Surface Manifestations Research Articles

An Autonomous Thermal Camera System for Monitoring Fumarole Activity.

The Kenyan part of the East African Rift System hosts several geothermal fields for energy production. Changes in the extraction rate of geothermal fluids and the amount of water re-injected into the system affect reservoir pressure and production capacity over time. Understanding the balance of production, natural processes and the response of the geothermal system requires long-term monitoring. The presence of a geothermal system at depth is often accompanied by surface manifestations, such as hot water springs and fumaroles, which have the potential for monitoring subsurface activity. Two thermal camera timelapse systems were developed and installed as part of a multi-sensor observatory in Kenya to capture fumarole activity over time. These cameras are an aggregation of a camera unit, a control unit, and a battery charged by a solar panel, and they monitor fumarole activity on an hourly basis, with a deep sleep of the system in between recordings. The article describes the choice of hardware and software, presents the data that the cameras acquire, and discusses the system's performance and possible improvement points.

Soil liquefaction sites following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequence

AbstractSeismically induced soil liquefaction was listed as one of the major causes of damage observed in the natural and built environment during the 2023 Türkiye-Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence. Reconnaissance field investigations were performed to collect perishable data and document the extent of damage immediately after the events. The sites with surface manifestations of seismic soil liquefaction in the form of soil ejecta, excessive foundation and ground deformations were identified and documented. The deformations were mapped, and samples from ejecta were retrieved. The ejecta samples were predominantly classified as sands with varying degrees of fines. Laboratory test results performed on liquefied soil ejecta revealed that the fines-containing liquefied ejecta samples are mostly classified as low plasticity clays (CL). Most of CL soil type ejecta were retrieved from Gölbaşı–Adıyaman region. The liquid limits of these samples varied in between 32 and 38%, their plasticity index values were estimated in the range of 16–23%. Surprisingly, two ejecta samples with plasticity indices higher than 30% were retrieved from Hatay airport, one of which was classified as high plasticity clay (CH). The majority of the fine-grained ejecta samples fall either on “Zone B: Testing Recommended” region of the Seed et al. (Keynote presentation, 26th Annual ASCE Los Angeles Geotechnical Spring Seminar, Long Beach, CA, 2003) susceptibility chart. Moreover, 12 out of 74 samples fall outside the susceptible limits defined by Seed et. These preliminary results suggest that clayey soils can produce liquefied ejecta when subjected to cyclic loading. Detailed site investigation and laboratory testing programs are ongoing to further investigate this rather unexpected response. Until their findings become available, the liquefaction susceptibility of silty-clayey soils’ mixtures is recommended to be assessed conservatively with caution.

Lineament Domain Analysis to Unravel Tectonic Settings on Planetary Surfaces: Insights from the Claritas Fossae (Mars)

Linear geo-textures are widely recognized on synthetic scaled images of planetary surfaces and consist of elongated alignments of tonal contrasts. When these linear patterns are clustered in azimuthal sets and organized in domains occurring on specific terranes, they reflect the structural grain of the crust and provide clues on the stress trajectories. In this way, the geostatistical analysis of lineament domains represents a useful tool to highlight the geotectonic settings of planetary surfaces. In this work, we applied a lineament domain analysis to better frame the tectonic evolution of the Claritas Fossae (CF) area on Mars, the origin of which is still debated, and both dip–slip and strike–slip tectonics have been described in the literature. A twofold approach was followed that included the identification of a linear pattern with manual and automatic approaches. The automatic method confirmed and validated the results of the manual detection. The statistical analysis of the identified lineaments showed their clustering in two domains that persisted on different terranes separated by the regionally sized scarp associated with the CF. This scarp is the surface manifestation of the CF crustal fault. The spatial distribution of the two domains and their constant angular relationship of about 30° allowed relating one domain to the main CF fault and the other domain to the extensional deformation associated with the fault kinematics. Our results suggest that the CF frames well within a regional setting characterized by right–lateral kinematics with about 20% transtension. Temporal constraints derive from the ages of the terrains where the two domains develop. On this basis, we propose that a first tectonic event occurred in the Noachian age followed by a reactivation occurring after the emplacement of the Late Hesperian lavas.

