Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands Research Articles

Unveiling synergistic enhancement mechanism of nitrogen removal in surface flow constructed wetlands: Utilizing iron scraps and elemental sulfur as integrated electron donors

Lacking electron donors generally causes poor denitrification performance in constructed wetlands (CWs). In this study, iron scraps (ISs) and elemental sulfur (S0) were employed as electron donors in different surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs): control (C-SF), ISs added (Fe-SF), S0 added (S-SF), and ISs and S0 combined (Fe + S-SF) to investigate the performance and mechanism of nitrogen (N) removal through continuous flow and batch experiments. The impact of hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and temperatures on N removal was explored. The combined use of ISs and S0 significantly improved nitrate (NO3− -N) removal in Fe + S-SF compared to the other SFCWs. During the 3-d HRT at 25 °C, the average NO3− -N removal efficiency in Fe + S-SF reached the highest value of 71.66 ± 12.54%, reducing NO3− -N concentrations from 12.03 mg/L to 3.47 mg/L. The results of the batch experiments revealed an N removal pattern that aligned with the findings of the continuous flow experiment. The microbial community analysis revealed a selective enrichment of key functional genera (e.g., Ferritrophicum and Dechloromonas), contributing to enhanced N removal in Fe + S-SF. These findings suggest that the synergistic use of ISs and S0 can achieve better denitrification efficiency and potentially be utilized for enhanced N removal from low C/N wastewater.

Enhanced remediation of real agricultural runoff in surface-flow constructed wetlands by coupling composite substrate-packed bio-balls, submerged plants and functional bacteria: Performance and mechanisms

Import of agricultural runoff containing nutrients considerably contributes to eutrophication of receiving water bodies. Surface-flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) are commonly applied for agricultural runoff purification, but the performance is usually unsatisfactory. In this study, suspended bio-balls filled with zeolite and iron-carbon (Fe-C) composite substrates, submerged macrophyte (Ceratophyllum demersum) and functional denitrifying bacteria were collectively added into SFCW microcosms to enhance the remediation efficiency for real agricultural runoff with high nutrient concentrations and low content of bioavailable organic matter. The bio-ball added SFCWs achieved notably higher pollutant removal efficiencies (21.1%, 80.2% and 47.5% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), respectively) than the control (COD: 6.9%, TN: 64.4%, TP: 27.9%), because of the versatile functions of filling materials for pollutant removal. C. demersum plantation (COD: 44.2%, TN: 82.8% and TP: 53.7%) and functional bacteria inoculation (COD: 51.8%, TN: 85.8% and TP: 55.1%) further enhanced the efficiency of the SFCWs for agricultural runoff remediation. Bio-ball addition and C. demersum plantation significantly increased the humification degree and reduced the molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the agricultural runoff. Moreover, the two intensification measures also notably reduced organic and nitrogen contents in the wetland sediment. Remarkable distinction in bacterial community distribution patterns was observed in the SFCW sediment and filling substrates in bio-balls. Keystone genera including Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Bacillus in the zeolite, Sphingomonas and Exiguobacterium in the Fe-C substrates and Sediminibacterium in the sediment might be critical for agricultural runoff remediation in the SFCW microcosms. The study highlights a high potential of the intensified SFCWs by these coupling measures for agricultural runoff remediation.

Improving treatment performance in mature wetlands: The impact of emergent plant species

