Detailed Surface Research Articles

Computational investigation of incident ion angles and material erosion at rough graphite and silicon carbide divertor surfaces

We present a computational investigation of the dependence of material erosion on the incident ion angle at rough graphite and silicon carbide divertor surfaces. Ion angle distributions (IADs) for D plasmas at NSTX-U and DIII-D divertors were calculated by an equation-of-motion model that traces the ion trajectories in the sheath. Then, the effective sputtering yields and ion shadowed area fractions were calculated by a Monte Carlo micro-patterning and roughness code that applied the calculated IADs to surface topographic data that were obtained from optical confocal microscopy of rough graphite and SiC divertor surfaces from NSTX-U and DIII-D experiments. The calculations found that the effective sputtering yields, the sputtering pattern, and the shadowed area are determined by the detailed surface topology rather than the root mean square roughness RRMS, which represents deviations from a flat surface. The suppression of the effective sputtering yields for rough surfaces compared to the yield for a smooth surface was accounted for by the change of the mean local incident ion angle (LIIA) ⟨θ′⟩. The mean surface inclination angle distribution (SIAD) ⟨δ⟩ was found to be a useful parameter to estimate the LIIA from the calculated IADs. We report global empirical formulas for the mean LIIA and fraction of the area shadowed from the main ions for D plasmas for rough surfaces with B-field incident angles α = 85°–89° as a function of the mean SIAD ⟨δ⟩. We propose the use of the mean LIIA ⟨θ′⟩ to estimate the sputtering yield for rough surfaces from the angular dependence of the sputtering yield.

Augmented Reality With Cinematic Rendered 3-Dimensional Images From Volumetric Computed Tomography Data.

Recent advances in 3-dimensional visualization of volumetric computed tomography data have led to the novel technique of cinematic rendering (CR), which provides photorealistic images with enhanced surface detail and realistic shadowing effects that are generally not possible with older methods such as volume rendering. The emergence of CR coincides with the increasingly widespread availability of virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality (AR) interfaces including wearable headsets. The intersection of these technologies suggests many potential advances, including the ability of interpreting radiologists to look at photorealistic images of patient pathology in real time with surgeons and other referring providers, so long as VR/AR headsets are deployed and readily available. In this article, we will present our initial experience with viewing and manipulating CR images in the context of a VR/AR headset. We include a description of key aspects of the software and user interface, and provide relevant pictorial examples that may help potential adopters understand the initial steps of using this exciting convergence of technologies. Ultimately, trials evaluating the added value of the combination of CR with VR/AR will be necessary to understand the potential impact of these methods on medical practice.

Heat transfer characteristics of jet impingement onto the concave surface of a cone

ABSTRACT Heat transfer coefficient measurements for jet impingement onto the concave surface of a cone with apex angles equal to 30° and 70° are reported in this study. Static pressure measurements along the cone surface are also reported which aid in explaining the results from the heat transfer measurements. The conical geometry finds application for the heating of aircraft gas turbine engine nose bullet region which could experience ice formation whenever aircraft operates at higher altitudes. The concave surface of the cone is heated by impinging hot air tapped from the compressor. The heat transfer coefficients, which are significantly different compared to flat surface impingement, and are scarcely available, are reported in this study. The influence of the jet axis coincident with the cone axis and impinging into apex region was studied first. The methodology where a thin stainless-steel foil is heated with a known heat flux by passing electric current through it and then measuring the detailed surface temperature using an infrared thermal camera, was used to compute the wall Nusselt distribution. The Nusselt number variation is presented as a function of nondimensional apex to nozzle spacing (L/D) and the nondimensional axis displacement (O/D). Three different diameter (D equal to 10 mm,14 mm and 20 mm) pipes were used for the concentric impingement case and the Nusselt number distribution was observed not depend on the injection diameter. The jet Reynolds number was varied between 25000 and 82000. The peak Nusselt number values are similar to those for flat plate impingement and do not occur at the cone apex, but at a nondimensional distance between 3.2 and 3.9 for 4.25 < L/D < 10.25 for the 30° cone. The peak Nusselt number values increase by almost 30% with decrease in the L/D from 10.2 to 3.0. Wall static pressure measurements indicated that the peak Nusselt number values occur in regions where the interaction between the incoming and outgoing streams is strongest – these regions occur at distances downstream from the stagnation region toward cone exit. The peak heat transfer coefficient location could not be obtained for the 70° cone, but the measured maximum values are higher by 30–50% compared to those for the 30° case. The jet is able to penetrate further toward the apex of the cone for 70° cone compared to 30° cone shifting the peak heat transfer locations closer to the apex for larger apex angle case. There is insignificant influence of jet diameter on Nusselt number variation for the three diameter values investigated in this study. The influence of displacing the jet axis by a distance equal to half the jet diameter in a direction perpendicular to the cone axis was also studied but detailed measurements were possible only for the 30° cone. Two semi-circular regions, one close to the impingement tube and the other away from the tube, displaying similar heat transfer coefficient behavior were observed. A peak in the Nusselt number occurs in each semi-circular region and the magnitude of the peaks are nearly same and they lie on either side of the peak location observed for the concentric impingement case when the flow geometric parameters are similar for the two cases. The measurements for the 70° cone exhibited all features of the 30° cone but the maximum values were higher by nearly 40% for this case.

