting in high strength and durable cotton fabric joining, which has a broad application prospect in the field of apparel.

A novel durable flame retardant rich in phosphate ester groups for cotton fabrics

A novel N–P flame retardant (FR) named the ammonium salt of 1,3-diaminopropane tetramethylene dimethyl triphosphonate phosphonic acid (ASAPMPA) was synthesized for surface modification of cotton fabrics. Introducing large amounts of phosphate ester groups (−P=O(OCH3)2) into ASAPMPA could limit the exchange of metal ions and improve the durability of treated cotton. FT-IR, XPS and washing resistance tests of ASAPMPA-treated cotton suggested ASAPMPA was grafted onto cotton cellulose by P–O–C; TG results showed that ASAPMPA obviously promoted char generation and thermal properties of cotton fabrics, indicating ASAPMPA-treated cotton had excellent flame retardancy. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30% ASAPMPA-treated cotton was 48.0%, and remained at 34.4% after 50 laundering cycles (LCs) following AATCC 61-2013 2A standard, revealing its high flame retardancy and launderability. EDS results confirmed that introducing −P=O(CH3)2 could decrease the metal ions exchange efficiently; SEM and XRD results suggested the morphology and structure of treated cotton were retained basically. Bending length and breaking strength results showed there was only a slight decrease in the physical performance of treated cotton.

A compressive review on different surface finishing of cotton fabrics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to give compiled information on previously applied cotton fabric surface modifications. The paper covered most of the modifications done on cotton fabric to improve its properties or to add some functional properties. The paper presented mostly studied research works that brought a significant surface improvement on cotton fabric.Design/methodology/approachDifferent previous works on surface modifications of cotton fabrics such as pilling, wrinkle and microbial resistance, hydrophobicity, cationization, flame retardancy and UV-protection characteristics were studied and their methods of modification including the main findings are well reported in this paper.FindingsSeveral modification treatments on surface modification of cotton fabrics indicated an improvement in the desired properties in which the modification is needed. For instance, the pilling tendency, wrinkling, microbial degradation and UV degradation drawbacks of cotton fabric can be overcome through different modification techniques.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, there are no compressive documents that covered all the portions presented in this review. The author tried to cover the surface modifications done to improve the main properties of cotton fabric.

Synthesis of Betaine Copolymer for Surface Modification of Cotton Fabric by Enhancing Temperature-Sensitive and Anti-Protein Specific Absorption Performance.

The growth and reproduction of microorganisms on fabrics could not only affect the wearability of textiles but also cause harm to human health, and it is an important problem that should be solved to reduce the adsorption and growth of microorganisms on the surface of the fabric. A series of ω-vinyl betaine copolymers were synthesized by catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) and were modified by mercapto-vinyl click chemistry to synthesize silane-modified betaine copolymers, which were used to treat the cotton fabric. The hydrophilic–hydrophobic transition performance and anti-protein specific adhesion performance of cotton fabric with the betaine copolymer were systematically investigated. The copolymer was confirmed to be successfully finished on the cotton fabric via 1H–NMR and FTIR. The cotton fabric, which was treated by the betaine copolymer, presented temperature response performance in the range of 30–55 °C and had excellent anti-protein adsorption performance. The treated fabric had the best temperature-sensitive and anti-protein specific absorption performance among all the specimens when the mass fraction of G06B in DMAPS was 6 wt.%.

Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Starch as Surface Modifiers and Greying Inhibitors in Washing of Cotton Fabrics.

This research is focused on cellulose and starch derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carboxymethyl starch (CMS), added to the detergent in washing reference cotton fabric in soft and hard water at 40, 60 and 90 °C. The applied polymers were analyzed through the potential of surface cellulose modification and inhibition of stain transfer from standard stain donors to modified and initial cotton fabrics. The surface modification of the cotton fabrics, characterized by the zeta potential and amounts of deposits, was coupled with the cluster analysis as well as a whiteness assessment. The obtained results of the zeta potential and degree of whiteness of the reference cotton fabrics before and after washing showed differences between CMC and CMS. The appropriateness of the cluster analysis was confirmed in assessing the potential of applied polymers for surface modification of cotton fabrics and greying inhibition.

Polymers and TiO2 Based Nanocharges for Bio-Based Composites with Improved Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation

The mains objective of this work was the surface modification of cotton fabric (CO) by chemical grafting of chitosan (CT), and immobilization of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) via polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as binder. The resulting composites CO-TiO₂-PVDF-CT were characterized and used as a flame retardant material. The thermal degradation and surface modification properties were investigated.