Improving the treatment performance of mature surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) is critical for long-term sustainability. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of plant species affecting the treatment performance of mature SFCWs remain largely unexplored. In this study, three 6-year-old field-scale SFCWs were subjected to orthogonal tests, with Nelumbo nucifera, Typha angustifolia, and Zizania latifolia as plant species. The aim was to understand how the emergent plant species selected for the newly constructed wetlands influenced the nitrogen and phosphorus treatment performance at maturity. The results showed that plant species significantly affected total nitrogen (TN) treatment performance through dissolved oxygen and water temperature. Typha and Zizania had larger above-ground biomass and denser canopies than Nelumbo, significantly increasing anaerobic zones and water temperature. Therefore, SFCWs with Typha or Zizania had the best organic nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen treatment performance compared to those with Nelumbo. However, the integrated ability of microbes and plants to remove ammonia nitrogen was not affected by internal factors in mature wetlands. Plant species significantly affected total phosphorus (TP) treatment performance through local flow patterns. Although plant species did not significantly affect general hydraulic performance, Zizania had denser tillers and thicker stalks than Nelumbo and Typha, increasing flow velocity near the wetland bottom. Therefore, SFCWs with Nelumbo or Typha were more capable of TP removal than those with Zizania. Overall, Typha was the optimal plant species compared to Nelumbo and Zizania for efficient removal of TN and TP. Therefore, appropriate plant species for newly constructed wetlands are crucial for enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus treatment performance at maturity. From a long-term perspective, SFCWs should be planted with emergent plants with large above-ground parts and sparse tillers. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the plant species affecting nitrogen and phosphorus in mature SFCWs.

Response of bacterial and micro-eukaryotic communities to spatio-temporal fluctuations of wastewater in full scale constructed wetlands

How microbial communities respond to wastewater fluctuations is poorly understood. Full-scale surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) were constructed for investigating microbial communities. Results showed that influent wastewater changed sediment bacterial community composition seasonally, indicating that a single bacterial taxonomic group had low resistance (especially, Actinobacteriota and Gammaproteobacteria). However, copy numbers of 16S rRNA, ammonia oxidizing archaea, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nirS and nirK in the first stage SFCWs were 2.49 × 1010, 3.48 × 109, 5.76 × 106, 8.77 × 108 and 9.06 × 108 g−1 dry sediment, respectively, which remained stable between seasons. Moreover, decreases in the nitrogen concentration in wastewater, changed microbial system state from heterotrophic to autotrophic. Micro-eukaryotic communities were more sensitive to wastewater fluctuations than bacterial communities. Overall, results revealed that microbial communities responded to spatio-temporal fluctuations in wastewater through state changes and species asynchrony. This highlighted complex processes of wastewater treatment by microbial components in SFCWs.

Toxicity removal from contaminated water by constructed wetlands assessed using multiple biomarkers in human stem cell assays

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been developed rapidly as a sustainable water treatment technique. However, the capability of CWs for remediating the contaminated water based on toxicity assessment remains largely unknown. Four surface flow CWs and two integrated surface-subsurface flow CWs, from five cities in central and eastern region of China were evaluated, concerning the adverse effects of effluents and the toxicity reduction efficiency. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were employed as a human relevant in vitro model. The influent extractions caused cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The non-cytotoxic dilutions of the influents enhanced the genotoxicity marker γ-H2AX and reactive oxygen species levels. In addition, the influent repressed the osteogenic and neurogenic differentiation, and stimulated the adipogenic differentiation. Cytotoxicity of the contaminated water was reduced by 54 %–86 % after treatment with CWs. CWs were effective to remove part of the sub-lethal effects, with lower reduction than cytotoxicity. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) value of the effluents from the six CWs is lower than that of four secondary and one tertiary wastewater treatment plants. The IBR of the six CWs influents were in the range of 8.6–10.6, with a reduction of 15–50 % after the pollution restoration in CWs. The two integrated surface-subsurface flow CWs achieved higher IBR removal than the four surface flow CWs, possibly due to improved treatment effects by the combined systems. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of polar fractions in the CW effluents were stronger than the medium-polar and the non-polar fractions. Besides, PPARγ agonists present in the effluents played crucial roles and ERα agonists may make modest contributions. The present study enhances understanding of the role of CWs in achieving safe wastewater reclamation and provides evidence for further improving toxicity reduction in CWs performance.