Tribo-induced surface deformation mechanisms govern friction and wear in ultra-light HCP and duplex Mg–Li alloys

Adding lithium into Mg can activate more deformation modes in both hexagonal close packed (hcp) and body centered cubic (bcc) Mg–Li alloys. In this work, friction and wear tests were performed on coarse-grained Mg-xLi-3Al–3Zn (x = 4 and 10 wt %) alloys and detailed surface deformation mechanisms were uncovered. Compared with the duplex Mg–10Li alloy, the hcp Mg–4Li shows a 40% lower friction coefficient and a significantly smaller wear rate by nearly one order of magnitude. The low wear rate stems from formation of hard and stable nanograined surface layer through rapid grain refinement of the hcp grains upon sliding. While for the dual-phase alloy, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) dominates the deformation of bcc grains, unavoidably causing its cracking and delamination within the ultra-fine grained DRX layer. Our results are suggestive in designing wear resistant ultra-light Mg–Li alloys through in-depth understanding of tribo-induced surface deformation mechanisms.

A Multifunctional 3D Bioprinting System for Construction of Complex Tissue Structure Scaffolds: Design and Application.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a potentially powerful new approach to reverse engineering human pathophysiology to address the problem of developing more biomimetic experimental systems. Human tissues and organs are multiscale and multi-material structures. The greatest challenge for organ printing is the complexity of the structural elements, from the shape of the macroscopic structure to the details of the nanostructure. A highly bionic tissue-organ model requires the use of multiple printing processes. Some printers with multiple nozzles and multiple processes are currently reported. However, the bulk volume, which is inconvenient to move, and the high cost of these printing systems limits the expansion of their applications. Scientists urgently need a multifunctional miniaturized 3D bioprinter. In this study, a portable multifunctional 3D bioprinting system was built based on a modular design and a custom written operating application. Using this platform, constructs with detailed surface structures, hollow structures, and multiscale complex tissue analogs were successfully printed using commercial polymers and a series of hydrogel-based inks. With further development, this portable, modular, low-cost, and easy-to-use Bluetooth-enabled 3D printer promises exciting opportunities for resource-constrained application scenarios, not only in biomedical engineering but also in the education field, and may be used in space experiments.

Multi-decadal monsoon characteristics and glacier response in High Mountain Asia

Glacier health across High Mountain Asia (HMA) is highly heterogeneous and strongly governed by regional climate, which is variably influenced by monsoon dynamics and the westerlies. We explore four decades of glacier energy and mass balance at three climatically distinct sites across HMA by utilising a detailed land surface model driven by bias-corrected Weather Research and Forecasting meteorological forcing. All three glaciers have experienced long-term mass losses (ranging from −0.04 ± 0.09 to −0.59 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1) consistent with widespread warming across the region. However, complex and contrasting responses of glacier energy and mass balance to the patterns of the Indian Summer Monsoon were evident, largely driven by the role snowfall timing, amount and phase. A later monsoon onset generates less total snowfall to the glacier in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during May–June, augmenting net shortwave radiation and affecting annual mass balance (−0.5 m w.e. on average compared to early onset years). Conversely, timing of the monsoon’s arrival has limited impact for the Nepalese Himalaya which is more strongly governed by the temperature and snowfall amount during the core monsoon season. In the arid central Tibetan Plateau, a later monsoon arrival results in a 40 mm (58%) increase of May–June snowfall on average compared to early onset years, likely driven by the greater interaction of westerly storm events. Meanwhile, a late monsoon cessation at this site sees an average 200 mm (192%) increase in late summer precipitation due to monsoonal storms. A trend towards weaker intensity monsoon conditions in recent decades, combined with long-term warming patterns, has produced predominantly negative glacier mass balances for all sites (up to 1 m w.e. more mass loss in the Nepalese Himalaya compared to strong monsoon intensity years) but sub-regional variability in monsoon timing can additionally complicate this response.