Environmental effects of geothermal energy utilizations: A case study of the Seferihisar geothermal system, İzmir, Türkiye

Geothermal resources are often regarded as environmentally friendly and sustainable resources. They are utilized for different purposes, including energy generation, thermal tourism and greenhouse cultivation. The utilization type depends on the temperature, chemical characteristics and the flow rates of available geothermal resources. In long-term applications, there is a need for research and monitoring process to assess environmental consequences. Also, supervised use of the resource is crucial for both the geothermal system and its environment, as there is a possibility of unpleasant impacts on the environment, as chemical pollution, subsidence, and thermal effects in cases of improper use of geothermal resources. In Seferihisar, current consumption types of geothermal energy are consisting of a geothermal power plant with an installed capacity of 12 Mwe and a few primitive spas. In the Tuzla geothermal field, the geothermal waters ascending to the surface cause the deposition of travertine, where sea water interference to the geothermal system is clearly observed and supported by XRD analysis of the sample collected from the Tuzla travertine. Seismic activities as earthquakes, affect the surface manifestations of the SGS. The temperature measurement values obtained from Tuzla and Doğanbey are higher than the values recorded prior to the installation of the geothermal power plant. The operation of the geothermal power plant has caused the nearby hot springs to dry up and has ceased travertine deposition in the Cumalı geothermal field. The annual mean values of NO₂ and SO₂ for the region are lower than the National threshold value and European Union Countries’ threshold value.

A critical evaluation of the role of a geothermal system in lithium enrichment of brines in the salt flats: A case study from Laguna Verde in the Atacama Region of Chile

The association between geothermal fluids and lithium-rich brines in salt flats has been evaluated in a unique natural laboratory in the Chilean Andes. The area encompasses Laguna Verde (LV), a hypersaline lake, and a salt flat (salar) within a closed basin surrounded by volcanoes. The predominant lithology consists of andesitic-dacitic rocks, with limited occurrences of rhyolitic rocks. The LV geothermal system exhibits surface manifestations, including over 20 hot springs reaching 47 °C along the lake's southern margin. The upflow zone is represented by the fumarolic field in the Nevado Ojos del Salado volcano, 25 km southwest of LV. Lithium concentrations range from 2.76 to 4.46 mg/L in thermal water and 0.59 to 0.76 mg/L in the Peñas Blancas river water, which feeds into LV after passing through a volcanic environment rich in lithium-bearing rocks. However, the thermal waters contribute over six times more lithium than non-thermal waters, highlighting their significance in releasing and transporting lithium from the source rocks to its eventual accumulation in LV. This natural laboratory at LV provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate the association between geothermal fluids and lithium-rich brines, offering valuable insights into the processes involved in lithium enrichment in similar geological and climatic conditions in other geographic areas.

“It was just so hard”: ineffable <em>just</em> as a mixed expressive

A highly productive debate has arisen over the past two decades concerning the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics in building meaning (Potts 2005; Kennedy and McNally 2005; Sauerland 2012; Roberts 2012; Coppock and Beaver 2014; Gutzmann 2019 i.a.). In this article we illustrate the depth of integration of context-independent and context-dependent meaning through a close analysis of the exclusive operator (EO) just. Recent accounts of the many distinct guises of EO just have proposed a unified shared function: quantification over sets of alternatives (Horn 2000; Orenstein 2015; Wiegand/Windhearn 2017, 2021; Beltrama 2021). We identify here an entirely new surface manifestation of just in the StoryListening Corpus (a set of bereavement narratives elicited during the COVID-19 pandemic), which we term ‘ineffability just’ and argue it serves as a mixed expressive (McCready 2010; Gutzmann 2012). It encodes both descriptive content as a new flavor of exclusive operator (Beltrama 2021), and simultaneously expressive content (Potts 2005, 2007) signaling that the speaker is at a loss for words in the moment to describe an experience more completely because of their affective response to its profound nature.

Sensing the dependable surficial signatures of temporal groundwater variations in arid coastal regions through geospatial techniques with respect to microclimate changes