Characteristics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Constructed Wetlands Vegetated with Myriophyllum aquatic: The Effects of Influent C/N Ratio and Microbial Responses

This study designed surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) with Myriophyllum aquaticum (M. aquaticum) to evaluate how different influent C/N ratios (0:1 (C0N), 5:1 (C5N), 10:1 (C10N), and 15:1 (C15N)) affect pollutant removal, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and microbial communities. The results showed that effluent ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations decreased, but effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration increased with increasing influent C/N ratios. The highest removal rates of TN (73.17%) and COD (74.56%) were observed with C5N. Regarding GHG emissions, a few changes in CO2 fluxes were caused by the influent C/N ratio, whereas CH4 fluxes obviously increased with the increasing influent C/N ratio. The highest N2O emission occurred with C0N (211.03 ± 44.38 mg-N·m−2·h−1), decreasing significantly with higher C/N ratios. High-throughput sequencing revealed that different influent C/N ratios directly influenced the microbial distribution and composition related to CH4 and N2O metabolism in SFCWs. The highest abundance (46.24%) of denitrifying bacteria (DNB) was observed with C5N, which helped to achieve efficient nitrogen removal with a simultaneous reduction in N2O emissions. Methanogen abundance rose with higher C/N ratios, whereas methanotrophs peaked under C5N and C10N conditions. Additionally, the random forest model identified influent C/N ratio and Rhodopseudomonas as primary factors influencing CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively. This highlights the importance of the influent C/N ratio in regulating both pollutant removal and GHG emissions in constructed wetlands.

Composition of the microbial community in surface flow-constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment.

Traditionally constructed wetlands face significant limitations in treating tailwater from wastewater treatment plants, especially those associated with sugar mills. However, the advent of novel modified surface flow constructed wetlands offer a promising solution. This study aimed to assess the microbial community composition and compare the efficiencies of contaminant removal across different treatment wetlands: CW1 (Brick rubble, lignite, and Lemna minor L.), CW2 (Brick rubble and lignite), and CW3 (Lemna minor L.). The study also examined the impact of substrate and vegetation on the wetland systems. For a hydraulic retention time of 7 days, CW1 successfully removed more pollutants than CW2 and CW3. CW1 demonstrated removal rates of 72.19% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 74.82% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 79.62% for NH4 +-N, 77.84% for NO3 --N, 87.73% for ortho phosphorous (OP), 78% for total dissolved solids (TDS), 74.1% for total nitrogen (TN), 81.07% for total phosphorous (TP), and 72.90% for total suspended solids (TSS). Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that CW1 exhibited elevated Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices, with values of 1324.46, 8.8172, and 0.9941, respectively. The most common bacterial species in the wetland system were Proteobacteria, Spirochaetota, Bacteroidota, Desulfobacterota, and Chloroflexi. The denitrifying bacterial class Rhodobacteriaceae also had the highest content ratio within the wetland system. These results confirm that CW1 significantly improves the performance of water filtration. Therefore, this research provides valuable insights for wastewater treatment facilities aiming to incorporate surface flow-constructed wetland tailwater enhancement initiatives.

The comparison between different types of constructed wetlands for biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiency

This research shows efficiency of constructed wetlands (CWs) to purify waste water in the case of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). CWs such as surface flow (SF), subsurface flow (SSF), and hybrid (HYB) systems have been compared to provide an analysis about which system has better performance for BOD removal efficiency. Data were collected from different scientific articles and from all over the world. Meta-analysis technique was employed to aggregate data from scientific sources, facilitating hypothesis testing, and comparisons between different types of CWs. All the systems of CWs show satisfactory removal efficiency. HYB systems are shown to be the most efficient. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to analyze differences between respective CWs using R software. It shows that there is a statistically significant difference between different types of CWs. Post-hoc Tukey?s Honestly Significant Different (HSD) analysis demonstrates a statistically significant difference between SF and HYB systems in the case of BOD removal efficiency. Also, Post-hoc Tukey?s HSD shows statistically significant difference between SSF and SF CWs. On the other hand, Post-hoc Tukey?s HSD does not show statistically significant difference between HYB and SSF CWs. The significant reduction rates for BOD removal efficiency, demonstrates that CWs can be used to diminish this kind of pollution.