Important Impact of the Slurry Mixing Speed on Water-Processed Li4Ti5O12 Lithium-Ion Anodes in the Presence of H3PO4 as the Processing Additive.

The aqueous processing of lithium transition metal oxides into battery electrodes is attracting a lot of attention as it would allow for avoiding the use of harmful N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) from the cell fabrication process and, thus, render it more sustainable. The addition of slurry additives, for instance phosphoric acid (PA), has been proven to be highly effective for overcoming the corresponding challenges such as aluminum current collector corrosion and stabilization of the active material particle. Herein, a comprehensive investigation of the effect of the ball-milling speed on the effectiveness of PA as a slurry additive is reported using Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as an exemplary lithium transition metal oxide. Interestingly, at elevated ball-milling speeds, rod-shaped lithium phosphate particles are formed, which remain absent at lower ball-milling speeds. A detailed surface characterization by means of SEM, EDX, HRTEM, STEM-EDX, XPS, and EIS revealed that in the latter case, a thin protective phosphate layer is formed on the LTO particles, leading to an improved electrochemical performance. As a result, the corresponding lithium-ion cells comprising LTO anodes and LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) cathodes reveal greater long-term cycling stability and higher capacity retention after more than 800 cycles. This superior performance originates from the less resistive electrode-electrolyte interphase evolving upon cycling, owing to the interface-stabilizing effect of the lithium phosphate coating formed during electrode preparation. The results highlight the importance of commonly neglected─frequently not even reported─electrode preparation parameters.

Large-Scale Extraction and Mapping of Small Surface Water Bodies Based on Very High-Spatial-Resolution Satellite Images: A Case Study in Beijing, China

Surface water is a crucial resource and environmental element for human survival and ecosystem stability; therefore, accurate information on the distribution of surface water bodies is essential. Extracting this information on a large scale is commonly implemented using moderate- and low-resolution satellite images. However, the detection and analysis of more detailed surface water structures and small water bodies necessitate the use of very high-resolution (VHR) satellite images. The large-scale application of VHR images for water extraction requires convenient and accurate methods. In this paper, a method combining a pixel-level water index and image object detection is proposed. The method was tested using 2018/2019 multispectral 4-m resolution images obtained from the Chinese satellite Gaofen-2 across Beijing, China. Results show that the automatic extraction of water body information over large areas using the proposed method and VHR images is feasible. Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 0.96 and 99.8% after post-classification improvement were obtained for testing images inside the Beijing area. The Beijing water body dataset obtained included a total of 489.53 km2 of surface water in 2018/2019, 108.01 km2 of which were ponds with an area smaller than 2 km2. This study can be applied for water body extraction and mapping in other large regions and provides a reference for other methods for using VHR images to extract water body information on a large scale.

Development and Research of the Optimal Control System of Electroplated Processes in Multi-Anode Baths

The relevance of increasing the distribution uniformity of the electroplated coating thickness on the surface of details is considered in the article. The analysis of control actions that affect the uniformity of the electroplated coating thickness was carried out, during which preference was given to the use of multi-anode baths. The existing modes of the electroplated process in multi-anode baths aren’t widely used due to the constructive implementation complexity arising from the need to ensure the uniformity of the resulting coating thickness for multi-assortment industries. The authors propose an electroplated process mode, during which the optimal number and anodes size are found, as well as the current and duration of its flow through them, which ensure the alignment of the electric field lines distribution in the electrolyte between the anodes and the coated detail surface. The control system structure (mathematical model, search algorithm, control and actuator) with feedback on the current through the detail surface is designed to implement considered mode optimal control and an algorithm for its operation (based on the PID law and relay control) is proposed. The practical implementation was carried out using the industrial automation software package CoDeSys V2.3 in the programming language FBD. The proposed mode optimal control was found on the example of applying a zinc coating to a Z-shaped detail. As a result of simulation modeling, the control loop was tuned to the squared deviation integral minimum of the setpoint and the correctness of the control system operation algorithm was demonstrated by a relative average coating thickness deviation up to 5 %, which is comparable to the error of modern thickness gauges.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Ozonated Water and 2% Glutaraldehyde as disinfectants on the physical properties of polyvinyl siloxane impression material – An Invitro study