Reports on Groundwater level variations and quality changes have been a critical issue, especially in arid regions. An attempt has been made in this study to determine the surface manifestations of groundwater variations through processing imageries for determining the changes in land use, Normalized Differential Building Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), along with Groundwater level (GWL) and Electrical conductivity (EC). Decadal variation between these parameters for 2013 and 2023 shows that the average water level had increased by 1.03amsl, while the EC values of groundwater decreased by 418 μS/cm. The decrease in EC values indicates freshwater recharge, promoting natural vegetation, thus reducing the LST values by 3.28 °C. In addition, urban landscaping and relatively lesser emissivity from built-up surfaces than the sandy desert have further reduced the LST. The interrelationship of the parameters indicates that an increase in LST correlates with an increase in NDBI and with less significant changes in NDVI. The lowering of the LST along the coastal regions was inferred to be due to the influence of Sea breeze, adjacent moisture from the ocean, shallow water level, and the shadow effect of the buildings. Further, the increase in water level was mainly attributed to the recent increase in rainfall and the extreme event in 2018. The higher EC in the lesser NDBI regions is attributed to the anthropogenic contamination from agriculture and landfill leachates. Though there was an increase in NDBI, the LST of the region was inferred to be reduced mainly due to the increase in water level and reduction of emission from desert sand by recent urban developments.

Liquefaction triggering and induced ground deformations at a metallurgical facility in Dörtyol-Hatay after the February 6 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence

The performance of a Metallurgical Facility located on the Dörtyol-Hatay coast is investigated from seismic soil liquefaction engineering perspective. The facility was shaken by the M7.8, and M7.6 Pazarcık and Ekinözü-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence. This paper presents the assessment results of soil liquefaction triggering and induced ground deformations at the site. It discusses: i) the seismic response of the facility, more specifically, the surface manifestation of seismic soil liquefaction in the form of soil ejecta, ground deformations and displacements, mapped after the earthquake sequence, ii) the results of site investigation studies, performed prior to the events, iii) subsurface soil characterization of the site, iv) assessments of soil liquefaction triggering, v) analyses of liquefaction-induced ground settlements, lateral deformations and displacements, and vi) comparisons of them with those of the predicted. The case history performance documented herein, and the assessment results are believed to be useful in the development of case history-based predictive models for the assessment of liquefaction triggering and post-liquefaction ground deformations.

Word-stress and the distribution of consonant clusters in English

Empty categories have been around in linguistics for a long time already. In particular, Strict CV-Phonology promotes a strictly alternating CV skeleton where members of a traditional consonant cluster enclose an empty vocalic position, while the two consecutive vocalic positions of a long vowel or a diphthong flank an empty consonantal position. Although the concept of empty skeletal positions might seem strange at first blush, its importance can be likened to the importance of the concept of zero in mathematics. This also means that traditional consonant clusters are just surface manifestations of underlying CVCV sequences. The aim of this paper is to seek a principled account for the distribution of different types of vocalic positions and consonant clusters by promoting the algorithm put forward in Csides (2008). It seems that this algorithm treats the distribution of different types of consonant clusters and the distribution of stressed versus unstressed vocalic positions in a unified manner. In order to be able to grasp the parallel between stress-related issues and the distribution of different types of consonant clusters, we must part with some of the basic tenets of standard Government Phonology and Strict CV. Contrary to mainstream assumptions, I wish to maintain bidirectional government in Phonology, cf. Csides (2008). It is important to emphasize that unidirectional theories have been promoted mainly in the phonological literature. Scheer (2004), Szigetvári (1999) and many others assume that government in phonology is strictly right-to-left, an idea that probably originates in the concepts of Proper Government (PG) of standard GP. Rowicka (1999), however, assumes that government proceeds in the opposite direction, i.e., it is left-to-right. Csides (2008) resolves this conflict by proposing that government goes in both directions but in a principled manner. Another novel, non-mainstream proposal of Csides (2008) is also maintained in the present framework, namely that government can target empty and contentful skeletal positions alike.