Plasma Surface Modification of Cotton Fabric by Using Low Pressure Plasma

Environmental issues are to be taken into account when preparing superhydrophobic surfaces for everyday use. Fluorochemicals and organic solvents have potential risks to human health along with environment and their use should be minimized. The present work is to fabricate superhydrophobic surface through post plasma treatment of aqueous extract of rose petals coated on cotton fabric by using oxygen plasma. The contact angle measurement confirms the superhydrophobic nature of the fabric after oxygen plasma treatment. The obtained superhydrophobic fabrics have shown excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Anti-icing, anticlinging, and other physical properties such as color fastness to light and heat, and superhydrophobicity to tea and coffee droplets have been improved by plasma surface modification.

Palladium nanoparticle colored cotton fabric as a highly efficient catalyst for colorimetric sensing of H2O2

Palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) loaded cotton fabrics were successfully prepared through in situ synthesis of PdNPs via heating. The resulting PdNP-treated cotton fabrics showed color originated from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of PdNPs, with satisfactory color fastness to washing and rubbing, and enhanced UV protection properties. The PdNP-treated cotton greatly accelerated the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by sodium borohydride, exhibiting distinct catalytic activity. More importantly, the PdNP-treated cotton fabric displayed enzyme mimicking activity to catalyze the oxidation of a chromogenic enzymatic substrate (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which provides a visual sensing platform for hydrogen peroxide. This work demonstrated a versatile approach to fabricate PdNP-treated cotton fabrics with multiple functions. This study on the surface modification of cotton fabrics with PdNPs could promote the practical applications of functional fibrous materials in catalysis and sensing fields.

Surface Modification of Cotton Fabric Using TiO2 Nanoparticles for Self-Cleaning, Oil-Water Separation, Antistain, Anti-Water Absorption, and Antibacterial Properties.

Superhydrophobicity is of interest for practical applications such as water repellency, self-cleaning, stain resistance, antibacterial properties, and oil–water separation. In this work, a superhydrophobic coating on cotton fabric is prepared by simple immersion in TiO2 nanoparticles and perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane solution. Its antiwetting properties, surface morphology, and functionality are characterized. The cotton fabric shows superhydrophobicity with a water static contact angle of 169.3 ± 2.1° and tilt angle of 6.3 ± 2.0°. The coating is also characterized by performing stability tests, and it shows excellent mechanical durability, chemical stability, and thermal stability. Additionally, the water droplet dynamic on the coated surface is also studied. The coated cotton fabric exhibits excellent self-cleaning, stain resistance, rust stain resistance, anti-water absorption, and antibacterial properties. It can also be used in oil–water separation with a high separation efficiency and excellent reusability.

Microwave Assisted Preparation of Self-Extinguishing Cotton Fabrics by Small Molecules Containing Phosphorous and Nitrogen

Background: New methods for preparing surface modification of flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by applying a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Efforts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with economic and environmentally friendly flame retardant compounds based on the small molecules piperazine, PN and PNN, were done successfully. Methods and Results: The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45°angle (clothing textiles test) and limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Thermogravimetric analysis of all treated cotton fabrics in a nitrogen atmosphere showed high thermal stability, as decomposition occurred between 276.9~291.2°C with 30.5~35.7% residue weight char yield at 600°C. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and the 45° angle flammability test were used to determine the efficiency of the flame-retardant treatments on the fabrics. LOI values for control twill fabric showed ~18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen, whereas the highest treatment level had 32 vol%. High add-on treatments with flame retardants also readily passed the 45° angle flammability test. Conclusion: In the Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) tests, a decline in heat of combustion was shown through the smaller values acquired for THR, HRC and Tmax for all PN and PNN samples.

Microwave Assisted Preparation of Flame Resistant Cotton Using Economic Inorganic Materials

Innovative approaches for preparing flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by utilizing a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Our attempts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with low cost inorganic formulations, such as urea and diammonium phosphate, were done successfully. The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45° angle (clothing textiles test), vertical flame (clothing textile test) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). For formulations with urea only, LOI values of treated fabrics were 21.0–22.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 5.16–18.22%. For formulations comprising urea with diammonium phosphate, LOI values were greater than 29.0% after add-on values for the formulation were 1.85–7.73%. With the formulation comprising urea and diammonium phosphate, all treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test for add-on values 5.34–7.73%. Their char lengths were less than half the length of the original fabric and after-flame and after-glow times were less than 3.2 s. Additional thermal properties of desired products will be discussed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC).