Aims: To compare the efficacy of ozone water and 2% glutaraldehyde in disinfecting polyvinyl siloxane impression and the effect of both disinfectants on the wettability, dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction of the material. Settings and Design: In vitro – comparative study Material and Methods: Samples (N =108) were subjected to disinfection either with 2% glutaraldehyde (group 1) or ozone water (group 2) for 15 minutes. To evaluate the efficacy, the samples were inoculated with Streptococcus mutans [ATCC 25175], Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 25923] and Candida albicans [ATCC 10231]. Reductions in the number of microbial population after disinfection were determined by counting the colony forming units (CFU). The contact angle measurements on the impression surface were used to determine the wettability. Dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproductions of the samples were assessed with a stereomicroscope of 4X magnification. Statistical analysis used: paired t- test and chi-square test were used. Results: The efficacy of both disinfectants in reducing the microbial count found to be comparable. Both the disinfectants reduced the contact angle which improved the wettability of the material. Disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde showed significant alteration in dimensional accuracy and surface detail reproduction (p&lt;0.05) when compared to samples disinfected with ozone water, which preserves the dimensional accuracy and surface details. Conclusions: Ozone water treatment was identified as a potential method for the disinfection of polyvinyl siloxane impression as it increased the wettability of the material, showed least dimensional changes and preserved surface details more accurately.

Glacier monitoring using real-aperture 94 GHz radar

AbstractClose-range sensors are employed to observe glaciological processes that operate over short timescales (e.g. iceberg calving, glacial lake outburst floods, diurnal surface melting). However, under poor weather conditions optical instruments fail while the operation of radar systems below 17 GHz do not have sufficient angular resolution to map glacier surfaces in detail. This letter reviews the potential of millimetre-wave radar at 94 GHz to obtain high-resolution 3-D measurements of glaciers under most weather conditions. We discuss the theory of 94 GHz radar for glaciology studies, demonstrate its potential to map a glacier calving front and summarise future research priorities.

Effect of PbS on ZnS nanostructure deposited using thermal evaporation: growth, morphological and structural study

ZnS film has been deposited on PbS buffer layer using thermal evaporation, the ZnS film has nanostructure (nanowires) due to effect of PbS which play role of catalyst. This growth for non doped films have dense structure (for PbS and ZnS films). SEM morphology of ZnS/PbS, ZnS and PbS have been studied in details (surface and cross section). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) used to characterized the thins films (ZnS and PbS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and EDX techniques have utilized to know the chemical and stoichiometry of deposited films. The crystallographic properties have been studied using XRD patterns, it found that the results in Raman and XRD characterization have a good agreement. UV-Vis spectroscopy is used to acquire an idea about optical properties of thin films deposited on glass substrate. The deposited ZnS nanowires and thin film have hexagonal phase, which indicate to the buffer layer, which does not affects the structural but changes the growth mechanism. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) images have confirmed the formation of ZnS nanowires.

Improvement of dissolved organic nitrogen extraction accuracy in unsaturated zones