Opposite response of constructed wetland performance in nitrogen and phosphorus removal to short and long terms of operation

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been widely used for treating polluted water since the 1950s, with applications in over 50 countries worldwide. Most studies investigating the pollutant removal efficiency of these wetlands have focused on differences among wetland designs, operation strategies, and environmental conditions. However, there still remains a gap in understanding the variation in wetland pollutant removal efficiency over different time scales. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to address this gap by conducting a global meta-analysis to estimate the variation in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal by wetland in short- and long-term pollutant treatment. The findings of this study indicated that the total efficiencies of N and P removal increased during short-term wetland operation but decreased during long-term operation. However, for surface flow CWs specifically, the efficiencies of N and P removal increased during short-term operation and remained stable during long-term operation. Moreover, the study discovered that wetland N removal efficiency was influenced by seasons, with an increase in spring and summer and a decrease in autumn and winter. Conversely, there was no significant seasonal effect on P removal efficiency. Additionally, high hydraulic load impaired wetland N and P removal efficiency during long-term operation. This study offers a critical review of the role of wetlands in wastewater treatment and provides valuable reference data for the design and selection of CWs types during wastewater treatment in the aspect of sustainability.

Research Progress on Removing Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Constructed Wetlands

Recently, the issue of environmental pollution and emerging antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has gradually gained attention. Antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) can be effectively reduced via the conventional water treatment processes. Although the ARB are completely inactivated during the disinfection process, the free ARGs can be incorporated into other microorganisms through transformation or transduction, allowing the ARGs to spread and propagate. Therefore, ARGs in wastewater must be handled by a specific process. It has been demonstrated in several studies that treatment using constructed wetland is an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly method of removing antibiotics and resistance genes from wastewater. Here, the research progress on the removal effect of constructed wetland water treatment systems on ARGs at home and abroad was reviewed. The results revealed that the removal efficiency of ARGs in subsurface flow constructed wetland was higher than that in surface flow-constructed wetlands. The composite-constructed wetland had significantly improved removal efficiency of ARGs compared to that in the ordinarily constructed wetland; however, the parameter setting of the composite process still requires further research. Several studies have reported that the removal efficiency of ARGs using constructed wetlands varies depending on the type of constructed wetland enhancement, plant, temperature, pH, and other factors. The results of the current study revealed that cross-mixing was the best way to combine plants, whereas the selection of plant species has not yet shown a clear dominant species. Temperature and pH affected the removal of ARGs by altering the microbial community in constructed wetlands. Although longer hydraulic residence time could increase the removal efficiency of ARGs, it also increased the enrichment risk of ARGs. The selection of constructed wetland substrate type should focus on fillers with a high specific surface area; the flow direction of the up-flow type was generally more efficient than the down-flow type in removing ARGs. In conclusion, the various factors (such as, the constructed wetland type, substrate type, hydraulic retention time, ambient temperature, and plant species) need to be integrated into the design of the constructed wetland system parameters to achieve the most effective treatment effect. The application of constructed wetlands in removing ARGs from the environment has broad prospects but also faces challenges.

High methane emissions as trade-off for phosphorus removal in surface flow treatment wetlands

Constructed wetlands (CW) treating runoff from agricultural catchments reduce the nutrient load of water, however, they can also be significant sources of greenhouse gases, especially methane (CH4). We simultaneously assessed CH4 emission potentials and phosphorus (P) removal efficiency in a 0.45 ha in-stream surface flow CW to determine the main drivers of CH4 emissions, and to analyze the temporal dynamics of CH4 emissions and P removal during an almost 4-year period. The TP (total phosphorus) removal efficiency had a clear seasonal dynamic, with the highest removal occurring during summer and early autumn (monthly average 60.5%), when the flow rate was lowest and water residence time longest. Due to increasing sedimentation and related anaerobic conditions, the mean hourly CH4 emissions for each year demonstrated an increasing trend over the years: from 88 µg CH4-C m−2 h−1 in 2018–2505 µg CH4-C m−2 h−1 in 2021. There was a clear seasonality in CH4 emissions: up to 90% of CH4 fluxes occurred during the warm period (from May to October). We assume that maintenance of treatment wetlands is essential and predominantly regular removal of aboveground vegetation at the second half of the growing season would decrease CH4 emissions. Nevertheless, due to the P saturation in sediments, regular sediment removal in the long term is also necessary.