Green and cost-effective carboxylic acid Fe complex functionalized cotton fabrics: sunlight-driven catalytic and antibacterial activities, mechanical and thermal properties

Polycarboxylic acid (PCA) modified cotton fiber Fe complex (Fe-PCA-Cotton) was created by the surface modification of cotton fabric with tartaric acid (TA), citric acid (CA) or 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and subsequent Fe(III) ion coordination to meet the “4-E” criteria: efficient, economical, environmentally friendly and easily-produced. Effect of PCA structure on sunlight-driven catalytic and antibacterial activities, mechanical and thermal properties of the obtained Fe-PCA-Cotton was investigated, which showed that Fe-TA-Cotton had higher photocatalytic ability than other two complexes under different weather conditions. The best antibacterial activity was achieved when CA was used for the complex preparation. Increasing their Fe contents over critical values led to the complexes with excellent catalytic and mechanical performance. A little difference in thermal property between three complexes was found. This study indicated that Fe-CA-Cotton is possibly one of the few solar-driven heterogeneous Fenton photocatalyst that can be produced and applied in industrial scale.

Fabrication of superhydrophobic cotton fabrics using crosslinking polymerization method

With the aim of removing and recycling oil and organic solvent from water, a facile and low-cost crosslinking polymerization method was first applied on surface modification of cotton fabrics for water/oil separation. Micro-nano hierarchical rough structure was constructed by triethylenetetramine (TETA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) that formed a polymeric layer on the surface of the fabric and anchored Al2O3 nanoparticles firmly between the fabric surface and the polymer layer. Superhydrophobic property was further obtained through self-assembly grafting of hydrophobic groups on the rough surface. The as-prepared cotton fabric exhibited superoleophilicity in atmosphere and superhydrophobicity both in atmosphere and under oil with the water contact angle of 153° and 152° respectively. Water/oil separation test showed that the as-prepared cotton fabric can handle with various oil-water mixtures with a high separation efficiency over 99%. More importantly, the separation efficiency remained above 98% over 20 cycles of reusing without losing its superhydrophobicity which demonstrated excellent reusability in oil/water separation process. Moreover, the as-prepared cotton fabric possessed good contamination resistance ability and self-cleaning property. Simulation washing process test showed the superhydrophobic cotton fabric maintained high value of water contact angle above 150° after 100 times washing, indicating great stability and durability. In summary, this work provides a brand-new way to surface modification of cotton fabric and makes it a promising candidate material for oil/water separation.

Preparation of highly hydrophobic cotton fabrics by modification with bifunctional silsesquioxanes in the sol-gel process

The surface modification of cotton fabrics was carried out using two types of bifunctional fluorinated silsesquioxanes with different ratios of functional groups. The modification was performed either by one- or two-step process. Two methods, the sol-gel and the dip coating method were used in different configurations. The heat treatment and the washing process were applied after modification. The wettability of cotton fabric was evaluated by measuring water contact angles (WCA). Changes in the surface morphology were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, SEM-LFD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, the modified fabrics were subjected to analysis of elemental composition of the applied coatings using SEM-EDS techniques. Highly hydrophobic textiles were obtained in all cases studied and one of the modifications resulted in imparting superhydrophobic properties. Most of impregnated textiles remained hydrophobic even after multiple washing process which shows that the studied modification is durable.

Surface modification of cotton fabrics by gas plasmas for color strength and adhesion by inkjet ink printing

Surface properties of cotton fabric were modified by three types of gas plasma pretreatment, namely, oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), to improve ink absorption of water-based pigmented inkjet inks and color reproduction of the treated surfaces. Effects of gas plasma exposure parameters of power, exposure time and gas pressure on surface physical and chemical properties of the treated fabrics were investigated. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) was used to identify changes in functional groups on the fabric surface while AFM (atomic force microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) were used to reveal surface topography of the fabric. Color spectroscopic technique was used to investigate changes in color strength caused by different absorptions of the printed fabrics. The O2 plasma treatments produced new functional groups, OCO/CO and OCO while N2 plasma treatments produced additionally new functional groups, CN and OCNH, onto the fabric surface which increased hydrophilic properties and surface energy of the fabric. For cotton fabric treated with SF6 plasma, the fluorine functionalization was additionally found on the surface. Color strength values (K/S) increased when compared with those of the untreated fabrics. SF6 plasma-treated fabrics were hydrophobic and caused less ink absorption. Fabric surface roughness caused by plasma etching increased fabric surface areas, captured more ink, and enhanced a larger ink color gamut and ink adhesion. Cotton fabrics exhibited higher ink adhesion and wider color gamut after the O2 plasma treatment comparing with those after N2 plasma treatment.