AbstractDissolved organic nitrogen (DON) plays a crucial role in biogeochemical processes of nitrogen (N) and has become a non‐negligible source of increasing groundwater nitrogen contamination. Therefore, the extraction accuracy of DON in unsaturated zones is essential for sound understanding of N transport, transformation behaviour and contamination processes. However, there is no uniform extraction standard for measuring DON content in the unsaturated zone. Moreover, the influences of various extraction conditions on the DON measurement are not clear. Hereby, we are the first to address the issues associated with all the extraction indicators (extractant types and concentrations, extraction duration, frequency, and solution volume‐to‐soil weight ratio) for the DON extraction accuracy in unsaturated zones, and present a comprehensive influence analyses. Our results revealed that extraction conditions could significantly influence the extraction accuracy of DON and that the principal impact factor was the concentration of the extractant. We also found that the widely used previous extraction approaches (high‐salinity extraction method) would induce high uncertainty in measuring the DON content in unsaturated zones of different areas. Furthermore, the opposing influences from the ions of extractants can seriously affect the assessment of DON content and hinder comparability even using the same extraction method, which could severely affect the assessment of the DON content in unsaturated zones. Such uncertainty in measurements will eventually influence the observation and evaluation of groundwater nitrogen contamination. Our results demonstrated that the use of the former DON extraction method without considering the research purposes and the specific study areas would lead to a strong bias. Based on detailed response surface analysis, we provide a comprehensive analysis related to the accuracy of DON extraction, which is conducive to improving the extraction accuracy of nitrogen research in global groundwater hydrological processes in the future.

BAGS (Bio-source assisted green synthesis) strategy for preparing nanostructures; the case of MgO mesotubes for wastewater reclamation

• “BAGS (Bio-source assisted green synthesis)” is newly termed for biosynthesis of nanostructures. • Subscript to BAGS is appropriately designed for the seven kingdoms of species. • Mesotubular MgO structures are obtained through perfect mimicking of seed fibers’ structure. • High surface area of MgO mesotubes contribute to better photocatalytic removal of MB dye solution under visible radiation. The present work describes about the newly termed “Bio-source assisted green synthesis (BAGS)” strategy that has been successfully carried out for synthesizing Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanostructures by using the seed fiber templates of Calotropis gigantea . This BAGS strategy is of bio-replication mechanism that provided uniform mesotubular structures of MgO (T-MgO) without the involvement of any reducing agents. The shape effect was tested parallelly with spherical-shaped MgO nanoparticles (S-MgO) prepared through a conventional chemical co-precipitation route. Detailed structural, optical, and surface area studies were carried out for the synthesized nanostructures. Methylene blue (MB) dye degradation studies were conducted to assess the photocatalytic ability of both the T-MgO and S-MgO nanostructures under visible light radiation. T-MgO provided better degradation results because of high surface area. T-MgO and S-MgO presented 80% and 65% reduction under visible radiation, respectively. High surface area of T-MgO along with its high crystalline structure might have played a prominent role in the adsorption of dye molecules. This BAGS strategy eases the burden on environment by reducing the impact of harsh chemicals and better utilization of natural resources for effective photocatalyst development. For textile industries’ wastewater treatment plants, these recyclable T-MgO might prove them as efficient catalysts.

Role of Intricate Pottery Visualization in Ceramic Manufacturing.

Layered manufacturing, the underlying technology of 3-D printing, has made rapid strides over the last 30 years. We discuss layered manufacturing from the artist's perspective, especially for intricate ceramic pottery. We contend that opportunities exist for applying visualization to the foremost problems plaguing layered manufacturing. Virtual pottery involves meeting two conflicting constraints: rapid visualization during modeling and accurate rapid prototyping during manufacturing. Artists simultaneously need both low polygon shape representation for interactive visualization and adequate representation for generating accurate printable models. Artists also face the additional complexities of adding surface details that cannot be achieved by hand and handling materials like clay used in the manufacturing of real pottery. Illustrated by a system we have developed that uses sound resonance patterns to create volumetric textures for virtual pottery, we show how visualization helps address both these problem areas.

Amplitude and Phase Computable Ocean Wave Real-Time Modeling with GPU Acceleration

The CBATS (carrier-based aircraft take-off and landing training system) is an important application of virtual reality technology in the simulation field. Large-scale, real-time ocean simulations are the biggest challenge to the authenticity of the visual system of CBATS and are also currently the main research hotspot in the field of computer graphics. In this paper, a hybrid Ocean Modeling Method based on wavelet transform is presented. This method introduces an accurate phase calculation and a wind-field model solution to compensate for the randomness of wave generation and the lack of physical mechanism in spectral methods. The computational cost is greatly reduced by using a rough spatial grid to calculate the amplitude and phase values at any point in space, which effectively avoids Nyquist–Shannon Theorem limitations caused by the numerical solutions of PDEs (partial differential equations), and a high-fidelity simulation of high frequency, detailed sea surface and coherent phase-dependent wave effects is achieved. Practical verification shows that the method can fully meet the real-time simulation training requirements of CBATS with a strong real-time performance and good stability. Thus, it could play a significant role in improving the performance of the visual system.