Seasonal purification efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions and microbial community characteristics of a field-scale surface-flow constructed wetland treating agricultural runoff

Controlling nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) is very important for protecting the water environment, and surface-flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) have been widely established to mitigate NPSP loads. In this study, the pollutant removal efficiencies, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and chemical and microbial community properties of the sediment in a large-scale SFCW established beside a plateau lake (Qilu Lake) in southwestern China to treat agricultural runoff were evaluated over a year. The SFCW performed best in terms of nitrogen removal in autumn (average efficiency of 63.5% at influent concentrations of 9.3–35.4 mg L−1) and demonstrated comparable efficiency in other seasons (23.7–40.0%). The removal rates of total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were limited (18.6% and 12.4% at influent concentrations of 1.1 and 45.5 mg L−1 on average, respectively). The SFCW was a hotspot of CH4 emissions, with an average flux of 31.6 mg m−2·h−1; moreover, CH4 emissions contributed the most to the global warming potential (GWP) of the SFCW. Higher CH4 and N2O fluxes were detected in winter and in the front-end section of the SFCW with high pollutant concentrations, and plant presence increased CH4 emissions. Significant positive relationships between nutrient and heavy metal contents in the SFCW sediment were detected. The microbial community compositions were similar in autumn and winter, with Thiobacillus, Lysobacter, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas dominating, and this distribution pattern was clearly distinct from those in spring and summer, with high proportions of Spirochaeta_2 and Denitratisoma. The microbial co-occurrence network in spring was more complex with stronger positive correlations than those in winter and autumn, while it was more stable in autumn with more keystone taxa. Optimization of the construction, operation and management of SFCWs treating NPSP in lake watersheds is necessary to promote their environmental benefits.

Different in root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms effect on nitrogen removal between three emergent aquatic plants in surface flow constructed wetlands

Swine wastewater contains high concentration of nitrogen (N), causing pollution of surrounding water bodies. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are considered as an effective ecological treatment measure to remove nitrogen. Some emergent aquatic plants could tolerate high ammonia, and play a crucial part in CWs to treat high concentration N wastewater. However, the mechanism of root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms of emergent plants on nitrogen removal is still unclear. Effects of organic and amino acids on rhizosphere N cycle microorganisms and environmental factors across three emergent plants were investigated in this study. The highest TN removal efficiency were 81.20% in surface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs) plant with Pontederia cordata. The root exudation rates results showed that organic and amino acids were higher in 56 d than that in 0 d in SFCWs plants with Iris pseudacorus and P. cordata. The highest ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) gene copy numbers were found in I. pseudacorus rhizosphere soil, while the highest nirS, nirK, hzsB and 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were detected in P. cordata rhizosphere soil. Regression analysis results demonstrated that organic and amino acids exudation rates were positive related to rhizosphere microorganisms. These results indicated that organic and amino acids secretion could stimulate growth of emergent plants rhizosphere microorganisms in SFCWs for swine wastewater treatment. In addition, the EC, TN, NH4+-N and NO3−-N were negatively correlated with organic and amino acids exudation rates, and abundances of rhizosphere microorganisms via Pearson correlation analysis. These results imply that organic and amino acids, and rhizosphere microorganisms synergically affected on the nitrogen removal in SFCWs.

Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent with Low Organic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads

Nutrient loads must be reduced to safe levels to protect sensitive receiving environments. This work presents the results of a 15-month monitoring program of a surface flow-constructed wetland (SFCW) in Queensland, Australia. The SFCW reduced the influent TN concentration by 54% and was able to retain 80% of the TN load, mainly due to the efficient removal of NOx and ammonium (92–100%). TP removal was negative due to the unaccounted loads from wildlife activity. During occasions of high loads, the wetland reduced TP concentrations by 77%. The hydraulic loading rate (HLR) correlated poorly to the TSS and TVS loads (r < 0.55); however, when adjusted to account for precipitation and evapotranspiration, stronger correlations (r > 0.78) were revealed. Strong correlations were revealed between adjusted HLR and TP (r = 0.87) and TN (r = 0.93). TN removal was highly governed by the inflow of TN concentration. TN removal could be predicted from the inflow concentration using the first-order plug-flow model (R2 = 0.72). The model suggests that the system has an irreducible threshold TN load of 0.115 kg-N per m2 per month. This work shows that SFCW can be effective in managing the nutrient loads even in systems that receive low organic and nutrient loads.