ГЕНЕЗИС ОЗЕРА ТУГАР-САЛГАН В ЗАПАДНЫХ ПРЕДГОРЬЯХ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА

Lake Tugar-Salgan is located on the territory of the Ishimbay Municipal District of the Republic of Bashkortostan,10 km southeast of the city of Sterlitamak, at the foot of Shikhan Toratau (Turataw). Despite the morphometric parameters of the lakeestablished a long time ago, its origin is not fully clear. The genesis of the lake is considered to be karstic, but the formation mechanismand even its belonging to the type of karst based on the composition of the karst rocks have not been established. The purpose of theresearch is to determine the conditions and factors of the formation of Lake Tugar-Salgan, which is a complex natural monument ofrepublican importance. Data from a state hydrogeologic survey, a survey of exogenous geologic processes, and the author's 2022 fieldsurvey served as source data for this article. Research methods employed in the study include morphological and morphometric surveysof the lake bed and of the nearest landforms in its vicinity. It has been established that the lake formation was connected with thedevelopment of karst process in the gypsum of the Kungurian Stage of the Early Permian and the lake is located in the rear part of the third supra-flood terrace of the Belaya River valley. The distribution of surface manifestations of sulfate karst in the lake area is directlydependent on the age of relief elements on which they have been formed and inversely dependent on the thickness of non-karst sediments covering karst gypsum. Along with these, the main factor of the lake formation is the course of relief formation in the NeogeneQuaternary time. The karst basin with the lake is located at the mouth of the modern semi-blind erosion-karst ravine, and in the EarlyPliocene its mouth opened 89 km to the west in the paleovalley of the Belaya River. After the paleovalley had been filled with Plioceneand then Pleistocene sediments, the middle and mouth parts of the ravine and the karst landforms were buried under Quaternary alluvium. It was in the rear part of the third supra-floodplain terrace of the Belaya River valley, in the karst basin only partially filled withclayey Middle Pleistocene sediments, where Lake Tugar-Salgan was formed.

Predicton models for surface manifestation of liquefaction for the practice in Taiwan

Predicton models for surface manifestation of liquefaction for the practice in Taiwan

Long-term variability of surface manifestations of eddies in the Kara Sea

Long-term variability of surface manifestations of eddies in the Kara Sea

Millions of seafloor pits, not pockmarks, induced by vertebrates in the North Sea

Seabed pockmarks are among the most prominent morphologic structures in the oceans. They are usually interpreted as surface manifestation of hydrocarbon fluids venting from sediments. Here we suggest an alternative hypothesis of pockmark formation based on latest multibeam echosounder data with a centimeter resolution. In the North Sea, >40,000 enigmatically shaped shallow depressions or ‘pits’ with a mean depth of 0.11 m were documented, that do not resemble known pockmark morphologies. Combining the new echosounder data with information from behavioral biology, physical oceanography, satellite remote sensing and habitat mapping, we conclude that harbor porpoises excavate sediments during benthic foraging. By grubbing the seabed, they cause sandeels to escape from the sediment and initiate the formation of seafloor pits. Time-lapse data reveals that the initially feeding pits serve as nuclei for scouring and eventually merge into larger scour-pits. With the immense number of vertebrates in the ocean, such megafauna-driven macro-bioturbation reshapes the seafloor, modulates sediment transport, and ultimately impacts associated ecosystems on a global scale.

New MT surveys and 3D resistivity imaging beneath the Ngozi-Rungwe volcanoes at the triple rift junction of the East African Rift System in SW Tanzania: Support for integrated interpretations of geothermal conceptual models

The geothermal system related to the Ngozi and Rungwe volcanoes, SW Tanzania, lies at the intersection of the west and east branches of the East African Rift System and has been investigated by many geoscientists for decades. Here we present a 3D electrical resistivity model based on 190 magnetotelluric resistivity soundings that have been integrated with geochemical and geological results to support the development of the geothermal resource conceptual model presented here. The model includes two separate reservoirs, a larger system located beneath the Rungwe volcano and a smaller chloride water reservoir located under the Ngozi caldera, which contains a neutral chloride hot spring with geothermometry >230°C. An extensive conductive clay cap with variable thickness extends along the 30 km long NW-SE trending Ngozi-Rungwe Fault Zone from the Kiejo area SE of the Rungwe volcano to the Ngozi caldera. The absence of geothermal surface manifestations directly over the inferred Rungwe upflow zone is consistent with effective sealing of the proposed underlying geothermal reservoir by the clay cap. The scarcity of thermal manifestations on the up-dip margins of the low-resistivity clay cap can be explained by coincidence of the base of the clay cap with impermeable Precambrian formations and by structural boundaries. This interpretation implies that the area with the highest geothermal resource potential is the Rungwe volcano where proposed drilling sites might intersect the proposed high-temperature reservoir.

Properties of Short-Period Internal Waves in the Kara Gates Strait Revealed from Spaceborne SAR Data

This paper presents the results of identification of surface manifestations (SM) of short-period internal waves (SIW) in Sentinel-1 A/B synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the Kara Gates Strait in August–September 2021. 44 SM of SIW trains were detected in 47 SAR images. Statistics of occurrence, propagation direction and spatial characteristics of SIWs in the study area are given. During two months, satellite observations cover almost all phases of spring-neap tidal cycle. The use of a detailed topography of the study area made it possible to identify certain regions with a more frequent presence of the SIW leading crests with a particular focus made on the shallow (< 100 m) part of the strait. Each identified region is then described in terms of water depth, dimensionless slope, amplitudes of tidal current velocity and properties of SIWs. The obtained results were then compared with the results of previous studies.