Fermi surface of the chiral topological semimetal PtGa

PtGa is a topological semimetal with giant spin-split Fermi arcs. Here, we report on angular-dependent de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) measurements combined with band-structure calculations to elucidate the details of the bulk Fermi surface of PtGa. The strong spin–orbit coupling leads to eight bands crossing the Fermi energy that form a multitude of Fermi surfaces with closed extremal orbits and results in very rich dHvA spectra. The large number of experimentally observed dHvA frequencies make the assignment to the equally large number of calculated dHvA orbits challenging. Nevertheless, we find consistency between experiment and calculations verifying the topological character with maximal Chern number of the spin-split Fermi surface.

A finite element framework for the simulation of bio-inspired adhesives with mushroom-shaped microstructures

This work proposes a finite element procedure for the simulation of biologically inspired adhesives with a mushroom-shaped patterned surface by formulating a novel interface finite element. The proposed computational method can capture the attachment and detachment mechanisms without modeling the microstructures on the surface in detail, which is the major issue of large-scale simulations involving complex surfaces. A data-driven phenomenological interface constitutive law has been formulated starting from pull-out experimental tests on patterned surfaces with different inclination angles to assess Mode Mixity effects in a range of peeling angles of relevance for applications. The proposed computational model represents a versatile tool for modeling structural problems involving arbitrary shape components, as in bio-inspired adhesives.

Learning frequency‐aware convolutional neural network for spatio‐temporal super‐resolution water surface waves

AbstractAs a usual component in virtual scenes, water surface plays an important role in various graphical applications, including special effects, video games, and virtual reality. Although recent years have witnessed significant progress based on Navier–Stokes equations and simplified water models, large‐scale water surface waves with high‐frequency visual details remain computationally expensive for interactive applications. This article proposes a novel frequency‐aware neural network to synthesize consistent and detailed water surface waves from low‐resolution input. At its core, our approach leverage the wavelet transformation theory over space, frequency and direction, and incremental supervision to decompose the 4D amplitude function into multiple smaller subproblems. Specifically, we first customize four subnetworks and corresponding loss functions for super‐resolution of spatial resolution, temporal evolution, wave direction subdivision, and wave number, respectively. Then, to enforce the upsampling along each dimension orthogonal to each other, we introduce a cooperative training scheme to fine‐tune and integrate the proposed subnetworks with carefully designed training dataset. Our method can visually enhance high‐resolution spatial details, temporal coherence, interactions with complex boundaries, and various wave patterns with flexible control along multiple dimensions. Through extensive experiments, our method arrives at 13 speedup for 32 upsampling of various simulation scenarios. We also validate the effectiveness and robustness of our method to produce realistic water surface waves toward artistic innovation.

A detailed surface characterization study of SBA-15 and B-SBA-15-x mesoporous materials using the IGC technique

Pure and boron-containing B-SBA-15-x (molar ratio, Si/B = 50, 30, 10) mesoporous materials were synthesized by a direct hydrothermal procedure. Samples were characterized by XRD, ICP-OES, FT-IR, BET and SEM. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique was used to determine the dispersive surface energies (γSd), adsorption thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, ΔS) and the acid-base constants (KA and KD) of the samples. IGC experiments were performed at infinite dilution region at 200, 210, 220 and 230 °C. The surface characterization results confirmed that the SBA-15 structure was formed, boron was added to the structure and all samples have meso pores. The surface area of the pure SBA-15 was determined as 745.288 m2/g and it was found that the surface area decreases with increasing boron content. Physical adsorption occurred between the IGC probe molecules and all SBA-15 materials according to the adsorption thermodynamic parameters. (γSd) values of pure SBA-15, B-SBA-15-50, B-SBA-15-30 and B-SBA-15-10 were found at 40.873, 37.039, 36.636 and 37.444 mJ/m2 at 200 °C, respectively. It has been observed that the dispersive surface energy of all samples decreases with increasing temperature. According to the SC value calculated from the KA and KD parameters, the surface of B-SBA-15-10 with the highest boron content was found to be acidic. On the other hand the surfaces of all other samples were determined as basic.