Performance and Bacteria Communities of a Full-Scale Constructed Wetland Treating the Secondary Effluent after Multi-Years’ Operation

Constructed wetlands (CWs) had been widely used to treat the tailwater from sewage treatment plants. However, the enduring effectiveness of CWs was still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies (RE) of the Hongze CW (HZ-CW) after multi-years’ operation. The average COD RE were 7.6% and 15.14% in the 4th and 5th year, respectively. The NH4+-N RE was 78.33% and 46.04% in the 4th and 5th year, respectively, while the TP RE remained high at 66.86% and 64.68%. The high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the bacterial community of HZ-CW at the end of the 5th year exhibited a substantial abundance and diversity, and Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were the dominant phyla with a relative abundance of 33.75–71.8% and 11.28–24.53% in different zones of HZ-CW. Ammonia oxidizing organisms (AOMs) presented much higher relative abundance (0.43–0.79%) in aerated pond (AP) and four free water surface flow CWs (FWS1–FWS4) than those of anammox bacteria, indicating the dominant role of nitrification in NH4+-N removal.

Identification of microbial consortia for sustainable disposal of constructed wetland reed litter wastes.

Reed is a typical emerged plant in constructed wetlands (CWs). Its litters were used as raw materials for preparing Fe-C ceramic-filler (Fe-C-CF). The physical and chemical properties of Fe-C-CF were studied under different conditions, including the mass ration of Fe to carbon (Fe/C ratio), sintering temperature, and time, to determine the optimum preparing conditions. Meanwhile, the denitrification performance and CO2 emission flux of the surface flow constructed wetland (SFCW) systems were investigated when using Fe-C-CF as the matrix. The optimum preparing conditions for Fe-C-CF were Fe/C ratio of 1:1, sintering temperature and time of 500°C and 20min, respectively. The SFCW system with Fe-C-CF obtained a higher total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) removal efficiencies than the control SFCW system without Fe-C-CF. Compared with the heterotrophic denitrification process, the SFCW system with Fe-C-CF decreased CO2 emission by 67.9gm-2 per year. The results of microbial community analysis indicated that addition of Fe-C-CF increased the diversity and abundance of microbial communities in the SFCW systems. The dominant genus of the SFCW system with Fe-C-CF was Bacillus, while Uliginosibacterium was the dominant genus in the system without the filler.

Characteristics of resistome and bacterial community structure in constructed wetland during dormant period: A fullscale study from Annan wetland

As a green technology, constructed wetlands (CWs) can provide a low-cost solution for wastewater treatment. Either as a standalone treatment or integrated with conventional treatment, nutrients, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB)/antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be removed by CW efficiently. While, few studies have focused on characteristics of resistome and bacterial community (BC) structure in CW during dormant period. Therefore, in this study, Annan CW (a full-scale hybrid CW) was selected to characterize resistome and BC during dormant period. The profiles of bacteria / ARGs were monitored in combination of shotgun sequencing and metagenomic assembly analysis. And multidrug ARGs are the most abundant in Annan CW, and surface flow wetland had the relatively high ARG diversity and abundance compared with subsurface flow wetland and the front pond. The most dominant phylum in CW is Proteobacteria, while the other dominant phylum in three parts have different order. COD, TP, TN, ARGs, and mobile genetic genes (MGEs) were removed by subsurface flow CW with better performance, but virulent factors (VFs) were removed by surface flow CW with better performance. Based on the spatiotemporal distribution of ARGs, the internal mechanism of ARGs dynamic variation was explored by the redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning analysis (VPA). BCs, MGEs and environmental factors (EFs) were responsible for 45.6 %, 28.3 % and 15.4 % of the ARGs variations. Among these factors, BCs and MGEs were the major co-drivers impacting the ARG profile, and EFs indirectly influence the ARG profile. This study illustrates the specific functions of ARG risk elimination in different CW components, promotes a better understanding of the efficiency of CWs for the reduction of ARG and ARB, contributing to improve the removal performance of constructed wetlands. And provide management advice to further optimize the operation of CWs during dormant period.