Study on Preparation of Modified Cotton with Collagen

The surface modification process for cotton fabric which was oxidized first, and then crosslinked with collagen was studied. The optimum oxidation process was as follows: concentration of sodium periodate 0.6g/L, time 2.5h, temperature 40°C, ratio of water and cotton fabric was 100:1. The method for surface modification of cotton fabric was determined from comparative analysis, and the optimum process: collagen solution concentration 6%, glutaraldehyde concentration 5%, reaction 40min at 30°C, ratio of water and cotton fabric was 100:1. Compared with original cotton fabric,the breaking strength and elongation of collagen modified cotton fabric decreased, while the dyeing percentage with acid dyes was increased and this means the surface of modified cotton fabric was covered with a large component of collagen.

Surface modification of cotton fabrics for antibacterial application by coating with AgNPs–alginate composite

In recent years nano-sized particles have been focused on bacteriostasis. We investigated antimicrobial activities by applying AgNPs–alginate composite on cotton fabric, using a simple one-step rapid synthetic route by reduction of silver nitrate using alkali hydrolyzed alginate solution which acts as both reducing and capping agent. FTIR spectra, color coordinates, silver content, silver release percent and SEM images of treated fabric samples confirmed the successful physical deposition of AgNPs–alginate composite on the fabric. The treated fabrics demonstrated an excellent antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A slight decrease in the antibacterial feature of the cotton fabrics was observed after successive washings. However, an efficient antibacterial activity still remained on the fabrics.

Extraction of natural dye from red calico leaves: Gamma ray assisted improvements in colour strength and fastness properties

The present study was conducted to explore the colouring potential of red calico {Alternanthera bittzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson} leaves and to improve colour strength of dye using gamma radiations followed by mordanting process. The results showed that red calico plant leaves could be an excellent source of natural dyes for textile sector. Copper sulphate (1%) and tannic acid (1%) were the best pre- and post-mordants, respectively to improve the colour strength and colourfastness properties. The results from dyeing indicated that gamma ray treatment of 15 kGy was the effective absorbed dose for extraction of dye and surface modification of cotton fabric. Dyeing of cotton fabric with red calico leaf extract at 60 °C for 50 min using dye bath of pH 7.0 and salt concentration of 6 g/L produced good colour strength. Gamma ray treatment of cotton reduced the amount of mordants and improved the colourfastness properties.

Surface modification of cotton fabrics for sublimation printing

Abstract The use of sublimation thermal transfer printing onto cotton is not widely practiced because of the lack of disperse dyes affinity for cellulose fibres. The studies were performed onto polymer application on cotton fibres in order to achieve the ability to absorption of sublimating dyes and thus the possibility of making printouts onto cotton. The following parameters were evaluated: whiteness degree after impregnation, the relative strength of colours of the obtained printouts, test washing fastness, and dry and wet rubbing fastness.

Surface modification of cotton fabric with dual‐responsive PNIPAAm/chitosan nano hydrogel

The present study deals with preparing stimuli‐responsive poly N‐isopropyl acryl amide/chitosan (PNCS) nano hydrogel and looks into their effects as a surface modifying system of cotton fabric. The semi‐batch surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization method was proposed to reduce the size of particle and synthesis of PNCS nano particles. Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering methods confirmed the nano size of synthesized PNCS particles and sensitivity of these nano particles to the different temperature and pH, respectively. The water retention capacity (WRC) and carboxyl content of modified cotton with PNCS nano particles were assessed through the central composite design. The bounded PNCS nano particles to the surface of cotton fabrics made them responsive to these dual stimuli. The results demonstrated the dual effect of BTCA amount on WRC. Increase of the amount of BTCA itself led to the decrease of the WRC of modified cotton, but in the presence of PNCS, WRC was significantly increased. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.