Investigation of geothermal resources using a geophysical potential field in the Hurghada area, Egypt

Egypt's need for clean and renewable energy is pressing for numerous reasons, such as unpredictable fuel prices, diminishing fossil fuel resources, and growing concern about environmental degradation. Harvesting untapped geothermal resources could meet domestic electricity needs besides enabling Egypt to export electricity. The location of Egypt confirms that it has suitable geothermal energy potential areas in some provinces around the country, especially along the Gulf of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Western Desert. The Red Sea coast and the coasts of the Gulf of Suez exhibit several surface manifestations (hot springs and thermal water wells), indicating the presence of geothermal systems in these areas. The objective of this paper is to investigate the geothermal resources and obtain a full image of the geothermal potential of the Hurghada area along the Red Sea coast using geophysical potential field data. Aeromagnetic and aerogravity data were used to identify the most promising target regions for geothermal potentiality. Power spectral analysis of the aeromagnetic data was utilised to appraise the Curie point depth (CPD) and obtain geothermal gradient and heat flow maps of the Hurghada area, whereas a 3-D inversion of gravity data was utilised to estimate the depths to the Precambrian basement rocks. In addition to 3-D inversion of magnetic data to evaluate the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility. This study found no direct relationship between basement depths and the CPD, where basement rock outcrops at some locations correlate to a decrease in the Curie surface, while at others, they correspond to an increase.

Pattern evolution and modal decomposition of Faraday waves in a brimful cylinder

This paper investigates the steady-state pattern evolution of symmetric Faraday waves excited in a brimful cylindrical container when driving parameters much exceed critical thresholds. In such liquid systems, parametric surface responses are typically considered as the resonant superposition of unstable standing waves. A modified free-surface synthetic Schlieren method is employed to obtain full three-dimensional spatial reconstructions of instantaneous surface patterns. Multi-azimuth structures and localized travelling waves during the small-elevation phases of the oscillation cycle give rise to modal decomposition in the form of $\nu$ -basis modes. Two-step surface-fitting results provide insight into the spatiotemporal characteristics of dominant wave components and corresponding harmonics in the experimental observations. Arithmetic combination of modal indices and uniform frequency distributions reveal the nonlinear mechanisms behind pattern formation and the primary pathways of energy transfer. Taking the hypothetical surface manifestation of multiple azimuths as the modal solutions, a linear stability analysis of the inviscid system is utilised to calculate fundamental resonance tongues (FRTs) with non-overlapping bottoms, which correspond to subharmonic or harmonic $\nu$ -basis modes induced by surface instability at the air–liquid interface. Close relationships between experimental observations and corresponding FRTs provide qualitative verification of dominant modes identified using surface-fitting results. This supports the validity and rationality of the applied $\nu$ -basis modes.

Tracking changes in the co-eruptive seismic tremor associated with magma degassing at Piton de la Fournaise volcano

Volcanic eruptions in basaltic systems represent the most frequent expression of volcanic activity in the World, whose surface manifestations range from effusive lava flows to more explosive events. Their eruptive dynamics and style are largely controlled by the degassing of magma. In this study, we analyze seismic tremors recorded during 23 eruptions that occurred at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion, France) during 2014–2021 and show that their properties are strongly linked to the magma degassing. We apply the network covariance matrix method to build a catalog of tremor sources associated with all 23 eruptions, to measure their time-frequency properties, and to locate their sources. We then conduct a multi-disciplinary analysis by comparing the seismic tremor observations with images of the eruptive sites, lava flow rate measurements, impulsive earthquakes, as well as deformation and magma composition data. The tremor depth distribution is found to be well correlated with magma gas content, indicating that the tremor generating mechanism is largely controlled by the shallow magma degassing under the eruptive site. The resulting seismic tremor signals analysis enable to track changes in degassing regimes and associated eruptive styles at the surface, thus improving monitoring and knowledge of the eruptive dynamics of the studied volcano.