Microplastics removal and characteristics of a typical multi-combination and multi-stage constructed wetlands wastewater treatment plant in Changsha, China

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important source of microplastics (MPs) entering the aquatic environment. As environmental awareness increases, WWTPs are gradually using constructed wetlands (CWs) in the depth treatment stage. There were few studies related to MPs removal efficiency of CWs, especially in multi-stage and multi-combinations CWs. Therefore, we studied MPs characteristics and removal in a typical CWs WWTP in Changsha, comparing the MPs removal efficiencies of different processes in a WWTP, focusing on the MPs abundance variation in different stages CWs. Result showed that the MPs removal efficiency of Phase Ⅰ was 87.72% and that of Phase II was 80.65%. Approximate estimates showed that the daily discharge of MPs reached 7.20 * 108 items. The MPs removal efficiency of vertical flow CWs was 25.71%. The MPs removal efficiencies of secondary and tertiary horizontal subsurface flow CWs (HSSFCWs) were 32.00% and 21.43%. The MPs removal efficiencies of secondary and tertiary surface flow CWs were 23.53% and 12.50%. The MPs removal efficiencies of three bio-ponds were -23.08%, -12.90%, and -27.27%. Combined system of bio-pond + CWs reduced the MPs removal efficiency. The most dominant shape of MPs in wastewater was fibers. The most common MPs were polyethylene and polystyrene. The primary treatment in the Changsha WWTP had the highest MPs removal efficiency. Results of this investigation showed the multi-combination and multi-stage CWs WWTP can remove most of MPs in influent, which greatly reduced the amount of MPs discharged into the aquatic environment through WWTP and provided data for analyzing the distribution of MPs in the aquatic environment.

Microplastic dynamics in a free water surface constructed wetland

This study investigates microplastic (MPs) dynamics of a recently established surface flow 2100 population equivalent polishing constructed wetland (CW) receiving 1.4 ML per day of secondary treated wastewater. MPs type, size ranges and concentrations were measured along the CW at a 2-months sampling campaign. The CW received an average of 5·106 MPs per day (6 MPs per liter), mostly 100–1000 μm-sized synthetic fibers followed by fragments in the same size range. 95 % of MPs were retained, resulting in 0.30 ± 0.09 MPs per liter in CW effluent. Most MPs (97 %) were trapped within the first 20 % of the CW which consisted of a settling pond and shallow vegetated treatment cells and provided an areal removal rate > 4000 MP m−2 d−1. Data and microscopic analysis indicate MPs erosion and fragmentation in the CW. Turbidity and suspended solids were no indicator for MP removal due to water fowl activity, algal growth, and preferential flow conditions. This is the first study on MP dynamics in an independently operating full scale free water surface CW incorporated into a municipal wastewater treatment scheme. Surface flow CWs can retain MPs effectively but accumulation in CW sediments and substrate needs to be considered when further utilized or recycled.

Sequential Treatment of Brewery Effluent using Vegetated Subsurface and Surface Flow Constructed Wetland

This study investigated the efficiency of a sequential system involving surface flow and vegetated sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW) in the treatment of Brewery Wastewater. Six experimental CW (2 surface and 4 subsurface flow) and control (1 surface and 2 vegetated subsurface flow) with 200 mm depth of 19.05 mm diameter granite and 100 mm depth of sharp sand as substrate were used for the experiment. The CWs were planted with locally available macrophytes: water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Cattail (Typha latifolia) and Vetiver grass (Vetiveria nigritana). The microcosms were irrigated using wastewater from Brewery Effluent (BE), pollution parameters were measured and treatment efficiency was monitored. The pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of the BE studied were 6.84, 1189 μs/m, 2998 mg/l, 9.4 mg/l and 1244 mg/l, respectively. Average reductions of 92.53, 48.30 and 67.16 % were observed in the TDS, BOD and Nitrate after treatment. The BOD5 percentage removal was higher in the Subsurface CW than in the Surface flow CW (30.11 and 49.04 % for surface and subsurface flow, respectively). The study showed that CW using surface and subsurface flow constructed wetland with locally available macrophytes is efficient in Brewery wastewater treatment.