Volcanic debris avalanche deposits and their significance in the architecture and evolution of the Miocene-Quaternary Călimani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic range (Eastern Transylvania, Romania)

The Călimani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic range (CGH) represents the surface manifestation of the post-collisional magmatism that followed the docking of its basement, the Dacia Mega Unit, onto the East European margin. Between ca. 11 and 0.3 Ma, detachment of subducted slab, magma generation, and volcanic activity in CGH propagated south-southeastward, sub-parallel with the collisional Eastern Carpathian Orogen, resulting in the construction of a series of mostly composite volcanoes dominated by calc-alkaline lavas and pyroclastic products. The generally well-preserved axial row of the CGH volcanic edifices is accompanied by voluminous volcaniclastic deposits of which sources and emplacement history persist as a matter of debate. In the standard view reflected in regional scale geologic maps, these deposits represent products of complete erosion of hypothetical earlier volcanoes. Other interpretation, however, suggest that they are at least partially constituted by voluminous volcanic debris avalanche deposits (VDADs).By combining evidence from field observation and GIS analysis with published and new data from petrography, bulk-rock geochemistry, and K/Ar geochronology, here we demonstrate that VDADs vastly dominate these volcanoclastic deposits. In addition to two previously identified VDADs (Western Călimani and Vârghiş), we show that further six VDADs (Eastern Călimani, Fâncel-Lăpuşna, Ostoroş, Ivo-Cocoizaş, Luci, and Pilişca) were generated due to the sector failure of a series of CGH volcanoes, most of which still preserve well-distinguishable collapse scars. Based on our estimates, debris avalanches with volumes between <1 km3 and > 100 km3 displaced 0.4–39% of the source edifices, transferring nearly a third of their cumulated volcanic output to the observed volcaniclastic deposits.K/Ar age constraints suggest VDAD formation closely followed in space and time the migrating volcanic activity between ca. 7.8 and 1.5 Ma. Relying on this age pattern, collapse scar orientations, and VDAD runout directions, we propose that regional scale deformation of the Dacia lithosphere imposed by progressive detachment of the underlying subducted slab, manifested on the surface as a transient subsidence–uplift couple traveling along CGH as well as opening of intramountain basins at the eastern flank of the range, was responsible for basement tilting and faulting that destabilised the CGH volcanic edifices. Seismic activity associated with slab detachment and shallow crustal fault system as well as explosive volcanic eruptions may have triggered the collapse of these edifices, leading to the generation of the VDADs.

Prospective geothermal well and heat catchment locations in Nigeria: Remote sensing interpretations and field validation

Geothermal energy is a renewable energy that is environmentally friendly and will help reduce greenhouse emission resulting from the burning of fossil fuels. Nigeria has numerous geothermal surface manifestations like hot and warm springs in most parts of the country that has not been exploited or explored due to the initial high cost of exploration. Most research conducted on geothermal energy prospects in Nigeria considered specific geographical sections. Due to the geological features of Nigeria, the direct and indirect tectonic activities, there is the need to map the thermal anomalies over Nigeria to determine likely geothermal wells and ground heat catchment in Nigeria. Forty years remote sensing dataset (1980–2019), was obtained from the MERRA-2 for three hundred and two (302) locations across Nigeria. The acquired thermal parameters were processed using known models. The data was also analyzed statistically and spatially using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). The results of show that the Gummel-Kumaganum areas of chad basin, Owode-igbo ora areas of the Dahomey basin, Belli area of the basement complex in Taraba state, potiskum areas of the Upper benue Basin, Ekpoma-kwale, itu areas of the Niger delta basin are middle geothermal wells with the terrestial radiation of &lt; −702 W/m2 while the terrestial radiation &gt;200 W/m2 in the Gummi area of the sokoto basin, Hunkuyi area of the basement complex in the northeast, Gashua area of the chad basin, Ozubulu-idah area of Anambra basin, Atijere area of the Dahomey basin, Agbasa, Omoko, Akamkpa area of Niger delta basin, Shaki area of the southwest basement complex are heat catchment regions. Other heat catchment areas had been identified for standalone energy generation. Also, the thermal anomalies in those areas were significant. The validation of the result was achieved via benchmarking similar geothermal well around the globe and ground truthing at Ijebu-Ode Nigeria. Based on the thermal reversal depth (TRD) concept, Ijebu-Ode may have a deep geothermal well with temperatures pattern similar to geothermal wells in other parts of the globe. It is recommended that ground measurement should be carried out in the basement complex to cater for geothermal systems whose mechanism is based on conduction.